量子系统哈密顿量的必要条件

在此前的量子理论中,哈密顿量被要求是厄米算符,这既保证了其本征值谱为实又保证了动力学演化过程几率守恒。近年来,一些非厄米哈密顿量被发现同样满足这两条要求。然而,这两条要求都是哈密顿量可描述量子系统动力学的充分条件而非必要条件。文章中我们从量子化条件和动力学演化方程出发,考察一般形式的哈密顿量,表述为产生算符和湮灭算符之正规积的形式,欲为恰当的哈密顿量所应满足的必要条件。对于形如$\\hat{H}=\\hat{p}^2+\\mathrm{i} \\hat{x}^3$和$\\hat{H}=\\hat{p}^2-\\hat{x}^4$这样的近年来得到广泛关注的非厄米哈密顿量,容易验证它们满足必要性条件。必要性条件可以用来及时排除那些不恰当的非厄米哈密顿量形式。     

非厄米镶嵌型二聚化晶格

非厄米系统近年来受到了物理学相关领域研究人员的大量关注.非厄米因素的存在往往会带来许多在厄米系统中不存在的新奇效应.本文引入一类新的非厄米晶格系统—非厄米镶嵌型二聚化晶格.在这一模型中,交替变化的非对称跃迁被等间距地施加在某些相邻格点的跃迁项中.研究结果表明,随着非对称跃迁强度的增大,系统在开边界条件下的能谱会从实数变为复数.此外,系统中的非厄米趋肤效应和不同边界条件下的能谱性质会受到镶嵌型调制周期的影响.当这一调制周期为奇数时,系统中不存在非厄米趋肤效应,且其能谱在开放和周期边界条件下是一样的（拓扑边界态除外）;而当镶嵌型调制周期为偶数时,系统中存在非厄米趋肤效应,且其能谱在不同的边界条件下具有完全不同的结构.本文进一步研究了这类系统中的拓扑零能边界态,并计算了Berry相位对其进行表征.本研究揭示了镶嵌型非对称跃迁对系统性质的影响,拓展了非厄米系统这一领域的相关研究.     

畴壁系统中的非厄米趋肤效应

非厄米趋肤效应是近几年非厄米物理研究领域中的热点问题,它揭示了非厄米系统中体态波函数和能谱计算会敏感依赖于边界条件的新奇现象.人们提出广义布里渊区的概念用以刻画非厄米系统中的体态波函数和能带性质.基于广义布里渊区计算的非布洛赫拓扑数可以重新构建非厄米拓扑体边对应关系.然而,过去关于非厄米趋肤效应的讨论主要针对开放边界条件,如果采用畴壁边界条件,广义布里渊区和非布洛赫拓扑数的计算都需要重新考虑.本文综述了近几年关于畴壁边界条件下非厄米趋肤效应的若干研究工作,首先从一般的一维非厄米单带模型出发,推导广义布里渊区方程的一般形式;然后回顾了非厄米SSH (SuSchieffer-Heeger)模型中广义布里渊区和非布洛赫拓扑数的计算;最后在一维光量子行走的系统中,介绍了实验上非厄米趋肤效应的实现和非厄米拓扑边缘态的探测.     

非厄米物理启发的高效无线电能传输

无线电能传输技术是指不需要线缆或者波导结构,利用电磁波直接将电能从电源传输到负载的技术。作为能量传输的一种全新方式,无线电能传输技术可以极大地提高供电设备的安全性、可靠性和便捷性,其在消费电子行业、自动化工业车间以及人工智能平台等需要高自由度供能的场景中具有重要的应用价值。目前无线电能传输技术仍存在一定的局限性,特别是对于广为关注的磁共振耦合无线电能传输技术,面临着高效率和稳定性难以兼顾的巨大挑战。文章以近场无线电能传输技术为研究框架,深入介绍非厄米新物理在无线电能传输系统中的调控机理,及其在高效、稳定、待机功率损耗、电磁环境兼容等方面的突出优势,最后对无线电能传输未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

非厄米局域拓扑指标的动力学特性

非厄米拓扑系统的拓扑不变量可以由定义在双正交基下的局域拓扑指标刻画.不同于厄米体系,非厄米局域拓扑指标在动力学过程中的传播和演化目前还未见文献讨论.本文研究非厄米拓扑体系局域拓扑指标的动力学特性,重点关注淬火过程中,局域拓扑指标由边界向体内的传播.结果表明,当淬火前后的体系拓扑性质不同时,系统中存在局域拓扑指标的流动,其流速与体系群速度相关,但具体形式与相应厄米体系不同.以3个具体模型为例,通过数值计算说明了这一结论.其中,对于特定具有非厄米趋肤效应的模型,可以发现局域拓扑指标的流速上限与广义布里渊区中的群速度直接相关.但这一关系在其他非厄米模型中则需要修正,其更普适的形式有待进一步研究.本文的结果揭示了非厄米体系中局域拓扑指标传播的复杂性,是进一步理解非厄米局域拓扑指标动力学行为的基础.     

基于Aharonov-Bohm笼的非厄米趋肤效应抑制现象

能带理论在光学领域的应用为控制光传输提供了有效手段,非厄米趋肤效应的发现扩展了传统能带理论的范畴,能够实现新型光局域和单向传输现象.然而在光学体系,如何有效地产生并调控非厄米趋肤效应仍然是重要的研究主题.本文研究了具有规范势的准一维菱形光晶格中的非厄米趋肤效应,通过计算本征能谱、环绕数和模式演化特性,发现规范势能够对趋肤效应强弱进行有效调节.当规范势大小为π时,趋肤效应被完全抑制,而由Aharonov-Bohm笼效应引起的平带局域占主导.利用间接耦合微环谐振腔阵列,可同时产生合成光子规范势和非对称耦合,为研究Aharonov-Bohm笼和趋肤效应的竞争机制提供了可能的实现方案.本研究结果为利用规范势调控趋肤效应提供理论基础,在发展片上非磁性单向传播器件也具有潜在的应用前景.     

非厄米线性响应理论及其应用

线性响应理论是现代物理实验尤其是量子物态测量实验的理论基础,其核心是将物理系统的探测信号作为微扰,利用系统在未受扰动时的关联函数来刻画物理可观测量的响应.半个多世纪以来,基于封闭量子系统的线性响应理论在量子物态测量实验上取得了巨大的成功.随着超冷原子实验在光场与系统相互作用精确操控方面的快速进展,近年来高精度的冷原子实验已经具备研究耗散量子多体系统的条件,新奇的物理现象在实验中层出不穷,这使得国内外研究者对量子开放系统及其非厄米物理的研究与日俱增.基于此,我们发展了一个量子开放系统的线性响应理论——非厄米线性响应理论.该理论将耗散带来的非厄米效应与量子噪声作为外部探测输入来探测量子系统的性质,并将实验可观测量的含时演化与系统未受扰动状态时的关联函数及其谱函数联系了起来,提供了区分正常物态和奇异物态的一种新手段,所得到的结果与最近冷原子系统实验的结果高度吻合.本文介绍了非厄米线性响应理论,并讨论该理论在量子多体系统以及具有时间反演对称性的量子系统中的应用.     

高维非厄米系统奇异点的多样性研究EI北大核心CSCD

不同于传统的厄米系统,非厄米系统存在奇异点。当某一参数演化到奇异点时,非厄米系统发生相变,即两个本征态合并成一个。利用耦合的超材料人造原子,研究了二态和四态的非厄米系统。通过记录电磁波开放系统相干吸收峰频率随损耗的变化,研究了非厄米系统本征值的各种演化轨迹。理论和电磁场仿真结果表明,四态非厄米系统的本征态通过不同的方式合并,可以形成五种奇异点;其中,由两个以上本征态合并产生的奇异点,称为高阶奇异点。     

实验观测非厄米系统奇异点的手性翻转现象

在非厄米系统参数空间的黎曼曲面上存在简并点,此时本征值和相应的本征矢量同时合并,这些非厄米简并点也被称为奇异点.作为非厄米物理系统的相变临界态,奇异点会引起诸多违反直觉的现象,如损耗诱导透明、单向隐身以及非对称的模式转换.特别有趣的是,奇异点的本征矢量是自正交的,并且由于维度的缺失,特定非厄米系统的奇异点具有固有的手性.本文基于开口谐振环这种特殊的超构材料谐振子构造了耦合系数符号可以灵活调控的非厄米系统,并在实验上观测了非厄米系统奇异点的手性翻转现象.利用耦合系数符号的改变来实现非厄米系统奇异点的手性态调控,不仅为研究开放系统中的基本非厄米物理开辟了一条新的途径,而且在设计高效手性模式转换以及手性天线等光子器件方面具有一定的应用价值.     

再谈“PT对称的非厄米体系的能谱性质”

本文详细讨论了具有PT对称的一维量子系统虚数势对能谱的影响,补充了《大学物理》2018年第3期《PT对称的非厄米体系的能谱性质》一文在系统维度为奇数情况下的结论.     

Application of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian model in open quantum optical systems

Non-Hermitian systems have observed numerous novel phenomena and might lead to various applications. Unlike standard quantum physics, the conservation of energy guaranteed by the closed system is broken in the non-Hermitian system, and the energy can be exchanged between the system and the environment. Here we present a scheme for simulating the dissipative phase transition with an open quantum optical system. The competition between the coherent interaction and dissipation leads to the second-order phase transition. Furthermore, the quantum correlation in terms of squeezing is studied around the critical point. Our work may provide a new route to explore the non-Hermitian quantum physics with feasible techniques in experiments.     

Filling up complex spectral regions through non-Hermitian disordered chains

Eigenspectra that fill regions in the complex plane have been intriguing to many, inspiring research from random matrix theory to esoteric semi-infinite bounded non-Hermitian lattices. In this work, we propose a simple and robust ansatz for constructing models whose eigenspectra fill up generic prescribed regions. Our approach utilizes specially designed non-Hermitian random couplings that allow the co-existence of eigenstates with a continuum of localization lengths, mathematically emulating the effects of semi-infinite boundaries. While some of these couplings are necessarily long-ranged, they are still far more local than what is possible with known random matrix ensembles. Our ansatz can be feasibly implemented in physical platforms such as classical and quantum circuits, and harbors very high tolerance to imperfections due to its stochastic nature.     

Real non-Hermitian energy spectra without any symmetry

Non-Hermitian models with real eigenenergies are highly desirable for their stability. Yet, most of the currently known ones are constrained by symmetries such as PT-symmetry, which is incompatible with realizing some of the most exotic non-Hermitian phenomena. In this work, we investigate how the non-Hermitian skin effect provides an alternative route towards enforcing real spectra and system stability. We showcase, for different classes of energy dispersions, various ansatz models that possess large parameter space regions with real spectra, despite not having any obvious symmetry. These minimal local models can be quickly implemented in non-reciprocal experimental setups such as electrical circuits with operational amplifiers.     

Topological properties of non-Hermitian Creutz ladders

We study topological properties of the one-dimensional Creutz ladder model with different non-Hermitian asymmetric hoppings and on-site imaginary potentials,and obtain phase diagrams regarding the presence and absence of an energy gap and in-gap edge modes.The non-Hermitian skin effect(NHSE),which is known to break the bulk-boundary correspondence(BBC),emerges in the system only when the non-Hermiticity induces certain unbalanced non-reciprocity along the ladder.The topological properties of the model are found to be more sophisticated than that of its Hermitian counterpart,whether with or without the NHSE.In one scenario without the NHSE,the topological winding is found to exist in a two-dimensional plane embedded in a four-dimensional space of the complex Hamiltonian vector.The NHSE itself also possesses some unusual behaviors in this system,including a high spectral winding without the presence of long-range hoppings,and a competition between two types of the NHSE,with the same and opposite inverse localization lengths for the two bands,respectively.Furthermore,it is found that the NHSE in this model does not always break the conventional BBC,which is also associated with whether the band gap closes at exceptional points under the periodic boundary condition.     

Bose–Einstein condensates under a non-Hermitian spin–orbit coupling

We study the properties of Bose–Einstein condensates under a non-Hermitian spin–orbit coupling(SOC), induced by a dissipative two-photon Raman process. We focus on the dynamics of the condensate at short times, when the impact of decoherence induced by quantum jumps is negligible and the dynamics is coherently driven by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Given the significantly modified single-particle physics by dissipative SOC, the interplay of non-Hermiticity and interaction leads to a quasi-steady-state phase diagram different from its Hermitian counterpart. In particular, we find that dissipation can induce a phase transition from the stripe phase to the plane-wave phase. We further map out the phase diagram with respect to the dissipation and interaction strengths, and finally investigate the stability of quasi-steady states through the time-dependent dissipative Gross–Pitaevskii equation. Our results are readily accessible based on standard experiments with synthetic spin–orbit couplings.     

Biorthogonal quantum criticality in non-Hermitian many-body systems

We develop the perturbation theory of the fidelity susceptibility in biorthogonal bases for arbitrary interacting non-Hermitian many-body systems with real eigenvalues. The quantum criticality in the non-Hermitian transverse field Ising chain is investigated by the second derivative of the ground-state energy and the ground-state fidelity susceptibility. We show that the system undergoes a second-order phase transition with the Ising universal class by numerically computing the critical points and the critical exponents from the finite-size scaling theory. Interestingly, our results indicate that the biorthogonal quantum phase transitions are described by the biorthogonal fidelity susceptibility instead of the conventional fidelity susceptibility.     

Level Spacing Distributions and Quantum Chaos in Hermitian and non-Hermitian Systems

The correspondence between quantum level spacing distribu tions and classical motion of 1-D P T symmetric non-Hermitian systems is investigated using two PT symmetric complex potentials: complex rational power potential V1 (x) = (ix)(2n 1)/m and general polynomial potential V2(x) = x2M ib1x2M-1 b2x2M-2 ... ib2M-1x. The level spacing distribution of V1 has two forms. When 2n 1 - 2m is positive, the level spacing distribution of real eigen values assumes a decreasing power function, while it behaves as an increasing power function when 2n 1 - 2m is negative.The PT symmetry of this system is spontaneously broken as 2n 1 - 2m becomes negative. This change manifests itself in classical mechanics as it is found by Bender et al. However, it was found that the change in the form of level spacing distribution mentioned above is not due to the spontaneous breaking down of PT symmetry. Level spacing distribution of V2 assumes an increasing power function when order of the polynomial is greater than two.     

Quantum speed limit time of a non-Hermitian two-level system

We investigated the quantum speed limit time of a non-Hermitian two-level system for which gain and loss of energy or amplitude are present. Our results show that, with respect to two distinguishable states of the non-Hermitian system, the evolutionary time does not have a nonzero lower bound. The quantum evolution of the system can be effectively accelerated by adjusting the non-Hermitian parameter, as well as the quantum speed limit time can be arbitrarily small even be zero.     

Complex energy plane and topological invariant in non-Hermitian systems

Non-Hermitian systems as theoretical models of open or dissipative systems exhibit rich novel physical properties and fundamental issues in condensed matter physics. We propose a generalized local–global correspondence between the pseudo-boundary states in the complex energy plane and topological invariants of quantum states. We find that the patterns of the pseudo-boundary states in the complex energy plane mapped to the Brillouin zone are topological invariants against the parameter deformation. We demonstrate this approach by the non-Hermitian Chern insulator model. We give the consistent topological phases obtained from the Chern number and vorticity. We also find some novel topological invariants embedded in the topological phases of the Chern insulator model, which enrich the phase diagram of the non-Hermitian Chern insulators model beyond that predicted by the Chern number and vorticity. We also propose a generalized vorticity and its flipping index to understand physics behind this novel local–global correspondence and discuss the relationships between the local–global correspondence and the Chern number as well as the transformation between the Brillouin zone and the complex energy plane. These novel approaches provide insights to how topological invariants may be obtained from local information as well as the global property of quantum states, which is expected to be applicable in more generic non-Hermitian systems.