流固耦合地震波动问题的显式谱元模拟方法

流固耦合地震波动问题主要研究由流体和固体构成的复杂系统中地震波传播特性及其规律. 传统模拟方法中一般以声波方程、弹性波方程的数值解分别描述理想流体和弹性固体中的波动, 并实时地处理两种不同性质介质之间的相互耦合作用, 数值格式复杂且限制数值模拟精度与计算效率. 本文采用谱元法结合多次透射公式人工边界条件实现了一种流固耦合地震波动问题的高阶显式数值计算方法. 该方法利用了流固耦合问题统一计算框架,可将饱和多孔介质的Biot波动方程分别退化为理想流体的声波方程和弹性固体的弹性波方程. 通过P波垂直入射的水平成层理想流体-饱和多孔介质-弹性固体场地模型、P波斜入射的不规则层状界面以及任意形状界面的理想流体-饱和多孔介质-弹性固体场地模型等三个算例, 与传递函数法解析解以及集中质量有限元法计算结果进行对比分析, 证明了本文方法的正确性与有效性. 数值模拟结果表明, 本文方法相较传统有限元法可以少得多的节点数量获得更高的数值精度, 并且在较宽的频率范围内都能可靠地模拟出流固耦合系统的动力响应, 充分体现出本文方法兼顾高精度、计算效率和复杂场地建模灵活的特点.      

Applications of the method of complex functions to dynamic stress concentrations

The complex function method used in the solution of static stress concentration around an irregularly shaped cavity in an infinite elastic plane is generalized to the case of dynamic loading. This paper presents the solutions of two dimensional elastic wave equations in terms of complex wave functions, and general expressions for boundary conditions for steady state incident waves. Dynamic stresses around a cavity of arbitrary shape are then expressed in series of complex ‘domain functions’, the coefficient of the series can be determined by truncating a set of infinite algebraic equations. Results of dynamic stress concentration factors for circular and elliptical cavities are given in this paper.     

部分浸入水中的柔性梁非线性自由振动

研究了浸入水中的柔性梁非线性自由振动,假设其底端具有线弹性扭转弹簧支撑,顶端附有不计体积的集中质量块.推导了梁的运动控制方程和边界条件,由于考虑了大挠度,法向运动和轴向运动是非线性耦合的,使用Morison方程给出了流体力的表达式,利用有限差分法和Runge-Kutta法数值分析了梁在真空中和在水中的自由振动,讨论了参数对振动模态、固有频率等的影响.     

Global volume conservation in unsteady free surface flows with energy absorbing far‐end boundaries

A wave absorption filter for the far‐end boundary of semi‐infinite large reservoirs is developed for numerical simulation of unsteady free surface flows. Mathematical model is based on finite volume solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and depth‐integrated continuity equation to track the free surface. The Sommerfeld boundary condition is applied at the far‐end of the truncated computational domain. A dissipation zone is formed by applying artificial pressure on water surface to dissipate the kinetic energy of the outgoing waves. The computational scheme is tested to verify the conservation of total fluid volume in the domain for long simulation durations. Combination of the Sommerfeld boundary and dissipation zone can effectively minimize reflections and prevent cumulative changes in total fluid volume in the domain. Solitary wave, nonlinear periodic waves and irregular waves are simulated to illustrate the numerical developments. Earthquake excited surface waves and nonlinear hydrodynamic pressures in a dam–reservoir are computed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多洞室对矢量波散射引起半空间表面位移的边界元解

采用边界元方法研究了半空间中近表面多洞室对矢量波的散射问题,给出了以全空间格林函数为基本解且半空间表面离散的边界积分方程,在这一边界各分方程中,较好的消除了主值积分,在半空间表面进行离散时,采用无限单元与有限单元相结合的方法,大大减少了计算量,提出了精度。     

Numerical solution of two-layer,two-dimensional tidal flow in a boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate system

A new two-layer, two-dimensional mathematical model employing a finite difference method based on numerically generated boundary-fitted orthogonal co-ordinates and a grid ‘block’ technique for unsteady boundary problems is developed which can be used to simulate flows with density stratification in a natural water-body with complicated topography. In the model the turbulent exchange across the interface is treated empirically and a time-splitting finite difference method with two fractional steps is employed to solve the governing equations. The model is calibrated and verified by comparing the computational results with data measured in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. The simulation results mimie the field measurements very closely. The computation shows that the model reproduces the two-layer, two-dimensional tidal flow with density stratification in Tolo Harbour very well. The computed velocity hodographs show that the tidal circulations at various positions in each layer have different patterns and that the features of the patterns are independent of the tidal type except for their scales. The computed Lagrangian pathlines show that the tidal excursion is dependent on the tidal type, especially in the inner harbour and side-coves.     

透射边界高频失稳机理及其消除方法——SH波动

用有限元法求解近场波动问题,须选取人工边界条件以实现对无限域稳定、高效的数值模拟. 该文探讨了SH波导 有限元数值模拟中透射边界引发的高频失稳问题. 从离散模型出发,分析了内节点与人工边界节点运动方程频散曲线之间的匹配关系,揭示了高频失稳的一种机理,即二者相互耦合所 得计算方案支持自发从人工边界向计算区域内行进的高频波动. 提出通过调整内节点运动方程以改变这一匹配关系,从而消除失稳的措施. 理论分析与数值结果表明该措施能有效地消除高频振荡失稳.     

Numerical investigations of radial jet reattachment flows

A finite volume computational scheme to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for the laminar flow fields of partially enclosed axial and radial jets impinging on a flat plate has been devised and tested. This scheme is based on the SIMPLEC technique. However, because of the backflow at the ‘outflow’ boundary, the SIMPLEC pressure correction technique has to be modified. The need for this modification, necessitated by the convergence failure, showed the ‘hidden’ pressure boundary condition of SIMPLE-type techniques. Test computations with the present scheme for flows in a channel with a built-in cylinder show that the location of the exit boundary affects very slightly the separated flow behind the cylinder. Computed Squire jet flows compare quite well with the available analytical solution. Finally, impinging radial jets have been computed for different Reynolds numbers. The results show the critical Reynolds number below which a steady solution is obtained and above which periodic and eventually chaotic flows result.     

Approximate equations for torsional waves in a nonlinear elastic rod with weak viscoelasticity

Approximate equations are derived for nonlinear torsional waves propagating along a thin circular viscoelastic rod. Ignoring the thermal effect, ‘nearly elastic’ compressible viscoelastic solids are considered in which a weak dependence of stresses on a history of strain is assumed. With the assumption that the rod is subjected to a finite angle of torsion, but that the rod is thin, the displacement is sought in a power series of the radial coordinate. The effects of geometrical and material nonlinearity give rise to the normal stress effect, which introduces deformations in the cross sectional and longitudinal dimensions of rod. Taking account of both the effect of nonlinearity and that of viscoelasticity, one dimensional approximate equations are obtained for the angle of torsion coupled with the longitudinal deformation.     

Higher-order continua derived from discrete media: continualisation aspects and boundary conditions

In this paper, the derivation of higher-order continuum models from a discrete medium is addressed, with the following aims: (i) for a given discrete model and a given coupling of discrete and continuum degrees of freedom, the continuum should be defined uniquely, (ii) the continuum is isotropic, and (iii) boundary conditions are derived consistently with the energy functional and the equations of motion of the continuum. Firstly, a comparison is made between two continualisation methods, namely based on the equations of motion and on the energy functional. They are shown to give identical results. Secondly, the issue of isotropy is addressed. A new approach is developed in which two, rather than one, layers of neighbouring particles are considered. Finally, the formulation and interpretation of boundary conditions is treated. By means of the Hamilton–Ostrogradsky principle, boundary conditions are derived that are consistent with the energy functional and the equations of motion. A relation between standard stresses and higher-order stresses is derived and used to make an interpretation of the higher-order stresses. An additional result of this study is the non-uniqueness of the higher-order contributions to the energy.     

Dynamic stress concentration around elliptic cavities in saturated poroelastic soil under harmonic plane waves

Potential function and complex function in the elliptic coordinate system are employed to solve the problem of scattering harmonic plane waves by multiple elliptic cavities in water saturated soil medium. The steady state Biot’s dynamic equations of poroelasticity are uncoupled into Helmholtz equations via given potentials. The stresses and pore water pressures are obtained by using complex functions in elliptic coordinates with certain boundary conditions. Finally, the dynamic stresses for the case of two interacting elliptic cavities are obtained and discussed in details via a numerical example.     

Reduced finite difference scheme and error estimates based on POD method for non-stationary Stokes equation

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is a model reduction technique for the simulation of physical processes governed by partial differential equations (e.g.,fluid flows). It has been successfully used in the reduced-order modeling of complex systems. In this paper, the applications of the POD method are extended, i.e., the POD method is applied to a classical finite difference (FD) scheme for the non-stationary Stokes equation with a real practical applied background. A reduced FD scheme is established with lower dimensions and sufficiently high accuracy, and the error estimates are provided between the reduced and the classical FD solutions. Some numerical examples illustrate that the numerical results are consistent with theoretical conclusions. Moreover, it is shown that the reduced FD scheme based on the POD method is feasible and efficient in solving the FD scheme for the non-stationary Stokes equation.     

Finite element models in Lamb’s problem

We consider a complex of issues on finite element modeling of the propagation of bulk and surface waves caused by harmonic concentrated actions applied to the boundary of an elastic half-space or elastic half-plane (Lamb’s external problem).     

Raviart–Thomas and Brezzi–Douglas–Marini finite‐element approximations of the shallow‐water equations

An analysis of the discrete shallow‐water equations using the Raviart–Thomas and Brezzi–Douglas–Marini finite elements is presented. For inertia–gravity waves, the discrete formulations are obtained and the dispersion relations are computed in order to quantify the dispersive nature of the schemes on two meshes made up of equilateral and biased triangles. A linear algebra approach is also used to ascertain the possible presence of spurious modes arising from the discretization. The geostrophic balance is examined and the smallest representable vortices are characterized on both structured and unstructured meshes. Numerical solutions of two test problems to simulate gravity and Rossby modes are in good agreement with the analytical results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ℋ︁‐LU factorization in preconditioners for augmented Lagrangian and grad‐div stabilized saddle point systems

The (mixed finite element) discretization of the linearized Navier–Stokes equations leads to a linear system of equations of saddle point type. The iterative solution of this linear system requires the construction of suitable preconditioners, especially in the case of high Reynolds numbers. In the past, a stabilizing approach has been suggested which does not change the exact solution but influences the accuracy of the discrete solution as well as the effectiveness of iterative solvers. This stabilization technique can be performed on the continuous side before the discretization, where it is known as ‘grad‐div’ (GD) stabilization, as well as on the discrete side where it is known as an ‘augmented Lagrangian’ (AL) technique (and does not change the discrete solution). In this paper, we study the applicability of ??‐LU factorizations to solve the arising subproblems in the different variants of stabilized saddle point systems. We consider both the saddle point systems that arise from the stabilization in the continuous as well as on the discrete setting. Recently, a modified AL preconditioner has been proposed for the system resulting from the discrete stabilization. We provide a straightforward generalization of this approach to the GD stabilization. We conclude the paper with numerical tests for a variety of problems to illustrate the behavior of the considered preconditioners as well as the suitability of ??‐LU factorization in the preconditioners. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic propagation simulation in complex media with non-rectangular irregular-grid finite-difference

This paper presents a finite-difference (FD) method with spatially non-rectangular irregular grids to simulate the elastic wave propagation. Staggered irregular grid finite difference operators with a second-order time and spatial accuracy are used to approximate the velocity-stress elastic wave equations. This method is very simple and the cost of computing time is not much. Complicated geometries like curved thin layers, cased borehole and nonplanar interfaces may be treated with nonrectangular irregular grids in a more flexible way. Unlike the multi-grid scheme, this method requires no interpolation between the fine and coarse grids and all grids are computed at the same spatial iteration. Compared with the rectangular irregular grid FD, the spurious diffractions from “staircase” interfaces can easily be eliminated without using finer grids. Dispersion and stability conditions of the proposed method can be established in a similar form as for the rectangular irregular grid scheme. The Higdon‘s absorbing boundary condition is adopted to eliminate boundary reflections. Numerical simulations show that this method has satisfactory stability and accuracy in simulating wave propagation near rough solid-fluid interfaces. The computation costs are less than those using a regular grid and rectangular grid FD method.     

A finite element formulation for laminar flow of a fluid with microstructure

A finite element formulation for the steady laminar flow of an incompressible fluid with microstructure has been developed. The particular fluids considered are commonly known as micropolar fluids, in which case suspended particulate microstructures are modelled by an ‘extended’ continuum formulation. The particle microspin is a new kinematic variable which is independent of the classical vorticity vector and thereby allows relative rotation between particles and the surrounding fluid. This formulation also gives rise to couple stresses in addition to classical force or traction stresses. The finite element formulation utilizes a variational approach and imposes conservation of mass through a penalty function. A general boundary condition for microspin has been incorporated whereby microspin at a solid boundary is constrained to be proportional to the fluid vorticity. The proportionality constant in this case can vary from zero to unity. Sample solutions are presented for fully developed flow through a straight tube and compared with an analytical solution. Results are also generated for flow through a constricted tube and compared with a Newtonian fluid solution.     

Employment of the second‐moment turbulence closure on arbitrary unstructured grids

The paper presents a finite‐volume calculation procedure using a second‐moment turbulence closure. The proposed method is based on a collocated variable arrangement and especially adopted for unstructured grids consisting of ‘polyhedral’ calculation volumes. An inclusion of 23k in the pressure is analysed and the impact of such an approach on the employment of the constant static pressure boundary is addressed. It is shown that this approach allows a removal of a standard but cumbersome velocity–pressure –Reynolds stress coupling procedure known as an extension of Rhie‐Chow method (AIAA J. 1983; 21 : 1525–1532) for the Reynolds stresses. A novel wall treatment for the Reynolds‐stress equations and ‘polyhedral’ calculation volumes is presented. Important issues related to treatments of diffusion terms in momentum and Reynolds‐stress equations are also discussed and a new approach is proposed. Special interpolation practices implemented in a deferred‐correction fashion and related to all equations, are explained in detail. Computational results are compared with available experimental data for four very different applications: the flow in a two‐dimensional 180o turned U‐bend, the vortex shedding flow around a square cylinder, the flow around Ahmed Body and in‐cylinder engine flow. Additionally, the performance of the methodology is assessed by applying it to different computational grids. For all test cases, predictions with the second‐moment closure are compared to those of the k–εmodel. The second‐moment turbulence closure always achieves closer agreement with the measurements. A moderate increase in computing time is required for the calculations with the second‐moment closure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A local domain‐free discretization method for simulation of incompressible flows over moving bodies

This paper presents a local domain‐free discretization (DFD) method for the simulation of unsteady flows over moving bodies governed by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The discretization strategy of DFD is that the discrete form of partial differential equations at an interior point may involve some points outside the solution domain. All the mesh points are classified as interior points, exterior dependent points and exterior independent points. The functional values at the exterior dependent points are updated at each time step by the approximate form of solution near the boundary. When the body is moving, only the status of points is changed and the mesh can stay fixed. The issue of ‘freshly cleared nodes/cells’ encountered in usual sharp interface methods does not pose any particular difficulty in the presented method. The Galerkin finite‐element approximation is used for spatial discretization, and the discrete equations are integrated in time via a dual‐time‐stepping scheme based on artificial compressibility. In order to validate the present method for moving‐boundary flow problems, two groups of flow phenomena have been simulated: (1) flows over a fixed circular cylinder, a harmonic in‐line oscillating cylinder in fluid at rest and a transversely oscillating cylinder in uniform flow; (2) flows over a pure pitching airfoil, a heaving–pitching airfoil and a deforming airfoil. The predictions show good agreement with the published numerical results or experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.