环境中高氯酸盐的自然来源、形成机制及其归趋行为

高氯酸盐(ClO₄^-)作为新型的环境有毒污染物,其环境污染问题已引起国内外学者的极大关注,但有关ClO₄^-的自然来源及形成机制的研究则刚刚起步。ClO₄^-的自然来源、在不同环境介质中的背景浓度及迁移转化行为,对制定ClO₄^-的环境质量标准和系列安全浓度限值至关重要,但国内相关研究几乎为空白。本文总结了ClO₄^-在对流层和平流层气溶胶、大气湿沉降(雨和雪)、地下水、海水、土壤及矿物等环境介质中的背景浓度水平,不同环境介质中涉及样品数为气溶胶3个、雨水1 600多个、降雪样品3个、地下水2 100多个、海水2个、土壤(矿物)10多个、火星土壤样品1个;重点评述了自然源ClO₄^-的前体物质及大气反应形成机制(臭氧氧化、光化学反应和闪电作用),提出ClO₂^-/ ClO₂是大气中ClO₄^-自然形成的关键前体物质;归纳了自然源ClO₄^-在各环境介质间的迁移转化及归趋行为,最后简单介绍了识别ClO₄^-自然来源的同位素示踪技术,并展望相关研究。     

非金属氧化-还原对MO2/MO2-(M=N,S,Cl)的电子转移反应动力学

以Marcus-Hush电子转移理论为基础,提出了用量子化学密度泛函方法研究自交换和异交换电子转移反应的理论方案.在DFTB3LYP/6-311+G(2D)水平上研究了溶液中NO₂/NO₂^-,SO₂/SO₂^-和ClO₂/ClO₂^-等3个氧化-还原对的自交换以及它们之间的6个交叉电子转移反应的动力学性质,获得了与实验较为一致的结果.     

负载零价铁膨胀石墨的合成及对水中NO3-去除的效果与机制

以网络状孔型结构发达的膨胀石墨（EG）为载体,采用化学沉积法制备了负载零价铁（ZVI）的膨胀石墨（EG-ZVI）.利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）仪及X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）等对负载及反应前后的EG-ZVI进行表征,探究了EG-ZVI对硝酸根（NO₃^-）的去除效果并对其反应产物及机理进行了分析.结果表明,亚微米级零价铁已负载到EG石墨表面,且分布均匀;与EG相比,EG-ZVI对NO₃^-的去除能力显著提升,其去除率是EG的2.3倍.得益于铁碳原电池效应,EG-ZVI对pH依赖性比零价铁低,即使在pH=9的条件下,NO₃^-去除率依然能达到65%以上,是单独用零价铁处理时的1.83倍;EG-ZVI去除NO₃^-是吸附和还原过程共同作用的结果,符合三级动力学模型,其还原过程由负载在EG表面的零价铁发生腐蚀提供电子,从而还原NO₃^-产生以NH₄⁺-N为主的含氮化合物;EG-ZVI对NO₃^-具有较强的还原吸附作用,并能解决零价铁在反应过程中生成惰性层或金属氢氧化物导致去除效率低的缺陷,使其在含NO₃^-废水的处理中具有较高的应用潜力.     

离子色谱法同时测定火场爆炸残留物中9种典型阴离子

建立了离子色谱（IC）同时测定火场爆炸残留物中9种典型阴离子（Cl^-、NO₂^-、ClO₃^-、NO₃^-、CO₃^2-、SO₄^2-、S₂O₃^2-、SCN^-、ClO₄^-）的分析方法。使用高容量阴离子交换柱IonPac AS20（250 mm×4 mm）分离,以氢氧化钾（KOH）溶液为流动相,梯度淋洗,进样量为20 μL,柱温为40℃,流速为1.20 mL/min,在25 min内完成了9种典型阴离子的分离分析。9种阴离子在各自的范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999。9种阴离子的平均加标回收率为92.5%~101.3%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~2.8%（n=6）。该方法简便快捷,选择性好,灵敏度高,可满足火场爆炸残留物中无机离子的分析要求。     

光照法研究超氧化物歧化酶及其模型化合物与超氧离子的反应动力学

用改进的光照法研究了超氧化物歧化酶及其模型化合物μ-桥基·二(2,6-二乙酰基吡啶)缩二丙二胺合铜(Ⅱ)(桥基为SCN^-,N₃^-,I^-,Br^-,Cl^-,OH^-)与超氧离子的反应动力学,测定了反应速率常数k_Q,结果表明,超氧化物歧化酶的k_Q与脉冲辐解法及黄嘌呤氧化酶法的结果一致。6种配合物中,Cu₂L(SCN)(ClO₄)₃的k_Q最大,Cu₂L(N₃)(ClO₄)₃的最小,并讨论了真k_Q不同的原因。     

离子液体对木瓜蛋白酶催化特性的影响

研究了以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑、四乙基铵及N-乙基吡啶为阳离子, 配以多种阴离子(H₂PO₄^-, ClO₄^-, HSO₄^-, CH₃COO^-, Cl^-, Br^-, NO₃^-, SCN^-, BF₄^-, PF₆^-)的离子液体对木瓜蛋白酶催化N-苯甲酰-L-精氨酸乙酯(BAEE)水解的活性及热稳定性的影响. 通过分析含离子液体体系中木瓜蛋白酶的水解活性和热力学失活参数, 发现该酶活性及稳定性与离子液体的Kosmotropicity性质无关. 因此, 离子的Hofmeister效应并不适合解释离子液体对木瓜蛋白酶催化特性的影响规律. 当以BF₄^-为阴离子, 改变阳离子结构时, 仅[BMIm][BF₄]可提高酶活性, 其它含官能团的咪唑类离子液体则降低酶活性, 但大部分离子液体明显提高木瓜蛋白酶的热稳定性. 在所研究的离子液体中, 基于PF₆^-或BF₄^-阴离子的离子液体可提高木瓜蛋白酶的活性及其热稳定性. 在含[BMIm][PF₆]介质中, 木瓜蛋白酶的水解活性最高; 在含[HOEtMIm][BF₄]介质中其热稳定性最好.     

基于偶氮水杨醛酰腙的氰根比色检测探针的合成及性能

设计合成了一种基于酚羟基和氨基的酰腙类探针分子, 利用紫外-可见吸收光谱和核磁滴定考察了其对F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, CH₃COO^-, H₂PO₄^-, HSO₄^-, ClO₄^-, CN^-, SCN^-, SO^2-₄和NO^-₃等阴离子的识别作用. 结果表明, 当加入CN^-离子时主体溶液颜色由无色变为黄色, 而加入其它离子时主体溶液颜色不变, 说明该探针在DMSO/H₂O(体积比5: 5)体系中能选择性裸眼比色检测CN^-. 核磁滴定及质谱数据表明, 该探针与CN^-以1:1化学计量比结合, 该过程通过亲核加成方式完成.     

基于蒽-苯并咪唑鎓的荧光传感器对H2PO4-的高选择性识别

设计合成了基于蒽-苯并咪唑鎓的受体分子1和2,通过荧光发射光谱研究了受体分子1和2对F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、I^-、AcO^-、HSO₄^-、H₂PO₄^-、NO₃^-、ClO₄^-等阴离子的识别性能。 研究发现,在受体分子1和2的乙腈溶液(5.0×10^-6 mol/L)中加入10倍化学计量的H₂PO₄^-时,受体分子1的荧光猝灭百分数为13%,受体分子2的荧光猝灭百分数高达94%,表明受体分子2在构型上与H₂PO₄^-更匹配,可作为H₂PO₄^-的荧光关闭型(turn-off)探针。 受体分子2与H₂PO₄^-的结合比为1:1,结合常数为(3.70±0.16)×10⁴ L/mol,检出限为3.77×10^-6 mol/L。     

直接硼氢化物燃料电池（DBFC）阳极材料及反应机理*

以碱金属硼氢化物为燃料的直接硼氢化物燃料电池（DBFC）,是一种有发展潜力的移动电源。DBFC阳极过程是一个复杂的H^--H0*-H⁺之间价态转化的电极反应体系,涉及BH₄^-的电氧化反应、BH₄^-的水解释氢反应与氢的电氧化反应,该过程不仅与电极材料有关,也与反应条件有关。研发能有效抑制释氢的廉价阳极催化材料,是DBFC实用化的关键。因此,本文对近年来报道的DBFC阳极催化材料、以及BH₄^-在不同阳极材料上的电化学氧化反应机理进行了综述,并归纳出需要深入研究的主要问题。     

锂在高有序热解石墨(HOPG)电极中的扩散系数

用循环伏安、交流阻抗和电位阶跃法研究了平板高有序热解石墨(HOPG)电极在1mol/LLiPF₆和体积比为1∶1的EC/DMC溶液中的电化学行为.结果表明,石墨的嵌锂反应仅发生在边界面上.随着嵌锂量的增加,表面SEI膜的电阻和嵌入反应的极化电阻减小.用交流阻抗谱和电位阶跃方法测定的锂在高有序热解石墨中的扩散系数一致,并随充电程度的增加而显著减小.在电极电位(vs.Li/Li⁺) 0.2～0.05V区间,扩散系数由10^-11cm²/s下降到10^-12cm²/s.     

Study of the reactivity of chalcogen hexafluorides with graphite

The intercalation reaction of chalcogen hexafluorides, EF₆ (E=S, Se, Te), with graphite was investigated. It occured only under a fluorine atmosphere and first stage intercalation compounds were obtained with TeF₆ or SeF₆, as well as a partial graphite fluorination. SF₆ did not intercalate but catalyzed the complete fluorination of graphite. All compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopies. Entities, such as TeF₆ and SeF₆ were identified. Others, such as EF₇⁻, EF₈²⁻, …, and possible SeF_n polymeric forms could exist. In all cases, the presence of fluorinated graphite was found.     

基于阴离子-石墨嵌层化合物的电化学电容器

石墨可以在高电势下电化学可逆存储阴离子,有望在高电压储能器件中担当正极材料.本文介绍了基于阴离子-石墨嵌层化合物型正极材料的高比能电容器的研究进展,剖析了影响电容器性能的各方面因素,探讨了一系列表征相关电极材料储能机制的方法和手段,揭示了溶剂化效应对阴离子插嵌石墨正极电化学行为的关键性作用.并进一步概述了该种正极材料近年来在新型储能器件-双离子电池中的发展态势,展望了其应用前景和即将面临的潜在问题.     

Anion intercalation into highly oriented pyrolytic graphite studied by electrochemical atomic force microscopy

Knowledge of the dimensional changes occurring during electrochemical processes is fundamental for understanding of the electrochemical intercalation/insertion mechanism and for evaluation of potential application in electrochemical devices. We studied a highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) electrode in perchloric acid, as a model to elucidate the mechanism of electrochemical anion intercalation in graphite. The aim of the work is the local and time dependent investigation of dimensional changes of the host material during electrochemical intercalation processes on the nanometer scale. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM), combined with cyclic voltammetry, as the in situ tool of analysis during intercalation and deintercalation of perchlorate anions. According to the AFM measurements, the HOPG interlayer spacing increases by 32% in agreement with the formation of stage IV of graphite intercalation compounds, when perchlorate anions intercalate. In addition, the local aspect of the process has been demonstrated by revealing coexisting regions with different kinetics for intercalation and deintercalation processes.     

Impact of selected supramolecular additives on the initial electrochemical lithium intercalation into graphite in propylene carbonate

Impact of silicon tripodand-type electrolyte additives and graphite pre-treatment agents on the electrochemical intercalation of lithium cations into graphite was investigated. Addition of Si-tripodand-type silanes to propylene carbonate-based electrolytes was found to suppress detrimental solvent co-intercalation and graphite exfoliation. Similar effects were observed for graphite pre-treated with the reported silane agents. It was observed that the presented supramolecular additives allow for the formation of effective passive layers on graphite during first charging, and thus can be considered as novel low-cost film-forming components for rechargeable lithium batteries.      

A study on the formation mechanism of graphite fluorides by Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectra were measured of highly fluorinated graphite samples prepared at room temperature, 380 and 515 °C. C_xF prepared at room temperature showed a novel downshifted band at 1555–1542 cm⁻¹ along with G band at 1593–1583 cm⁻¹. Similar behavior is also observed for samples prepared at 380 and 515 °C at early stages of fluorination, after which the Raman shifts completely disappeared. Raman spectra as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggest that graphite fluorides, (CF)_n and (C₂F)_n are formed via fluorine-intercalated phase with planar graphene layers.     

Initial Electrode Kinetics of Anion Intercalation and De‐intercalation in Nonaqueous Al‐Graphite Batteries†

Graphitic materials with intercalated sites are considered as the mostly used positive electrode materials in nonaqueous Al batteries. Unlike the small‐size cations, the intercalation/de‐intercalation of large‐size anions into/out of graphite would induce large volume expansion and micro‐structure reconfiguration, leading to unexpected coulombic efficiency in the full cells (<95% within initial several cycles). For understanding the irreversible processes induced by anion intercalation/de‐intercalation (AlCl₄^–), here the kinetics of first two cycles for the Al‐graphite batteries have been systematically studied. To study kinetics behaviors at representative states, a combined method upon galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been carried out. The achieved diffusion coefficients of the positive electrodes assembled with different graphite sizes suggest that size effect also plays a critical role in determining the electrochemical kinetics in the mass transport in both electrolyte and graphitic layers as well as in interface reaction. The morphologies and micro‐structures of the post‐cycled graphite electrodes have been also experimentally studied, which also well supports the irreversible intercalation/de‐intercalation behaviors in graphite electrodes. The results offer a significant platform to well understand the essential factors in tailoring coulombic efficiency from a kinetic view, which would be helpful in promoting the graphite electrodes in Al batteries.     

Electrochemical Synthesis of Co-intercalation Compounds in the Graphite-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>-H<Subscript>3</Subscript>PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>System

Anodic oxidation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in an electrolyte containing concentrated sulfuric and anhydrous phosphoric acids is studied for the first time. The synthesis was carried out under galvanostatic conditions at a current I = 0.5 mA and an elevated temperature (t = 80°C). Intercalation compounds of graphite (ICG) are shown to form at all concentration ratios of H₂SO₄ and H³PO⁴ acids. The intercalation compound of step I forms in solutions containing more than 80 wt % H₂SO₄, a mixture of compounds of intercalation steps I and II forms in 60% H²SO⁴, intercalation step II is realized in the sulfuric acid concentration range from 10 to 40%, and a mixture of compounds of intercalation steps III and II is formed in 5% H₂SO₄ solutions. The threshold concentration of H₂SO₄ intercalation is ∼2%. With the decrease in active intercalate (H₂SO₄) concentration, the charging curves are gradually smoothed, the intercalation step number increases, and the potentials of ICG formation also increase. As the sulfuric acid concentration in the electrolyte changes from 96 to 40 wt %, the filled-layer thickness d _i in ICG monotonously increases from 0.803 to 0.820 nm, which apparently is associated with the greater size of phosphoric acid molecules. With further increase in H₃PO₄ concentration in solution, d _i remains unchanged. According to the results of chemical analysis, both acids are simultaneously incorporated into the graphite interplanar spacing and their ratio in ICG is determined by the electrolyte composition.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 651–655.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Leshin, Sorokina, Avdeev.     

The Diffusion Coefficient of Lithium Ions into Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

The diffusion coefficient of lithium in graphite is an important parameter for the use of graphite because it relates to the ability of charge and discharge rate of lithium battery. It remains a problem that there are often obvious differences among the diffusion coefficients obtained using different methods, even in one paper^[1,2]. This difference may attribute to the complicate properties of intercalation process, as well as some uncertain parameters of the porous structure electrode. In order to measure the diffusion coefficient of lithium in carbon more precisely, a well crystallized material Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) was used as the material of working electrode in this study.     

Template-directed assembly of a de novo designed protein

Many naturally occurring biomaterials are composed of laminated structures in which layers of beta-sheet proteins alternate with layers of inorganic mineral. These ordered laminates often have structural and mechanical properties that differ significantly from those of nonbiological materials. An important step in the construction of novel biomaterials is the creation of composites wherein a de novo designed protein assembles into an ordered structure. To achieve this goal, we layered a de novo protein onto the surface of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The protein was derived from a combinatorial library of novel sequences designed to fold into amphiphilic beta-sheet structures. Atomic force microscopy reveals that the protein assembles on the HOPG surface into ordered fibers aligned in three orientations at 120 degrees to each other. The symmetry and extent of the ordered regions indicate that the hexagonal lattice underlying the graphite surface templates assembly of millions of protein molecules into a highly ordered structure.