On the effect of Lüders bands on the bending of steel tubes. Part II: Analysis

Part II of this study presents a modeling framework that is shown to successfully simulate all aspects of the inhomogeneous bending of tubes associated with Lüders banding reported in Part I. The structure is discretized with solid finite elements using a mesh that is fine enough for Lüders bands to develop and evolve. The material is modeled as a finitely deforming, J₂ type, elastic–plastic solid with an “up–down–up” response over the extent of the Lüders strain, followed by hardening. Regularization of the solution was accomplished by introducing a mild rate dependence of the material. Simulation of the rotation controlled bending experiments confirmed most of the experimental observations and revealed additional details of the localization. Thus, the initial uniform-curvature elastic regime terminates with the nucleation of localized banded deformation on the tensioned and compressed sides of the tube. The bands appear in pockets that propagate into the hitherto intact part of the structure while the moment remains essentially unchanged. The tube develops two curvature regimes; a relatively high curvature in the Lüders deformed section and a low curvature in the unaffected one. Simultaneously, the plasticized zone develops higher ovalization and wrinkles with a wavelength that corresponds to the periodicity of the banded pockets. For tubes with lower D/t and/or shorter Lüders strain the higher curvature eventually spreads to the whole structure at which point homogenous bending resumes. For tubes with higher D/t and/or longer Lüders strain the localized curvature, ovalization, and wrinkle amplitude are larger and cannot be sustained; the tube collapses prematurely leaving behind part of its length essentially undeformed. For every tube D/t there exists a threshold of Lüders strain separating the two types of behavior. This bounding value of Lüders strain was studied parametrically.     

The effect of surfactants on air–water annular and churn flow in vertical pipes. Part 1: Morphology of the air–water interface

In this work, the influence of surfactants on air–water flow was studied by performing experiments in a 12 metre long, 50 mm inner diameter, vertical pipe at ambient conditions. High-speed visualisation of the flow shows that the morphology of the air–water interface determines the formation of foam. The foam subsequently alters the flow morphology significantly. In annular flow, the foam suppresses the roll waves, and a foamy crest is formed on the ripple waves. In the churn flow regime, the flooding waves and the downwards motion of the liquid film are suppressed by the foam. The foam is transported in foam waves moving upwards superposed on an almost stagnant foam substrate at the pipe wall. Foam thus effectively reduces the superficial gas velocity at which the transition from annular to churn flow occurs. These experiments make more clear how surfactants can postpone liquid loading in vertical pipes, such as in gas wells.     

Nonlinear friction dynamics on fibrous materials, application to the characterization of surface quality. Part?II: local characterization of phase space by recurrence plots

As has been shown in the first part of this series of papers, the global analysis of phase spaces does not allow one to access topographies of attractors, generated by the singular dynamic contacts between MODALSENS and our evaluated fibrous surfaces. By using the same time series from MODALSENS, this second paper presents a local exploration of the recurrences of the phase spaces. As a complement of the results from Part I, we propose, in this part of the work, a finer analysis of the vibrations of MODALSENS. Therefore, this part of the work aims at tracing friction dynamics cartographies of fibrous surfaces with the help of Recurrence Plots. This tool allows one to obtain images of recurrences in the space portraits. Hence, by regarding passages between strong and low magnitudes of vibrations, it is possible to take into account strong heterogeneities of relief and also the various mechanical and frictional behaviors of the asperities encountered during friction. Finally, Recurrence Quantification Analysis is performed in order to discuss the relationship between expected performances of the tested surfaces and their friction dynamics behaviors.     

The onset of gas entrainment from a flowing stratified gas–liquid regime in dual discharging branches: Part II: Critical conditions at low to moderate branch Froude numbers

This is the second of a two part investigation. Experiments were performed in a 50.8 mm diameter horizontal pipe with three 6.35 mm diameter branches located at the test section mid-span. The inlet length was 1.8 m, and three branch orientations were tested at 0° (side), 45° (inclined), and 90° (bottom) from horizontal. Water and air, operating at 206 kPa, were used and both fluids flowed co-currently within the inlet in the smooth-stratified regime. The inlet superficial velocity of the liquid phase ranged between 0.04 and 0.15 m/s while in the gas phase values of 0.3, 0.4, and 1 m/s were tested. Three different dual discharge combinations were tested and included side-inclined, side-bottom, and inclined-bottom. The tested branch flow Froude numbers were limited between low to moderate values which ranged between 1 and 23. Extensive experimental data are reported for the critical conditions at the onset of gas entrainment during dual discharge. A novel map was developed for the inclined-bottom branch configuration showing the relationship between the inlet superficial liquid velocity and branch Froude numbers. This map was used to quantify the three observed modes of gas entrainment during dual discharge. These modes were classified as onset of gas entrainment in the inclined branch only, in the bottom branch only, or both the inclined and bottom branches simultaneously. The critical height at the onset of gas entrainment results are compared to published models and data sets and poor agreement was found with studies conducted in stratified gas–liquid reservoirs.     

Comment on “Study of mixed-mode oscillations in a nonlinear cardiovascular system” [Nonlinear Dyn,doi: 10.1007/s11071-020-05612-8]

Nonlinear Dynamics - This note comments on the questionable approach and claims made in “Study of mixed-mode oscillations in a nonlinear cardiovascular system” [Nonlinear Dyn, doi:...     

Comment on the paper “Magnetohydrodynamic effects on natural convection flow of a nanofluid in the presence of heat source due to solar energy,N. Anbuchezhian,K. Srinivasan,K. Chandrasekaran,R. Kandasamy,Meccanica (2013) 48:307–321”

In the above paper a theoretical investigation of MHD convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid past a porous vertical stretching sheet in the presence of variable stream condition is presented. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed by a Lie symmetry group transformation and the ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using Runge–Kutta Gill method.     

Importance of unsteady contributions to force and heating for particles in compressible flows : Part 1: Modeling and analysis for shock–particle interaction

Shock–particle interaction is an important phenomenon. The interaction can be accurately resolved by direct numerical simulations. However, as the length scales of interest are much larger than the particle size in many applications, fully resolving the flow around the particle is impractical. Therefore, rigorous model for momentum and energy exchange in the interaction is very important. Shock–particle interaction is strongly time-dependent, so unsteady mechanisms play important roles in momentum and energy transfer. A model that includes unsteady contributions to force and heating is proposed. The model is used to investigate particle interactions with a planar shock wave and a spherical shock wave. The peak values and the net effects of unsteady contributions are used to measure their importance. The results show the peak values of unsteady contributions are much larger than the quasi-steady ones for a wide range of particle parameters. The net effects of unsteady contributions are important when the particle-to-gas density ratio is small. For the flow behind the spherical shock is unsteady and non-uniform, unsteady contributions have long-time influence on the particle evolution.     

Comments on the Paper “Non-Darcian Forced-Convection Flow of Viscous Dissipating Fluid over a Flat Plate Embedded in a Porous Medium” by O. Aydin and A. Kaya,Transport in Porous Media,doi:10.1007/s11242-007-9200-x, 2008

In a very recent paper by Aydin and Kaya (Transp. Porous Media (to appear), 2008) the combined effects of viscous dissipation and surface mass flux on the forced-convection boundary-layer flow was considered. However, as the present Note shows, the thermal boundary condition imposed at the outer edge of the boundary-layer by Aydin and Kaya is incompatible with the energy equation, and thus the results of their paper are in error.     

Comment on “Combined Forced and Free Convective Flow in a Vertical Porous Channel: The Effects of Viscous Dissipation and Pressure Work” by A. Barletta and D. A. Nield,Transport in Porous Media,DOI 10.1007/s11242-008-9320-y, 2009

In a recent article by Barletta and Nield (Transport in Porous Media, DOI , 2009), the title problem for the fully developed parallel flow regime was considered assuming isoflux/isothermal wall conditions. For the limiting cases of the forced and the free convection, analytical solutions were reported; for the general case, numerical solutions were reported. The aim of the present note is (i) to give an analytical solution for the full problem in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic P-function, (ii) to illustrate this general approach by two easily manageable examples, and (iii) to rise a couple of questions of basic physical interest concerning the interplay between the viscous dissipation and the pressure work. In this context, the concept of “eigenflow” introduced by Barletta and Nield is discussed in some detail.