高安全性阻燃动力锂离子电池隔膜

逐年加剧的能源短缺以及日益严重的环境污染问题使得发展电动汽车日益迫切.电动汽车安全问题对动力锂离子电池在大功率输出和高安全性能等方面提出了更高的要求.隔膜电解质体系是制约动力锂离子电池快速发展的重要瓶颈之一,因此,开发高性能的隔膜对提高动力锂离子电池的综合性能至关重要.本文综述了近年来隔膜材料的种类、制备工艺、性能以及本课题组在高安全性阻燃动力锂离子电池隔膜方面的研究进展,并对未来电池隔膜的发展方向进行了预期和展望.     

锂离子电池隔膜的功能化改性及表征技术

随着锂离子电池在动力和规模化储能等新能源领域应用的不断拓展,具有特殊功能且满足特定使用需求隔膜的设计准则、制备/改性方法及表征技术亟需系统深入研究。针对锂离子电池高性能和高安全性的要求,研究人员已通过结构设计和表面化学改性等策略优化了隔膜的本征特性,并通过系列表征技术探讨了隔膜的功能化改性对锂离子电池电化学性能的影响。基于以上背景,本文从离子传输、枝晶形核与生长、及安全性能三个方面详细探讨了隔膜对电池性能影响的关键因素及其改性方法,并系统总结了隔膜结构、物化特性、力学性能、热学性能以及电化学性能的表征技术,以期为功能隔膜的合理设计,从而优化锂离子电池性能提供理论和实践指导。同时,本文对隔膜未来的进一步研究和发展提出了展望。     

锂离子电池有机/聚丙烯复合隔膜研究

以单向拉伸的PP隔膜为基膜,PVDF、PTFE、PEK-C、PES和PPSU等多种具有耐高温性能的聚合物为涂层材料,制备了有机/PP复合隔膜.对复合隔膜的形貌、透气性及热稳定性进行了研究,并考察了复合隔膜对电解液的电化学稳定性和电池循环性能的影响.研究发现,有机复合隔膜的透气性能略有降低,但热收缩性能有了明显的改善.电化学性能表明,复合隔膜在锂离子电池工作的电化学窗口性能稳定.电池循环性能发现,采用有机复合隔膜电池的放电容量普遍增加,倍率放电性能也优于使用PP隔膜的电池.     

锂离子电池安全性保护措施研究进展

锂离子电池最常见的安全性问题主要出现在电解液和隔膜.热失控是导致锂离子电池产生安全事故的主要原因.改变电解液组分、增加电解液组分、引入阻燃添加剂等措施,能够有效缓解并抑制热效应,降低可燃性.改性聚烯烃隔膜是提高隔膜热稳定性的简单方法,使用高熔点的聚合物或无机材料对隔膜进行修饰,其本质类似于给隔膜穿上一层“外骨骼”,用来抵御热冲击和机械冲击.隔膜在保证具备基本功能的同时,还要更加环保,逐步转向可持续的生物质材料.本文针对近年来锂离子电池的安全保护措施进行了综述,主要包括近几年内部保护措施和外部保护措施的相关研究和探索方面的成果.详细介绍了最近报道的不易燃电解液、阻燃添加剂、隔膜、正极材料、限流设备和电池管理系统的作用机理和研究进展,并展望了未来锂离子电池安全性研究的发展方向.     

锂离子电池隔膜专利分析与发展趋势

随着科学技术的日新月异,作为绿色电池之一的锂离子电池已成为储能最重要的途径,亦是移动信息和日常生活中不可或缺的产品.锂离子电池隔膜是锂离子电池的重要组成部分,隔膜在正负电极之间起物理隔离作用,可以有效防止电路短路,同时隔膜允许锂离子从中通过,使电池充放电功能得以实现.因此,锂离子电池隔膜对锂电池性能和安全性有着重要的影响.为了了解锂离子电池隔膜技术在世界范围及国内的分布及发展趋势,通过德温特(DII)数据库以及国家知识产权局专利检索与服务系统分别对近十年(2005~2014年)国际范围内及国内专利情况进行了检索和统计,并对其知识产权的发展趋势进行分析和预测.     

隔膜对锂-铜电池短路时间的影响

隔膜在锂离子电池中起着防止正负极直接短路和提供离子传输通道的作用，决定着电池的安全性能.在本文中，我们利用锂-铜电池的短路时间建立了一种评价隔膜安全性能的方法 .通过对电池短路时间的研究发现，对于同一种类型的隔膜，短路时间与隔膜厚度和内阻的线性相关度较高，隔膜厚度和内阻的增加均能延长电池的短路时间.同一厚度不同类型的隔膜，其电池的短路时间与隔膜自身的微孔结构相关.电池的短路时间与隔膜的穿刺强度之间的线性相关程度较低，结合电池短路后隔膜表面枝晶形貌的观察，我们推测枝晶是沿隔膜的孔道持续生长最终穿透隔膜，而非刺穿隔膜导致的电池短路.利用不同厚度的隔膜组装锂硫电池，发现循环寿命与隔膜厚度具有显著线性相关性，验证了测试方法在实际电池使用中的有效性.同时，研究也证实，利用功能隔膜调控锂的沉积行为、抑制锂的枝晶沉积能极大延长电池的短路时间，提升电池的安全性能，这为新型高安全性复合隔膜及电池的研究和设计提供了新的思路和理论依据.     

锂离子电池隔膜改性研究进展

锂离子电池作为便携式电子产品、新能源汽车、蓄电设备等产品电源备受关注。锂离子电池由正极、负极、隔膜和电解液四部分组成。隔膜虽然不直接参与锂离子电池中的电化学反应,但是隔膜作为锂离子电池的重要组成部分,其性质在很大程度上影响锂离子电池的性能。目前聚烯烃仍是使用最为广泛和商业化最为成功的锂离子电池隔膜材料,但因其不良的电解液浸润性和热稳定性,降低了锂离子电池的电性能和安全性,因此改性成为改善聚烯烃隔膜材料性能和推广应用的重要途径。本文从聚烯烃材料多层膜结构改性、表面涂覆改性和层层自组装改性三方面总结了近五年聚烯烃隔膜改性研究的最新进展。最后,提出增强聚烯烃隔膜的热稳定性和电化学性能仍是未来研究重点,并对新型隔膜材料进行展望。     

甲基丙烯酸类聚合物修饰的聚乙烯隔膜在锂离子电池中的应用

将环状碳酸酯基团引入到聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)侧链上, 制备了聚(2,3-环碳酸甘油酯)甲基丙烯酸酯(PDOMMA), 并用其修饰锂离子电池聚乙烯隔膜. 通过热重分析、 差示扫描量热分析及接触角和吸液率测试等研究了PDOMMA的热稳定性及其修饰的聚乙烯隔膜对电解液的浸润性和吸液率的影响, 并通过恒流充放电、 交流阻抗、 倍率性能测试及扫描电子显微镜观测等研究了修饰隔膜对锂离子电池性能的影响. 结果表明, 与未修饰隔膜相比, 修饰隔膜对电解液浸润性更优异(20 s内便完全浸润), 吸液率更高(440%), 电池循环性能更好(放电比容量提高了12.3%).     

金属锂电池的热失控与安全性研究进展

锂离子电池在便携式储能器件及电动汽车领域得到了广泛应用,然而频繁发生的电池起火爆炸事故,使热失控和热安全问题备受人们关注,目前已有多篇综述报道了缓解锂离子电池热失控的措施。相比于已经接近理论比能极限的锂离子电池,金属锂负极具有更高的比容量、更低的电势和高反应活性,但是不可控的锂枝晶生长,使得金属锂电池的热失控问题更为复杂和严重。针对金属锂电池的热失控问题,本文首先介绍了热失控的诱因及基本过程和阶段,其次从材料层面综述了提高电池热安全性的多种策略,包括使用阻燃性电解质、离子液体电解质、高浓电解质和局域高浓电解质等不易燃液态电解质体系,开发高热稳定性隔膜、热响应隔膜、阻燃性隔膜和具有枝晶检测预警与枝晶消除功能的新型智能隔膜,以及研究热响应聚合物电解质,最后对金属锂电池热失控在未来的进一步研究进行了展望。     

高性能纤维素基复合锂离子电池隔膜研究进展

随着锂离子电池单体容量及模块容量的提高,电池的安全性问题愈发严峻.传统的聚烯烃隔膜尺寸耐热性能较差,因而迫切需要开发高安全性的锂离子电池隔膜.纤维素是一种热固性高分子材料,具有耐热性能优异的优点,而且其天然产量大,成本低,易于抄纸加工,特别适用于制造尺寸热稳定性好的新型锂离子动力电池隔膜.本文主要综述了近年来纤维素基锂离子电池隔膜的研究进展,并对该领域的未来应用和挑战进行了展望.     

Development of flexible zinc–air battery with nanocomposite electrodes and a novel separator

In this paper, we present the development of flexible zinc–air battery. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) were added into electrodes to improve their performance. It was found that MWCNTs were effective conductive additive in anode as they bridged the zinc particles. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS) was applied as a co-binder to enhance both the conductivity and flexibility. A poly(acrylic acid)(PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) coated paper separator was used to enhance the battery performance where the PVP–PAA layer facilitated electrolyte storage. The batteries remained functional under bending conditions and after bending. Multiple design optimizations were also carried out for storage and performance purposes.     

基于氧化石墨烯的锂硫电池用聚乙烯隔膜的改性

通过简单刮涂法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)涂覆改性的聚乙烯(PE)隔膜,并分析研究了GO的氧化程度对隔膜电学性能的影响。采用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、充放电实验、多硫化物透过性测试和交流阻抗等方法对GO及其改性隔膜的结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明:GO改性隔膜可以抑制锂硫电池的"穿梭效应";并且既具有较高的氧化程度,又具有较高的导电性的GO-4改性隔膜的电学性能最优;引入该隔膜的锂硫电池在0.2C条件下,首圈放电比容量为900.0mA·h/g,高于未改性PE隔膜的763.2mA·h/g。     

A multilayer composite separator consisting of non-woven mats and ceramic particles for use in lithium ion batteries

Battery separator is a porous membrane that is placed between the positive and negative electrodes to avoid their electric contact, while maintaining a good ionic flow through the liquid electrolyte filled in its pores. Non-woven mats have been evaluated as battery separators due to their highly porous structures. In this study, composite non-woven mats were fabricated through electrospinning and lamination with a ceramic layer, and evaluated as lithium ion battery separators. The lamination with the ceramic layer provides not only improved separator dimensional stability at elevated temperatures but also the potential to increase the production rate of electrospun separators. The electrospun mats keep ceramic particles from dropping avoiding the non-uniform current density distribution caused by the loss of the ceramic particles. The composite separators enabled good ionic conductivity when saturated with a liquid electrolyte. Coin cells with this type of separators showed not only stable cycling performance but also good rate capabilities at room temperature.     

Boehmite-coated microporous membrane for enhanced electrochemical performance and dimensional stability of lithium-ion batteries

A heat-resistant boehmite-coated polypropylene (PP) membrane has been successfully fabricated and its potential application as a promising separator in the lithium-ion battery was explored. The boehmite powders with average sizes of 0.78, 1.03, and 1.72 μm, respectively, were used to fabricate the coated membrane. It was demonstrated that the coated membrane prepared by boehmite with a 0.78-μm size showed superior heat tolerance and proper air permeability. As compared to the commercialized PP membrane, such coated membrane presented improved electrolyte uptake, better interface stability, and enhanced ionic conductivity. In addition, the lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄)/Li cell using this composite membrane exhibited better rate capability and cycling retention than that using PP membrane owing to its facile ion transport and excellent interfacial compatibility. The coating layer showed an advantage on solid electrolyte interface film formation and greatly reduced charge transfer resistance. All these fascinating characteristics would boost the application of this composite membrane for high-performance lithium-ion battery.     

氧缺位结构介孔二氧化钛/聚乙烯复合隔膜在锂硫电池中的应用

采用两步溶液法合成了一种具有高度氧缺位的黑色介孔二氧化钛, 并将其涂覆在隔膜表面作为锂硫电池复合隔膜, 研究了其在锂硫电池中的电化学性能. 结果表明, 氧缺位的黑色介孔二氧化钛材料不仅展现出良好的导电性, 还能加强对多硫化物的物理和化学吸附能力, 从而显著提高锂硫电池的放电比容量(0.1C倍率下首次放电比容量为1257 mA·h/g)和循环性能(循环100次后放电比容量为821 mA·h/g).     

Thermal Behavior Investigation of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2-Based Li-ion Battery under Overcharged Test

Thermal behavior of its components such as separator, electrolyte, cathode, anode, and each binder were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric (DSC/TG) to explain thermal runaway mechanism of Li‐ion battery under overcharged test. DSC results indicated the decomposition reaction temperature of SEI (solid electrolyte interface) layer in anode was at about 126°C. It was found that heat generation in anode under normal charged state increased obviously with the increasing of charged voltage. When the battery was overcharged to 4.6 V or 5.0 V, the onset temperature and heat generation of thermal reaction in anode changed a little, while those in cathode had large increase. It was proposed that thermal behavior in cathode mainly caused by the reaction of electrolyte with evolutional oxygen played a key role to thermal runaway for the studied Li‐ion battery under overcharged test.     

Effect of silica nanoparticles/poly（vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene） coated layers on the performance of polypropylene separator for lithium-ion batteries

In an effort to reduce thermal shrinkage and improve electrochemical performance of porous polypropylene （PP） separators for lithium-ion batteries, a new composite separator is developed by introducing ceramic coated layers on both sides of PP separator through a dip-coating process. The coated layers are comprised of heat-resistant and hydrophilic silica nanoparticles and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene （PVDF-HFP） binders. Highly porous honeycomb structure is formed and the thickness of the layer is only about 700 nm. In comparison to the pristine PP separator, the composite separator shows significant reduction in thermal shrinkage and improvement in liquid electrolyte uptake and ionic conduction, which play an important role in improving cell performance such as discharge capacity, C-rate capability, cycle performance and coulombic efficiency.     

Transparent,flexible and solid-state supercapacitors based on room temperature ionic liquid gel

This paper describes a novel strategy to make fully transparent, solid-state and flexible supercapacitors based on room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) gel and ITO electrodes coated on transparent polymer substrate without a separator, which enables the roll-to-roll technique for fabrication of such supercapacitors as printable devices. This is the first type of transparent electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) based on ionic liquid gel.     

A novel method to fabricate lithium-ion polymer batteries based on LiMn<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/NG electrodes

A novel method to fabricate lithium-ion polymer batteries (LiPBs) has been developed. The LiPBs was fabricated without microporous polyolefin separators, taking spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) and natural graphite (NG) as the electrodes. The thicknesses of the cathodes and the anodes are 190 and 110 μm, respectively. The NG anode was coated with a microporous composite polymer film (20 μm thick) which composed of polymer and ultrafine particles. The coating process was effective and simple to be used in practical application, and ensured the composite polymer film to act as a good separator in the LiPB. The LiPBs assembled with the coated NG anodes and pristine LiMn₂O₄ cathodes presented better electrochemical performances than liquid lithium-ion battery counterparts, proving that the microporous composite polymer film can improve the performance of the coated NG anode. In this paper, the spinel LiMn₂O₄/(coated)NG-based LiPBs exhibited high rate capability, compliant temperature reliability, and significantly, excellent cycling performance under the elevated temperature (55°C).