泡沫铝本构行为研究进展

作为泡沫金属的典型代表, 泡沫铝是一种集结构性和功能性于一体的新型材料, 随着生产工艺的提高及国民经济的发展, 泡沫铝在航空航天、交通运输、建筑工程、机械制造等领域的应用日趋深入和广泛. 工程中复杂的载荷工况, 对泡沫铝本构模型的准确性及实用性提出了更高的要求. 国内外学者对泡沫铝进行了大量的试验研究及有限元数值分析工作, 随着各种研究和数值分析本构模型的提出、验证及修正等, 人们对泡沫铝的力学性能及其应用的认识逐渐提高. 本文首先简要概述了泡沫铝力学性能的试验研究及有限元数值分析的进展, 然后重点综述泡沫铝本构行为的国内外研究进展及现状. 最后, 针对目前存在的问题, 讨论并展望了泡沫铝本构行为的研究发展趋势. 完善本构模型表征所需的特征参量, 将各向异性或横观各项同性材料假定引入模型构建体系, 明确静水压缩响应及单轴压缩响应在材料强化中的权重, 建立例如随动强化般更加真实且准确反映泡沫铝强化过程的强化准则, 将应变率效应研究成果引入本构模型中等是现有泡沫铝本构模型体系中的重要研究方向.      

泡沫铝缓冲吸能评估及其特性

对泡沫铝缓冲吸能特性的评估方法进行了比较分析 ,明确了吸能效率曲线与理想吸能效率曲线的应用范围 ,为缓冲器的选材与设计提供了依据。同时还对四种密度的泡沫铝在动静态下的缓冲吸能特性进行了评估 ,研究表明 ,泡沫铝是一种优良的吸能材料。     

泡沫铝的单向力学行为

本文对不同孔径的开孔泡沫铝材料的单向拉伸性能和单向压缩性能进行了研究,揭示了泡沫铝材料的变形机理,并且发现相对密度不是确定材料力学属性的唯一参数,孔径大小对材料的力学性能也有一定的影响。基于实验数据,我们讨论了材料的宏观力学性能和微观结构的联系,并利用Ramberg-Osgood模型描述了材料的单轴拉伸一维应力应变关系。     

数字图像相关方法在闭孔泡沫铝压缩试验中的应用

为了了解相对密度与胞孔结构对闭孔泡沫铝力学性能的影响,本文采用放大成像及数字图像相关技术对两种不同密度的泡沫纯铝试样进行了实验研究.利用数字图像相关方法对泡沫纯铝变形前后的图像进行相关计算,获得了弹性范围内静态压缩情况下闭孔泡沫铝材料表面的全场变形及局部孔结构的变形,同时根据试验结果计算了试件的名义弹性模量.实验结果表明泡沫铝整体孔结构的变形与泡沫金属材料相对密度有关,而单个孔结构的变形主要与孔壁面光滑程度和皱褶有关.实验结果还表明图像相关方法能够有效地应用于闭孔泡沫金属的力学性测量和评估的研究.     

环氧树脂/泡沫铝一体型复合夹层板压缩及弯曲试验研究

提出了一种环氧树脂/泡沫铝一体型复合夹层板,通过准静态试验以及与纯泡沫铝、传统蒙皮夹层板的对比研究了其破坏过程、破坏形貌、破坏机理及压缩和弯曲力学性能。分别通过压缩应力-应变曲线和弯曲荷载-挠度曲线分析了复合层厚度对压缩及弯曲力学性能的影响,并与传统夹层板的力学性能进行了比较。结果表明,随着夹层板中环氧树脂/泡沫铝复合层厚度增加,其压缩弹性模量和抗压强度增加,弯曲承载力提高。相比传统蒙皮夹层板,由于表层和芯层之间没有明显界面,大大提高了夹芯板的整体性,在受力过程中不会出现表层剥离等现象。     

泡沫材料准静态力学性能实验研究

利用INSTRON-1185型万能材料试验机在准静态加载环境下对不同密度的聚氨酯泡沫的抗压、抗拉及抗弯性能进行了较系统的实验研究,分析了聚氨酯泡沫材料的力学性能及吸能特性随表观密度的变化规律.研究表明,聚氨醋泡沫材料的杭压性能优于其杭拉性能,该材料具有良好的吸能特性,且其吸能特性随密度的增大而提高.     

On the microstructure of open-cell foams and its effect on elastic properties

Synthetic open-cell foams have a complex microstructure consisting of an interconnected network of cells resulting from the foaming process. The cells are irregular polyhedra with anywhere from 9 to 17 faces in nearly monodisperse foams. The material is concentrated in the nearly straight ligaments and in the nodes where they intersect. The mechanical properties of such foams are governed by their microstructure and by the properties of the base material. In this study micro-computed X-ray tomography is used to develop 3D images of the morphology of polyester urethane and Duocel aluminum foams with different average cell sizes. The images are used to establish statistically the cell size and ligament length distributions, material distributions along the ligaments, the geometry of the nodes and cell anisotropy. The measurements are then used to build finite element foam models of increasing complexity that are used to estimate the elastic moduli. In the most idealized model the microstructure is represented as a regular Kelvin cell. The most realistic models are based on Surface Evolver simulations of random soap froth with N³ cells in spatially periodic domains. In all models the cells are elongated in one direction, the ligaments are straight but have a nonuniform cross sectional area distribution and are modeled as shear deformable beams. With this input both the Kelvin cell models and the larger random foam models are shown to predict the elastic moduli with good accuracy but the random foams are 5–10% stiffer.     

应用高速摄影机对泡沫铝在SHPB实验过程的变形跟踪与分析

SHPB技术虽然能方便地得出材料的动态应力应变关系,但却不能直观地揭示材料在经受冲击荷载时的变形特征,而这恰恰是泡沫金属力学性能研究的重要方面.为此,本文设计了一套SHPB-高速摄影机系统,借此系统对SHPB实验中的泡沫铝试件进行了实时的变形跟踪拍摄,然后应用图像处理软件对泡沫铝试件的动态变形进行分析并提取了位移信息,...     

复合泡沫塑料力学行为的研究综述

复合泡沫塑料是一种重要的防护材料,它在国防工业和民用工业各部门均有许多重要的应用,对这类材料的力学行为进行研究具有重要的学术价值和应用前景.本文对复合泡沫塑料力学行为的研究文献进行了综述.首先,对复合泡沫塑料力学行为研究的早期工作进行了简介.然后,重点介绍了复合泡沫塑料力学行为研究的最新进展,其中也包括作者近期在该领域开展的一些工作;对复合泡沫塑料进行了静、动态压缩实验和细观加载实验,研究了材料的宏观变形规律和细观失效机制;在理论研究方面,探讨了复合泡沫塑料的能量吸收和缓冲特性,从宏、细观力学分析出发研究了复合泡沫塑料有关力学性能的理论预测问题;还利用计算机和通用软件对高密度复合泡沫塑料进行了有限元分析,研究了高密度复合泡沫塑料的失效行为.最后,给出对该领域研究工作的一些展望.      

横向冲击载荷下不同约束泡沫铝夹芯圆管的动态响应

以泡沫铝夹芯圆管为研究对象,采用数值模拟研究了横向冲击载荷作用下4种不同约束夹芯圆管的动态响应。研究了夹芯圆管的几何参数、冲击速度和芯层泡沫铝相对密度对夹芯圆管力学行为的影响,对比分析了不同约束条件对泡沫铝夹芯圆管变形模式和吸能性能的影响。结果表明:随着内管直径的减小、冲击速度的增大和芯层泡沫铝相对密度的增大,泡沫铝夹芯圆管的比吸能增大;内管壁厚的增加使无约束和倾斜约束下夹芯圆管的比吸能增大,对侧壁约束和组合约束下夹芯圆管的吸能影响不明显;采用一定的外部约束条件是提高泡沫铝夹芯圆管吸能性能的一种可行的方法。     

Effects of Seawater and Low Temperatures on Polymeric Foam Core Material

Polymeric composite sandwich structures, often manufactured using a thick foam core material and thin composite facings, are of significant interest in naval applications. This paper summarizes the coupled effect of sea water and low temperature on the mechanical properties of closed cell polymeric H100 foam core material. The study considers the effects of harsh sea environmental conditions on the fracture and deformation behavior of such a foam material under complex loading conditions that include tension, torsion, compression, and true-triaxial stress paths. Mechanical testing techniques are developed using coupon samples of suitable geometry that minimize grip effects on these low density complex foam materials, along with information associated with the observed cross-anisotropic behavior. Interfacial delamination fracture response for the sandwich structures due to the combined effects of sea water and low temperature are evaluated and the associated degradation in critical energy release rate for delamination is found to be substantial. Experimental data for H100 foam cores associated with moisture induced expansional strains are also included.     

Enhancement of buckling characteristics for sandwich structure with fiber reinforced composite skins and core made of aluminum honeycomb and polyurethane foam

This experimental study is concerned with enhancing the buckling characteristics of sandwich structure when the 6061-T6 aluminum skins are replaced by carbon fiber reinforced composite for the same aluminum honeycomb and polyurethane core. Such an improvement can be attributed to the high strength to weight ratio of the composite skin while the softer core material acts on a relative base as a better energy absorbent and hence tends to stabilize the failure. This results in much higher post-buckling loads which corresponds to the remaining strength of the structure after the onset of buckling.Sandwich structures with core made of polyurethane foam with different densities were also tested in compression. The buckling load increased with the density of polyurethane up to 280 kg/m³ while deattachment of the core and skin occurred when the density is decreased below 100 kg/m³. Compatibility of the skin and core material is shown to play an important role in the buckling behavior of sandwich structure.     

泡沫铝泡孔动态变形特性研究

在SHPB实验中采用应变冻结法将试件冻结于设定的压缩应变,然后观察内部泡孔的变形情况并讨论其变形机理。分别对同一相对密度(40%)、不同基体材料的两种泡沫铝以及两种相对密度(19%和8%)、相同基体材料的泡沫铝进行实验,讨论了基体材料的本构关系、泡沫的相对密度对变形模式的影响。利用ANSYS/LS DYNA软件对泡沫铝在动态压缩时泡孔的变形进行数值模拟计算,进一步说明泡沫铝泡孔变形的模式与基体材料本构关系及相对密度的关系。     

不同冲击速度下泡沫铝变形和应力的不均匀性

利用常规Hopkinson杆实验装置和改进的Hopkinson杆实验装置对泡沫铝试件进行冲击压缩实验,同时用高速摄影装置对实验过程进行全程跟踪拍摄。通过改变冲击速度,观测到了3种不同的变形模式。将得到的高速摄影图像用数字图像相关方法进行分析,讨论了3种模式下全场应变不同的发展过程,并依此讨论应力的不均匀性,为研究不同冲击速度下变形不均匀对泡沫铝动态力学行为的影响提供了新的方法。     

负梯度闭孔泡沫金属的力学性能分析

运用三维Voronoi技术生成闭孔梯度泡沫模型,结合有限元分析方法模拟负梯度闭孔泡沫金属在不同冲击速度下的力学行为。结果表明,随着冲击速度的提高,得到了与均匀泡沫一样的三种变形模式：准静态模式,过渡模式和冲击模式。通过对名义应力应变曲线和变形模式的研究,提出了一种新的定义局部密实化应变的方法,并研究了相对密度和密度梯度对它的影响。分别建立了相对密度和密度梯度与冲击速度的变形模式图。通过引入密实化因子,确定了三种变形模式对应的临界冲击速度。最后讨论了不同冲击速度下,密度梯度大小对泡沫材料能量吸收能力的影响。结果表明,在高速冲击的变形初期,密度梯度的绝对值越大,泡沫材料的能量吸收能力越强。     

Perforation of 6082-T651 Aluminum Plates with 7.62 mm APM2 Bullets at Normal and Oblique Impacts

We conducted an experimental study to understand the mechanisms and dominant parameters for 7.62 mm APM2 bullets that perforate 6082-T651 aluminum armor plates at oblique impacts. The 7.62-mm-diameter, 10.7 g, APM2 bullet consists of a brass jacket, lead filler, and a 5.25 g, ogive-nose, hard steel core. The brass and lead were stripped from the APM2 bullets by the targets, so we conducted ballistic experiments with both the APM2 bullets and only the hard steel cores. These projectiles were fired from a rifle to striking velocities between 400 and 1,000 m/s into 20-mm-thick plates at normal impact (β?=?0^o) and at oblique angles of β?=?15^o, 30^o, and 45^o. Measured residual and ballistic-limit velocities for the full bullet and the hard core were within a few percent for normal impact and all oblique angles. Thus, we showed that the perforation process was dominated by the hard steel core of the bullet. In addition, we conducted large strain, compression tests on the 6082-T651 plate material for input to perforation equations derived from a cavity-expansion model for the steel core projectiles. Model predictions were shown to be in good agreement with measured ballistic-limit and residual velocity measurements for β?=?0^o, 15^o, and 30^o. We also presented a scaling law for the bullet that showed the ballistic-limit velocities were proportional to the square root of the product of plate thickness and a material strength term.     

On the compressive strength of open-cell metal foams with Kelvin and random cell structures

Two families of finite element models of anisotropic, aluminum alloy, open-cell foams are developed and their predictions of elastic properties and compressive strength are evaluated by direct comparison to experimental results. In the first family of models, the foams are idealized as anisotropic Kelvin cells loaded in the <100> direction and in the second family more realistic models, based on Surface Evolver simulations of random soap froth with N³ cells are constructed. In both cases the ligaments are straight but have nonuniform cross sectional area distributions that resemble those of the foams tested. The ligaments are modeled as shear deformable beams with elasto-plastic material behavior. The calculated compressive response starts with a linearly elastic regime. At higher stress levels, inelastic action causes a gradual reduction of the stiffness that eventually leads to a stress maximum, which represents the strength of the material. The periodicity of the Kelvin cell enables calculation of the compressive response up to the limit stress with just a single fully periodic characteristic cell. Beyond the limit stress, deformation localizes along the principal diagonals of the microstructure. Consequently beyond the limit stress the response is evaluated using finite size 3-D domains that allow the localization to develop. The random models consist of 3-D domains of 216, 512 or 1000 cells with periodicity conditions on the compressed ends but free on the sides. The compressive response is also characterized by a limit load instability but now the localization is disorganized resembling that observed in experiments. The foam elastic moduli and strengths obtained from both families of models are generally in very good agreement with the corresponding measurements. The random foam models yield 5–10% stiffer elastic moduli and slightly higher strengths than the Kelvin cell models. Necessary requirements for this high performance of the models are accurate representation of the material distribution in the ligaments and correct modeling of the nonlinear stress–strain response of the aluminum base material.     

泡沫铝防护钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能

为研究多孔吸能材料泡沫铝板对工程结构的抗爆防护作用,开展室外爆炸破坏实验,分别对设置不同泡沫铝防护层的钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)板在爆炸荷载下的动态响应及破坏模式进行了研究,并运用LS-DYNA软件建立了有限元模型。通过与实验对照,验证了模型的可行性,对比分析了有、无泡沫铝防护层钢筋混凝土板的损伤破坏规律,并讨论了泡沫铝密度梯度分布和纵筋配筋率的影响。结果表明:有限元模型能够有效分析含泡沫铝防护层RC板的动态响应及其破坏形态;泡沫铝防护层能够有效减小钢筋混凝土板的挠度变形,降低试件的破坏程度;泡沫铝密度由下到上递增情况对RC板的减爆效果最好;增大配筋率可以提升泡沫铝防护RC板整体抗爆性能。     

材料非均匀性对泡沫金属拉伸性能的影响

通过对开孔泡沫铝进行拉伸实验,考察了泡沫金属材料的非均匀性对其拉伸性能的影响.首护先,通过分析同一批试件的初始密度,考察了材料的初始非均匀性;其次,重点考察了初始密度对材料破坏特性的影响.分析表明,即使初始密度比较接近的试件,它们的破坏应力和应变也有较大的离散性;对于不同初始密度的试件,破坏强度有随初始密度的增加而变大...     

Finite element simulation on the mechanical properties of MHS materials

Finite element simulations are carried out to examine the mechanical behavior of the metallic hollow sphere (MHS) material during their large plastic deformation and to estimate the energy absorbing capacity of these materials under uniaxial compression. A simplified model is proposed from experimental observations to describe the connection between the neighboring spheres, which greatly improves the computation efficiency. The effects of the governing physical and geometrical parameters are evaluated; whilst a special attention is paid to the plateau stress, which is directly related to the energy absorbing capacity. Finally, the empirical functions of the relative material density are proposed for the elastic modulus, yield strength and plateau stress for FCC packing arrangement of hollow spheres, showing a good agreement with the experimental results obtained in our previous study.