有机太阳能电池研究进展

为了减轻当前能源危机所带来的压力,各国在太阳能电池等清洁能源领域投入了大量的人力、物力和财力.由于有机太阳能电池具有独特的优点(有机材料易于修饰,器件制备方法简便且可制备出柔韧器件),并且随着相关研究的深入,有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率逐步得到提高,这昭示了有机太阳能电池商业化的美好前景,目前已经有大批科研工作者投身于有机太阳能电池领域的研发工作.文章从太阳能电池小分子材料、聚合物材料和提高有机太阳能电池能量转换效率的方法这三方面入手,对有机太阳能电池领域进行综述.     

有机太阳能电池研究进展

为了减轻当前能源危机所带来的压力,各国在太阳能电池等清洁能源领域投入了大量的人力、物力和财力.由于有机太阳能电池具有独特的优点（有机材料易于修饰,器件制备方法简便且可制备出柔韧器件）,并且随着相关研究的深入, 有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率逐步得到提高,这昭示了有机太阳能电池商业化的美好前景,目前已经有大批科研工作者投身于有机太阳能电池领域的研发工作.文章从太阳能电池小分子材料、聚合物材料和提高有机太阳能电池能量转换效率的方法这三方面入手,对有机太阳能电池领域进行综述.     

封面故事

<正>本期封面显示的是由大连理工大学赵纪军教授课题组在太阳能电池领域首次发现具有反向量子阱分布的一系列二维dlesden-Popper钙钛矿材料(2D-RPPs),并成功使用该材料制备太阳能电池。相应研究详见:Wei Y et al. Adv. Energy Mater.,2019,9:1900612。近年来,有机—无机金属杂化钙钛矿材料因其可调的带隙、     

新型硒化锑材料及其光伏器件研究进展

硒化锑(Sb₂Se₃)是一种二元单相化合物, 原料储量大、毒性低、价格便宜; 同时其禁带宽度合适(～1.15 eV), 吸光系数大(>10⁵ cm^-1), 长晶温度低, 非常适合制作新型低成本低毒的薄膜太阳能电池, 理论光电转换效率可达30%以上. 目前文献报道的Sb₂Se₃薄膜太阳能电池效率已达3.7%, 初步证明了Sb₂Se₃材料在薄膜太阳能电池应用方面的巨大潜力. 本文综述了近年来Sb₂Se₃太阳能电池的研究进展, 着重介绍了Sb₂Se₃的材料特性和薄膜制备及相关理论研究, 阐述了不同结构电池器件的研究进展, 并对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

溶液法制备全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

太阳能光伏技术,能实现太阳能与电能的高效转换,是实现人类文明可持续发展的关键绿色能源技术.其中,有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池具有优异的光电特性、低廉的制备成本、高效的转换效率,已成为该领域的研究前沿.虽然有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率已约高达24%,但其体系中的有机物组分易受环境中的光、热、潮等因素影响而分解,致使器件稳定性存在严重的缺陷,极大地限制了钙钛矿太阳能电池的产业化进程.因此,如何制备高效稳定的钙钛矿太阳能电池,是目前该领域的研究热点与难点,而发展具有更高环境稳定性的全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池具有重要意义.本文回顾了近年来全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池领域的研究成果,重点审视了钙钛矿薄膜的湿法制备工艺,并探讨了器件在光热稳定性方面的改善,为进一步推动钙钛矿太阳能电池的实用化进程提供可行性参考.     

半透明Cu2O/ZnO异质结的制备及其光电性能研究

为研究具有更好材料稳定性的半透明薄膜太阳能电池,本文采用直流磁控溅射技术沉积氧化亚铜(Cu_2O)薄膜和氧化锌(ZnO)薄膜,制备了Cu_2O/ZnO异质结.使用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、薄膜测定系统和太阳能模拟器,研究在不同氩/氧气体流量比的条件下制备的Cu_2O层对异质结的材料特性、光学特性及光电特性的影响.研究结果表明:在一定氩/氧气体流量比范围内制备的Cu_2O/ZnO异质结,在AM1.5的标准模拟太阳光的照射下具有一定的光电转换能力,可作为半透明太阳能电池的换能单元.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结太阳能电池梯度折射率减反膜

为了减少太阳能电池表面反射,提高多结太阳能电池效率,针对GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结太阳能电池和AM0光谱,设计了折射率梯度排列的四层减反膜系结构.利用溶胶-凝胶技术,通过对材料折射率的定向调节,制备了折射率梯度排列的TiO_2/ZrO_2/酸性SiO_2/碱性SiO_2四层减反膜.实验结果表明,镀膜后的三结太阳能电池在300~1 700 nm波长范围内的加权平均反射率由原先的28.58%降低至4.86%,最高反射率由46.35%降低至15.45%.     

分子束外延材料从基础研究到产业化

文章计概述了分子束外延技术和材料从实验室走向产业化的成功之路,为读者提供了一个了解高技术发展的全过程：由物理学家从理论上提出人工超晶格量子阱材料;再由器件物理学家制备出若干具有重要应用价值的器件与电路,如微波毫米波高电子迁移率晶体管及电路、量子阱激光器,从而促进了分子束外延技术的发展与完善。移动通信、移动互联肉、地面宽带无结通信、汽车防碰撞雷达、高效太阳能电池等对分子束外延材料的需求为其产业化带来     

反式卤素钙钛矿太阳能电池光伏性能的理论研究

正式MAPbI_3 (MA=CH_3NH_3~+)太阳能电池存在明显的电滞效应现象,这严重影响其光伏性能,而反式结构的电池能有效压低电滞效应.使用AMPS-1D程序对反式MAPbI_3太阳能电池进行系统理论模拟和优化,分别用Cu_2O,CuSCN,NiO_x作为空穴传输材料,用PC_(61)BM,TiO_2,ZnO作为电子传输材料.数值模拟反式电池光伏性能随MAPbI_3材料厚度变化的情况,结果显示ITO/NiO_x/MAPbI_3/ZnO(或TiO_2)/Al太阳能电池的光伏性能最好.ITO的功函数从4.6 eV增加到5.0 eV能显著地提高Cu_2O—基和CuSCN—基反式MAPbI_3太阳能电池的光伏性能,但对NiO_x—基电池光伏性能的提升却很小.实验上ITO功函数更合理范围为4.6—4.8 eV,当ITO功函数达到4.8 eV时NiO_x—基反式MAPbI_3太阳能电池达到最高效率29.588%.空穴传输材料中空穴迁移率增加能极大地提高反式MAPbI_3太阳能电池的光伏性能,而增加电子传输材料TiO_2中电子迁移率几乎不能提高电池的性能.这些模拟结果将有助于实验上设计更高性能的反式MAPbI_3太阳能电池.     

室温钠离子电池材料及器件研究进展

在众多电化学储能技术中,室温钠离子电池除具有能量密度高、循环寿命长的特点外,还具有其他电池体系所不具有的资源丰富和成本低廉的优势,是一种较理想的规模储能电池体系.中国科学院物理研究所自2011年以来致力于低成本、安全环保的钠离子电池技术的研发,在正、负极材料和电解质材料开发中取得了多项原创性的研究成果,并研制出Ah级钠离子软包电池.例如,首次发现Cu~(2+)/Cu~(3+)氧化还原电对高度可逆并设计了Na-Cu-Fe-Mn-O基低成本层状氧化物正极材料;首次通过简单的一步碳化法制备出性价比高的无烟煤基负极材料;首次将一种新型的钠盐NaFSI应用于碳酸酯非水电解质以大幅度提升电极材料的性能等.本文综述了物理所在钠离子电池材料及器件研究中所取得的重要进展和突破,期待经过进一步不懈地努力为实现钠离子电池的产业化做出重要贡献.     

铜铟硒薄膜太阳能电池的几个基础问题研究

文章简述了铜铟硒（CIS）薄膜电池的性能特点和研究现状，重点提出了影响其规模化推广的几个基础问题，包括：射频溅射法直接制备CIS薄膜、省略硒化工艺的问题；ZnO替代CdS作为CIS薄膜电池的缓冲层材料的问题；Na^＋离子对CIS薄膜及电池性能的作用及机制问题．这几个基础问题的研究成果，可以为CIS薄膜电池产业化探索新的道路。     

Top PV market solar cells 2016

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies which play a role in PV market are divided into basic two types: wafer-based (1st generation PV) and thin-film cell (2nd generation PV). To the first category belong mainly crystalline silicon (c-Si) cells (both mono- and multi-crystalline). In 2015 around 90% of the solar market belonged to crystalline silicon. To the 2nd generation solar cells belongs thin film amorphous silicon (a-Si) or a combination of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon (a-Si/μc-Si), compound semiconductor cadmium telluride (CdTe), compound semiconductor made of copper, indium, gallium and selenium (CIS or CIGS) and III–V materials. The PV market for thin film technology is dominated by CdTe and CIGS solar cells. Thin film solar cells’ share for all thin film technologies was only 10% in 2015. New emerging technologies, called 3rd generation solar cells, remain the subject of extensive R&D studies but have not been used in the PV market, so far.In this review the best laboratory 1st and 2nd generation solar cells that were recently achieved are described. The scheme of the layer structure and energy band diagrams will be analyzed in order to explain the boost of their efficiency with reference to the earlier standard designs.     

Evaluation of electrical and optical characteristics of ZnO/CdS/CIS thin film solar cell

In this study, device modeling and simulation are conducted to explain the effects of each layer thickness and temperature on the performance of ZnO/CdS/CIS thin film solar cells. Also, the thicknesses of the CIS and CdS absorber layers are considered in this work theoretically and experimentally. The calculations of solar cell performances are based on the solutions of the well-known three coupling equations: the continuity equation for holes and electrons and the Poisson equation. Our simulated results show that the efficiency increases by reducing the CdS thickness. Increasing the CIS thickness can increase the efficiency but it needs more materials. The efficiency is more than 19% for a CIS layer with a thickness of 2 μm. CIS nanoparticles are prepared via the polyol route and purified through centrifugation and precipitation processes.Then nanoparticles are dispersed to obtain stable inks that could be directly used for thin-film deposition via spin coating.We also obtain x-ray diffraction(XRD) peak intensities and absorption spectra for CIS experimentally. Finally, absorption spectra for the CdS window layer in several deposition times are investigated experimentally.     

硅薄膜太阳能电池研究的进展

从制备方法、材料和结构的观点出发,概述非晶硅（a-Si)和多晶硅（poly-Si)薄膜太阳能电池研究的进展。对非晶硅特别是对多晶硅薄膜太阳能电池研究的重要结果进行了讨论。阐述非晶硅太阳能电池的各种应用,并对其光电系统进行介绍。对太阳能电池新产品如太阳能电池屋顶瓦及超轻灵活的太阳能电池的开发也作了简介。对由太阳能电池提供动力的空调设备作了叙述。讨论所得出的创新方案。     

非晶硅锗电池性能的调控研究

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术, 研究了非晶硅锗薄膜太阳电池. 针对非晶硅锗薄膜材料的本身特性, 通过调控硅锗合金中硅锗的比例, 实现了对硅锗薄膜太阳电池中开路电压和短路电流密度的分别控制. 借助于本征层硅锗材料帯隙梯度的设计, 获得了可有效用于多结叠层电池中的非晶硅锗电池. 关键词： 非晶硅锗薄膜太阳电池 短路电流密度 开路电压 带隙梯度     

Thin Film Deposition Methods for CuInSe 2 Solar Cells

CuInSe₂ and its alloys with Ga and/or S are among the most promising absorber materials for thin film solar cells. CuInSe₂-based solar cells have shown long-term stability and the highest conversion efficiencies of all thin film solar cells, above 19%. Solar cells based on these materials are also very stable, thus allowing long operational lifetimes. The preparation of a thin film solar cell is a multistage process where every step affects the resulting cell performance and the production cost. CuInSe₂ and other Cu chalcopyrites can be prepared by a variety of methods, ranging from physical vapor deposition methods such as evaporation and sputtering to low-temperature liquid phase methods such as electrodeposition. The present review discusses first the concept and operation principle of thin film solar cells, as well as the most important thin film solar cell materials. Next, the properties of CuInSe₂ and related compounds, as well as features of solar cells made thereof are reviewed. The last part of the text deals with deposition methods used for the preparation of CuInSe₂ and Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin film absorbers and solar cells. Although the emphasis here is on absorber preparation methods, buffer and conducting oxide preparation are discussed as well.     

太阳电池新进展

介绍了各种太阳电池技术和发展概况 ,其中晶硅太阳电池技术发展比较成熟 ,商业化程度最高 ,许多技术和理论问题带有普遍性 ,对其他电池的研究开发有借鉴作用 ,文章对此作了较详细的介绍 .薄膜电池是未来发展方向 ,文章对目前国际上研究得最多的几种薄膜电池 ,如非晶硅 (a Si)、碲化镉 (CdTe)、铜铟硒 (CuInSe2 ,CIS)、多晶硅、染料敏化TiO2 等电池的技术发展概况作了介绍 ,并简要说明了不同电池的商业化生产情况 .     

Solvent-free synthesis of oxides for CuInSe2 thin films fabrication

A low-cost non-vacuum process for fabrication of CuInSe₂ (CIS) films by solvent-free mechanochemical method and spin-coating process is described. First, highly monodisperse Cu, In oxides nanoparticles are synthesized via a facile, solvent-free route, which is the first applied in the CIS solar cells. Second, the oxide particulate precursors are deposited in a thin layer by spin-coating technique. Finally, the dry layers are sintered into CIS thin films with composition control by sequential reduction and selenization. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), it is found that near stoichiometric CIS films with a micron-sized dense grains are obtained in our work. Three types of mixed nitrates are used to fabricate oxides, the influence of the degree of mixing on the CIS films have been investigated.     

Efficient nanocoax‐based solar cells

The power conversion efficiency of most thin film solar cells is compromised by competing optical and electronic constraints, wherein a cell must be thick enough to collect light yet thin enough to efficiently extract current. Here, we introduce a nanoscale solar architecture inspired by a well‐known radio technology concept, the coaxial cable, that naturally resolves this “thick–thin” conundrum. Optically thick and elec‐ tronically thin amorphous silicon “nanocoax” cells are in the range of 8% efficiency, higher than any nanostructured thin film solar cell to date. Moreover, the thin nature of the cells reduces the Staebler–Wronski light‐induced degradation effect, a major problem with conventional solar cells of this type. This nanocoax represents a new platform for low cost, high efficiency solar power. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The influence of sodium on the point defect characteristics in off stoichiometric CuInSe2

The device performance of polycrystalline chalcogenide thin film solar cells is strongly influenced by different kinds of defects within the material. The presence of sodium or other alkali metals like potassium during the deposition process is well known to influence the electronic properties of the solar cell and thus to improve the efficiency of the final device. Structural analysis of neutron powder diffraction data collected at low temperatures and subsequent profile analysis by the LeBail and Rietveld method demonstrates the impact of sodium on the point defect characteristics in off stoichiometric CuInSe₂. The analyzed materials are powder and thin film solar absorber material with addition of NaF and free of sodium. It is illustrated, the so called “sodium effect” cannot be reduced to one single origin. A range of effects, the reduction of In_Cu donors with a followed increase of V_Cu acceptors is possible. The main effect is an increased ordered character of the chalcopyrite crystal structure at off stoichiometric composition, when containing sodium.