PU/纳米SiO2溶胶杂化材料的前端聚合研究

前端聚合(FP)是通过在单体前端区域引发增长聚合将单体合成为聚合物的一种不同于传统的反应模式．它是一种通过局部反应区域在聚合物单体中的移动而将聚合物单体转变为聚合物的一种反应模式,主要运用在放热反应中,在反应初始阶段进行短时间的加热,然后停止加热,借助放热反应的热自催化完成单体的聚合。根据反应机理的不同,     

Polyurethane–nanosilica hybrid nanocomposites synthesized by frontal polymerization

Polyurethane–nanosilica hybrids were synthesized with frontal polymerization. Structurally well‐dispersed and stable hybrids were obtained via a two‐step functionalization process: First, the silica was encapsulated with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS). Second, poly(propylene oxide) glycol, toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate, 1,4‐butanediol, and a catalyst (stannous caprylate) were dissolved in dimethylbenzene and mixed together at room temperature along with the modified nanosilica. A constant‐velocity propagating front was initiated via the heating of the end of the tubular reactor. For the complete encapsulation of the silica with APTS, different weight ratios of APTS to silica were investigated. The polyurethane hybrids were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. The polyurethane hybrids produced by frontal polymerization had the same properties as those produced by batch polymerization with stirring, but the frontal polymerization method required significantly less time and lower energy input than the batch polymerization method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1670–1680, 2005     

Room temperature synthesis and mechanical properties of two kinds of elastomeric interpenetrating polymer networks based on castor oil

Two kinds of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) composed of two-component polyurethane (PU) and vinyl or methacrylic polymer (PV), namely, (polyether-castor oil)PU/PV IPN(I) and (polybutadiene-castor oil)PU/PV IPN(II), were synthesized at room temperature using benzoyl peroxide and N,N-dimethylaniline as redox initiator and dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst. The former IPN was prepared by polymerization of castor oil, NCO-terminated polyether and vinyl or methacrylic monomer together and the latter IPN was obtained by polymerization of castor oil, NCO-terminated polybutadiene, NCO-terminated castor oil and vinyl or methacrylic monomer together. Various synthesis conditions affecting mechanical properties of the two kinds of IPNs were studied. Acrylonitrile (AN) is a good monomer for synthesizing IPN(I), but is a poor monomer for preparing IPN(II). At optimum conditions for the synthesis, both the (polyether-castor oil)PU/PAN IPNs and the (polybutadiene-castor oil)PU/polystyrene (PSt) IPNs possess permanent set about 10%, tensile strength over 13 and 11 MPa and ultimate elongation over 240% and 270%, respectively, thus behaving as elastomers. TEM micrograph of a (polybutadiene-castor oil)PU/PSt IPN showed a microphase separation in the IPN.     

Chemical graft polymerization of sulfobetaine monomer on polyurethane surface for reduction in platelet adhesion

Surface modification is an effective way to improve the hemocompatibility and remain bulk properties of biomaterials. Recently, polymer tailored with zwitterions was found having good blood compatibility. In this study, the zwitterionic monomer of sulfobetaine was graft polymerized onto polyurethane (PU) surface in a three-step heterogenous system through the vinyl bonds of acrylic acid (AA) or hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), which was immobilized with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) beforehand. First, PU was activated with isocyanate groups using HDI as coupling agent. Second, AA or HEMA was introduced through reaction of AA or HEMA with NCO groups bonded on PU surface. Last, zwitterionic monomer of sulfobetain was graft polymerized with vinyl group of AA or HEMA using AIBN as polymerization initiator. The reaction process was monitored with ATR-IR spectra and XPS spectra. Variation of graft yield with temperature and monomer feed concentration was investigated and feasible conditions were optimized. The wettability of films was investigated by water contact angle measurement and water absorbance. Platelet adhesion experiment was conducted as a preliminary test to confirm the improved blood compatibility of PU. The number of platelets adhering to PU decreased greatly comparing with the originals after 1 and 3 h of contact with human plate-rich plasma (PRP).     

超浓乳液聚合制备PU/PS的SIPN粉状树脂研究

将聚氨酯予聚体 (PU ) 苯乙烯 (St)的复合体系 ,用超浓乳液聚合方法制备了半互穿聚合物网络(SIPN)复合聚合物 ,得到了用聚氨酯予聚体改性的聚苯乙烯 (PU/PS)SIPN粉状树脂 .研究了分散相的比例(α)和聚合温度对聚合稳定性及聚合转化率 -时间的关系 ;测定了聚合物胶乳粒子的大小、形态 ,玻璃化温度 ,动态力学性能等 .结果表明 ,超浓乳液聚合较之本体聚合具有较高的聚合速率 ,容易控制所制备的胶乳粒径 ,能够制得PU/PS复合聚合物的SIPN粉状树脂 .该粉状树脂便于加工 ,具有良好的强韧性 ,有利于扩大应用     

Semibatch emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate using different polyurethane particles

Aqueous acrylic‐polyurethane (AC–PU) hybrid emulsions were prepared by semibatch emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of four polyurethane (PU) dispersions. The PU dispersions were synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 1000 and 2000 molecular weight (MW) poly(neopentyl) adipate, 1000 MW polytetramethyleneetherglycol, butanediol (BD), and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA). MMA was added in the monomer emulsion feed. We studied the effect of the use of different PU seed particles on the rate of polymerization, the particle size and distribution, the number of particles, and the average number of radicals per particle. The PU rigidity was controlled by varying the polyol chemical structure, the polyol MW (M_n), and by adding BD. The monomer feed rate was varied to study its influence on the process. It was observed that the PU particles that had been prepared with a higher MW polyol swelled better with MMA before the monomer‐starved conditions occurred. There seemed to be no significant discrepancies between the series with different PU seeds in the monomer‐starved conditions. The overall conversion depended on the monomer addition rate, and the polymerization rate acquired a constant value that was comparable to the value of the monomer addition rate. The instantaneous conversion increased slightly. The average particle size increased, and the total particle number in the reactor was constant and similar to the number of PU particles in the initial charge. The average number of radicals per particle increased. The differences between the system with a constant particle number and average number of radicals per particle and the system with a fixed radical concentration are discussed. The semibatch emulsion polymerization of MMA in the presence of PU particles studied was better compared to the system with a fixed radical concentration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 844–858, 2005     

不饱和糖功能单体接枝聚氨酯膜的制备及其血液相容性

通过葡萄糖、丙烯酸羟乙酯和丁二胺反应,制备了含不饱和双键的糖基功能单体。 采用傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对合成的产物进行结构表征确定。 采用紫外光引发接枝聚合技术,将制备的不饱和糖单体接枝聚合到聚氨酯膜的表面,以衰减全反射模式下傅里叶红外光谱对表面接枝反应进行了确认。 通过静态水接触角实验和血小板黏附实验,分别对改性聚氨酯膜表面的亲水性和血液相容性进行了研究,结果表明,改性聚氨酯膜表面的接触角从86°降低到45°,血小板的粘附量由14.36×10³ cells/mm²减少到2.57×10³ cells/mm²,亲水性明显增强,血液相容性显著改善。     

Ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide and preparation of its microsphere in supercritical fluids

The ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide initiated by stannous octoate was carried out in supercritical chlorodifluoromethane (scR22) at various reaction conditions (time and temperature) and reactant concentrations (initiator, monomer, and solvent). The monomer conversion increased to ca. 70% on increasing the reaction time to 1 h. The molecular weight of the poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) product also increased to ca. 160,000 g x mol(-1) over the same period. Increasing reaction temperature from 90 to 130 degrees C resulted in increased monomer conversion and PLLA molecular weight. A series of polymerizations conducted at various 1-dodecanol and stannous octoate concentrations suggested that stannous octoate does not act as an initiator by itself, and that the tin-alkoxide formed from 1-dodecanol and stannous octoate serves as the initiating species in scR22. While enhancements of the monomer conversion and PLLA molecular weight were observed with increasing monomer concentration, the chlorodifluoromethane concentration had the opposite on both. After the polymerization, PLLA microspheres were prepared in situ by using a continuous supercritical antisolvent process without residual organic solvent and monomer to yield highly purified microspheres for environmental and biomedical applications.     

Polyurethane (urea)/polyacrylates interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) adhesives for low surface energy materials

On the basis of the polymerization of the acrylate phase catalyzed by the oxidation of trialkylborane at room temperature, a series of polyurethane (urea)/polyacrylates adhesives with interpenetrating polymer network structure (IPNS) was synthesized. The crosslinking polyurethane (urea) phase was synthesized by the reaction between polymer diamine or triol and isocyanate. The resulting IPN adhesives as a function of the polyurethane (urea) or 2‐hydroxylethyl acrylate terminated polyurethane (HEA‐PU) (crosslinking agent of acrylate phase) content were explored. The adhesive morphology took on the IPNS that manifested as a finely dispersed polyurethane (urea) phase in the acrylate phase. Excellent adhesion to low surface energy materials was achieved within a wide range of polyurethane (urea) contents. The IPN adhesives also displayed better flexibility than polyacrylate adhesives with HEA‐PU as a crosslinking agent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型聚氨酯基液晶光定向层材料的合成与性能研究

设计并合成了一种新的二醇单体 5 羟基 1 ,3 间苯二甲酸二 (2 羟基 )乙酯 [Di(2 hydroxyethyl) 5 hydroxylisophthalate,DHHI],并用各种手段对其进行了表征 .DHHI与二苯基甲烷 4 ,4′ 二异氰酸酯 (MDI)溶液聚合得到一种侧链含有酚羟基的先驱聚合物PU OH ,通过肉桂酰氯的功能化反应制备出新型光敏聚氨酯 (PU CI) .用示差扫描量热分析 (DSC) ,红外光谱 (FT IR) ,紫外可见光谱 (UV Vis)等对PU CI进行了表征 .研究表明 ,PU CI在紫外光的照射下可发生环 (2 +2 )加成反应 .PU CI经线性偏振光聚合技术 (LPP)处理制成液晶光定向层 ,采用向列型液晶 5CB组装成液晶盒 ,在偏光显微镜下可以观察到均匀的液晶取向 ,表明该聚合物膜具有很好的液晶定向能力 ,是一类具有潜在应用价值的新型液晶光定向层材料     

一锅法合成含磺酸基超支化聚氨酯

N-三羟甲基甲基氨基乙磺酸(TES)的胺基与异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)环上活性较高的NCO在低温15℃下发生选择性反应,生成AB3型单体.随后提高反应温度(70～90℃),使AB3型单体原位聚合,一锅法合成出含磺酸基超支化聚氨酯.随着聚合温度的提高,超支化聚氨酯的支化度、分子量及分子量分布系数变大.90℃时,聚合产物的Mn为22410,支化度达到0.87.以此含磺酸基超支化聚氨酯为基础制得的聚合物电解质膜具有良好的耐热性、机械强度,其锂盐室温(约25℃)的离子电导率为3.1×10-5S/cm,100℃达到1.4×10-3 S/cm.     

Graft copolymers of polyurethane with various vinyl monomers via radiation-induced miniemulsion polymerization: Influential factors to grafting efficiency and particle morphology

Graft copolymers of polyurethane (PU) with various vinyl monomers were synthesized through a one-pot but two-step miniemulsion polymerization process. Firstly, the polycondensation of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) had been performed in aqueous miniemulsion at 40 °C in order to obtain PU dispersions. Consecutively, an in-situ graft copolymerization of the vinyl monomers with the synthesized PU was initiated by γ-ray radiation at room temperature. The grafting efficiency of PU with vinyl monomer (G_PU/monomer) was calculated from ¹H NMR spectra and the particle morphology of the final hybrid latex was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As there was no monomer transferring in miniemulsion system, homogenous hybrid particles would be synthesized provided that the monomer was miscible with PU, such as styrene. With the increase of the polarity of the monomer, the compatibility of PU with monomer decreased. G_PU/monomer varied as G_PU/styrene(37%)>G_{PU/butyl acrylate (BA)}(21%)>G_{PU/methyl methacrylate (MMA)}(12%). The proportion of homogeneous nucleation would increase as the hydrophilicity of the monomer increased. High temperature would destabilize the miniemulsion so as to result in a less grafting efficiency. Compared to the phase separation during the seeded emulsion polymerization, the miniemulsion polymerization method facilitated the preparation of homogeneous materials owing to its monomer droplet nucleation mechanism.     

Chemical recycling of poly(methyl methacrylate) by pyrolysis. Potential use of the liquid fraction as a raw material for the reproduction of the polymer

Pyrolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied as an effective way to recycle this polymer and recover its monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA). Experiments were carried out in a laboratory fixed bed reactor using either a model polymer or a commercial product based on PMMA as feedstock. Gaseous and liquid products obtained from polymer degradation were analysed and it was found that the oil fraction constituted mainly of the MMA monomer. Thus, the possibility of directly using the liquid product for the reproduction of the polymer was further investigated. Polymerizations accomplished in a differential scanning calorimeter using azo-bis-isobutyronitrile as initiator and different reaction temperatures. Results obtained were compared to corresponding data from polymerization of neat monomer. It was found that the pyrolysis liquid fraction can be polymerized and produce a polymer similar to the original PMMA. However, even small amounts of other organic compounds (mainly methyl esters) included in this fraction act as non-ideal reaction retarders, altering the reaction rate curve and lowering the glass transition temperature and the average molecular weight of the polymer produced.     

环硅氧烷负离子乳液聚合中活性中心浓度的变化规律

以八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)为单体,十二烷基二甲基苄基氢氧化铵(BDAH)为乳化剂兼催化剂,进行环硅氧烷负离子乳液聚合,采用凝胶色谱(GPC)测定聚合产物的转化率及分子量.在此基础上,分析基元反应,提出活性中心生成机理,并应用环硅氧烷开环聚合普适动力学模型计算乳液聚合平衡之前的活性中心浓度变化规律.结果发现,聚合温度较低时,活性中心浓度随时间逐渐增加,最终恒定;聚合温度较高时,活性中心浓度随时间仅单调递增.结果与机理相符.     

波聚合制备淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂

高吸水树脂是一种新型功能高分子材料,广泛应用于卫生用品、农林业和生物医药等领域．将淀粉接枝改性制备吸水树脂不仅可以减少对石油产品的依赖性,而且还可以使吸水树脂具有可生物降解性,从而避免出现环境问题．     

Melt Polymerization of Adipic Anhydride (Oxepane-2,7-Dione)

Oxepane-2,7-dione (1) was prepared by the reaction of adipic acid and acetic anhydride followed by catalytic depolymerization under vacuum. the ring-opening polymerization of (1) was investigated in the melt, and was studied as a function of polymerization temperature, time and concentration of catalyst (stannous 2-ethylhexanoate). from ¹H-NMR and IR spectra it can be deduced that stannous 2-ethylhexanoate coordinates with the anhydride bond of the ring, and that the resulting species reacts with the monomer by ring-opening of the acyl-oxygen bond. These observations indicate a non-ionic insertion polymerization mechanism at the beginning of the reaction, but after 2 h at 80°C, anhydride exchange appears to be the dominating reaction. Ring-opening melt polymerization of (1) resulted in low molecular weight poly (adipic anhydride).     

Novel Terpolymers of Poly(p-dioxanone-co-trimethylene carbonate-co-Lphenylalanine): Synthesis,Characterization, Thermal Properties and Copolymerization Mechanism

In order to exploit the biological functions of materials, a series of new random terpolymers were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of p-dioxanone, trimethylene carbonate, and L-phenylalanine N-carboxyanhydride(L-PheNCA) in the presence of stannous octoate. The terpolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, and gel permeation chromatography. The effects of the reactant ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature and time on the copolymerization were investigated, and were found to regulate the composition of the terpolymer. Increases in the reaction temperature, polymerization time, L-Phe-NCA monomer amount, and catalyst content generated a product with a slightly decreased molecular weight. The crystallinity of the terpolymer was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. A reasonable mechanism for the polymerization was proposed based on the obtained results.     

Melt block copolymerization of ϵ-caprolactone and L-lactide

AB block copolymers of ϵ-caprolactone and (L )-lactide could be prepared by ring-opening polymerization in the melt at 110°C using stannous octoate as a catalyst and ethanol as an initiator provided ϵ-caprolactone was polymerized first. Ethanol initiated the polymerization of ϵ-caprolactone producing a polymer with ϵ-caprolactone derived hydroxyl end groups which after addition of L -lactide in the second step of the polymerization initiated the ring-opening copolymerization of L -lactide. The number-average molecular weights of the poly(ϵ-caprolactone) blocks varied from 1.5 to 5.2 × 10³, while those of the poly(L -lactide) blocks ranged from 17.4 to 49.7 × 10³. The polydispersities of the block copolymers varied from 1.16 to 1.27. The number-average molecular weights of the polymers were controlled by the monomer/hydroxyl group ratio, and were independent on the monomer/stannous octoate ratio within the range of experimental conditions studied. When L -lactide was polymerized first, followed by copolymerization of ϵ-caprolactone, random copolymers were obtained. The formation of random copolymers was attributed to the occurrence of transesterification reactions. These side reactions were caused by the ϵ-caprolactone derived hydroxyl end groups generated during the copolymerization of ϵ-caprolactone with pre-polymers of L -lactide. The polymerization proceeds through an ester alcoholysis reaction mechanism, in which the stannous octoate activated ester groups of the monomers react with hydroxyl groups. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

主链型聚氨酯光动力高分子的合成与表征

合成了一种主链含推拉电子型偶氮苯基团的聚氨酯光动力高分子 .对聚合物的结构、热性能及光学性能进行了表征 .此聚合物为主链含假芪型偶氮生色团的无定形高分子 .用 4 88nmAr+ 激光对聚合物薄膜进行光加工 ,得到了规则的正弦表面起伏光栅 ,其起伏深度大于 2 0 0nm .光栅的一级衍射效率可达 2 4 % .     

Synthesis of polyurethanes containing nucleic acid base derivatives as grafted pendants and their precursor amino functionalized polyurethane

A new route to polyurethanes containing nucleic acid base derivatives as grafted pendants have been established. The method is based on the grafting of 2-(thymin-1-yl)propionic acid (TPA) or 2-(adenin-9-yl)propionic acid (APA) onto amino functionalized polyurethane, poly[2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propylene methylene bis(4-phenyl carbamate)] (PU-NH₂, IX ) at the primary amino group by the N-hydroxy compound of active ester technique. Two novel polymer models of polynucleic acid—poly[2-(2′-(thymin-1′-yl) propionamido)-2-methyl-1,3-propylene methylene bis(4-phenylcarbamate)] (PU–NHT, X ) and poly[2-(2′-(adenin-9′-yl)propionamido)-2-methyl-1,3-propylene methylene bis(4-phenylcarbamate)] (PU–NHA-40, XI )—were obtained. The amino functional polyurethane was prepared by the following three step reactions; (1) Selective N-protection of N-benzyloxycarbonyloxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarbonimide (CbzONB) with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol gave the N-protecting diol monomer 2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (CbzAMP); (2) N-Protecting polurethane poly(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-methyl-methyl-1,3) propylene methylene bis(4-phenylcarbamate) (PU–NHCbz, VIII ) was obtained by the polyaddition of 4,4′-diphenyl-methane diisocyanate (MDI) with CbzAMP. (3) Deprotection of PU–NHCbz produced amino polyurethane PU-NH₂. Prior to polymer synthesis, the amidation of APA with 3-aminoheptane or diethylamine were carried out as a model reaction study and the related monomer model compounds were prepared by the same methods.