Novel WDM-PON architecture for simultaneous transmission of unicast data and multicast services

We propose a novel wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network （WDM-PON） to simultaneously transmit unicast data and multicast services with upstream data re-modulation in optical network units （ONUs）. For each wavelength channel in the optical line terminal （OLT）, the downstream unicast data are applied to one arm of a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator （DPMZM） to generate baseband unicast non-return-to-zero （NRZ） signal. A radio frequency （RF） control signal is applied to the other arm to present two un-modulated sidebands for multicast data modulation in a differential phase-shift keying （DPSK） format. The flexible and dynamic multicast services are realized by simply switching the RF control signal on or off. The proposed scheme is experimentally demonstrated with 1.25-Gb/s downstream unicast, multicast, and upstream data.     

PHY modulation/rate control for fountain codes in 802.11a/g WLANs

In this paper we consider the joint performance of fountain codes and 802.11a/g PHY modulation/coding. We consider optimality both in terms of maximizing goodput and minimizing energy, and results are presented for both theoretical and experimental channel models. In contrast to studies in cellular networks, we find that in 802.11a/g WLANs the cross-layer approach of a higher-layer fountain coding with a PHY layer modulation and FEC coding can yield very limited gains, and the PHY modulation/rate that optimizes the uncoded multicast performance is also close to that for fountain-coded multicast traffic over a wide-range of network conditions. This is potentially an important observation as it indicates that in 802.11a/g WLANs cross-layer design for multicast rate control would bring few benefits and PHY layer rate control can be carried out without regard to the use of fountain coding at higher layers.     

Multicast protection algorithms based on aggregated logical topology in survivable multi-domain optical networks

Since the optical network carries a lot of traffic, the survivability is an important issue to ensure the service continuity. At the same time, with the network scale increasing, the optical network has been divided into multi-domains each of which is managed by a unique network provider. Therefore, the survivability in multi-domain optical networks has got more attention in recent years. However, current works mostly addressed the unicast survivability and few or no solved the multicast survivability in multi-domain optical networks. Therefore, in this paper we propose two heuristic algorithms called Multicast Multi-domain Dedicated Protection (MMDP) and Multicast Multi-domain Shared Protection (MMSP) to provide the survivability in multicast multi-domain optical networks. In MMDP and MMSP, to provide the intra-domain protection, we use the modified Minimal-cost Path Heuristic (MPH) algorithm to compute the intra-domain survivable multicast tree. To provide the inter-domain protection, based on multi-domain logical topology, we firstly use the MPH algorithm to compute the inter-domain logical multicast tree and then use the Dijkstra algorithm to compute the inter-domain logical backup sub-path for each inter-link on this logical multicast tree. Simulation results show that MMSP has better resource utilization efficiency and lower blocking probability.     

FPGA-Implemented Fractal Decoder with Forward Error Correction in Short-Reach Optical Interconnects

Forward error correction (FEC) codes combined with high-order modulator formats, i.e., coded modulation (CM), are essential in optical communication networks to achieve highly efficient and reliable communication. The task of providing additional error control in the design of CM systems with high-performance requirements remains urgent. As an additional control of CM systems, we propose to use indivisible error detection codes based on a positional number system. In this work, we evaluated the indivisible code using the average probability method (APM) for the binary symmetric channel (BSC), which has the simplicity, versatility and reliability of the estimate, which is close to reality. The APM allows for evaluation and compares indivisible codes according to parameters of correct transmission, and detectable and undetectable errors. Indivisible codes allow for the end-to-end (E2E) control of the transmission and processing of information in digital systems and design devices with a regular structure and high speed. This study researched a fractal decoder device for additional error control, implemented in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) software with FEC for short-reach optical interconnects with multilevel pulse amplitude (PAM-M) modulated with Gray code mapping. Indivisible codes with natural redundancy require far fewer hardware costs to develop and implement encoding and decoding devices with a sufficiently high error detection efficiency. We achieved a reduction in hardware costs for a fractal decoder by using the fractal property of the indivisible code from 10% to 30% for different n while receiving the reciprocal of the golden ratio.     

序进应力在线加速退化模型研究

针对线下参数退化模型由于温度冲击而引入误差的问题,基于在线序进应力加速退化实验,建立了在线参数退化模型,提高了以参数变化为计算基础的参数退化模型的准确性.并以3CG120型高频晶体管为例,在150–230 ℃范围内进行了在线序进应力加速实验.利用建立的在线参数退化模型,得到3CG120型高频晶体管的寿命误差为6.5%,比线下参数退化模型的误差(23.2%)要小. 关键词： 序进应力加速实验 参数退化 在线测量     

Soft decision decoding of the orthogonal complex MIMO codes for three and four transmit antennas

Orthogonality is a much desired property for MIMO coding. It enables symbol-wise decoding, where the errors in other symbol estimates do not affect the result, thus providing an optimality that is worth pursuing. It also paves the way for low complexity soft decision decoding, which for orthogonal complex MIMO codes is known for two transmit (Tx) antennas, i.e. for the Alamouti code. We propose novel soft decision decoders for the orthogonal complex MIMO codes on three and four Tx antennas and extend the old result of maximal ratio combining (MRC) to cover all orthogonal codes up to four Tx antennas.As a rule, a sophisticated transmission scheme encompasses forward error correction (FEC) coding, and its performance is measured at the FEC decoder instead of at the MIMO decoder. We introduce the receiver structure that delivers the MIMO decoder’s soft decisions to the demodulator, which in turn cranks out the logarithm of likelihood ratio (LLR) of each bit and delivers them to the FEC decoder. This significantly improves the receiver, where a maximum likelihood (ML) MIMO decoder makes hard decisions at a too early stage. Further, the additional gain is achieved with stunningly low complexity.     

认知无线电网络中利用FEC和DE的多节点频谱感知算法

针对认知无线电网络(CRN)中空闲频谱感知困难的问题,本文提出了基于前向纠错和差分进化算法的多节点频谱感知算法。首先,利用基于差分进化算法的协同检测完成信号感知;然后,研究了信道噪声对频谱感知性能的影响;最后,分析了前向纠错技术在信道存在噪声时对频谱感知性能的影响。仿真实验将纠错和无纠错控制信道的不同信噪比作为依据,采用三种不同的检测方法评估了本文算法。仿真实验结果表明,在存在噪声的认知无线电网络中,本文算法提高了系统的性能和检测概率,且协同感知算法的性能随着节点数目的增加而提高,该算法适合应用于实时性要求较高的应用程序。     

Efficient coupled PHY and MAC use of physical bursts by ARQ-enabled connections in WiMAX/IEEE 802.16e networks

In this paper we address an aspect of the mutual influence between the PHY layer budding blocks (FEC Blocks) and the MAC level allocations in the Uplink and Downlink of IEEE 802.16e/WiMAX networks. In these networks it is possible to transmit MAC level frames, denoted MAC PDUs, such that a PDU contains an integral number of fixed size Data Blocks. PDUs are transmitted over PHY Bursts, which are divided into FEC Blocks. We suggest several algorithms to compute the best way to define PDUs in a Burst in order to maximize several performance criteria. We also give guidelines on how to choose the best Modulation/Coding Scheme (MCS) to use in the Burst, given the SNR of the channel and the performance criteria.     

A method of segment protection based on p-cycle for dynamic multicast with limited-range wavelength converter in WDM network

In the optical multicast network, node and link failures have very important influence on the network survivability which may lead to multiple destinations cannot receive data. Based on the wavelength layered-graph method, a method of efficiency-score based on heuristic algorithm of pre-configured cycle (p-Cycle) based-segment protection (ESHS) for dynamic multicast with limited-range wavelength conversion was presented in this paper. By finding the multicast tree segment protection, the total available p-Cycles are constructed for the multicast. Then we calculate each p-Cycle efficiency-score, the highest efficient-score p-Cycle is selected as the multicast route protection p-Cycle. The simulation results show that the ESHS can get higher performance than the existing ESHT algorithm, in terms of multicast request blocking probability and wavelength utilization.     

手机USB数据线测试仪的研制

针对企业生产手机USB数据线时需要进行性能测试方面的要求,设计出一款以FPGA为处理核心,USB接口芯片为控制对象,辅之电源、存储器、键盘、显示、静电保护和反馈输出接口等模块组成的手机USB数据线测试仪。该测试仪按照USB通信协议把USB数据包通过被测数据线进行传输,然后通过计算其传输USB数据包的错误率来判断数据线性能的质量好坏。通过与误码率分析仪、电脑海量传输实测的结果对比和实际应用表明,该仪器较其它测试方法具有测试速度快,测试结果准确等优点,可广泛地应用于USB数据线生产企业。     

用遗传算法构造光正交码

提出了一种利用遗传算法构造任意码长、码重、自相关限、互相关限光正交码(GA-OOC)的方法,设计了新的码字矩阵;分析了基于GA-OOC的光CDMA系统的误码率性能。仿真结果表明:该算法具有构造算法简单、易于编程实现的特点;与基于PC,EPC,QC和BIBD-OOC的光码分多址系统相比,GA-OOC的光码分多址系统具有更好的误码率性能。GA-OOC有望用于构造二维光地址码。     

Protograph bit-interleaved coded modulation: A bandwidth-efficient design paradigm for 6G wireless communications

Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) has attracted considerable attention from the research community in the past three decades, because it can achieve desirable error performance with relatively low implementation complexity for a large number of communication and storage systems. By exploiting the iterative demapping and decoding (ID), the BICM is able to approach capacity limits of coded modulation over various channels. In recent years, protograph low-density parity-check (PLDPC) codes and their spatially-coupled (SC) variants have emerged to be a pragmatic forward-error-correction (FEC) solution for BICM systems due to their tremendous error-correction capability and simple structures, and found widespread applications such as deep-space communication, satellite communication, wireless communication, optical communication, and data storage. This article offers a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art development of PLDPC-BICM and its innovative SC variants over a variety of channel models, e.g., additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, fading channels, Poisson pulse position modulation (PPM) channels, and flash-memory channels. Of particular interest is code construction, constellation shaping, as well as bit-mapper design, where the receiver is formulated as a serially-concatenated decoding framework consisting of a soft-decision demapper and a belief-propagation decoder. Finally, several promising research directions are discussed, which have not been adequately addressed in the current literature.     

Error Exponents of LDPC Codes under Low-Complexity Decoding

This paper deals with the specific construction of binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We derive lower bounds on the error exponents for these codes transmitted over the memoryless binary symmetric channel (BSC) for both the well-known maximum-likelihood (ML) and proposed low-complexity decoding algorithms. We prove the existence of such LDPC codes that the probability of erroneous decoding decreases exponentially with the growth of the code length while keeping coding rates below the corresponding channel capacity. We also show that an obtained error exponent lower bound under ML decoding almost coincide with the error exponents of good linear codes.     

A new green multicast grooming protection algorithm in WDM optical networks

Since optical network carries a lot of traffic, survivability is very important to ensure the service continuity against network failures. Recently, multicast services become more popular to meet the huge multimedia demand in network, so that multicast survivability in optical network has got more attention. However, multicast survivability may lead to more energy consumption due to more redundant backup resources allocated. Since greening network is particularly important with the energy crisis keeping growing, green multicast survivability in optical network is a challenging issue. This paper focuses on the green multicast grooming protection problem in optical network and designs two auxiliary graphs that includes a virtual topology graph and an integrated graph to address the survivable multicast grooming, routing and wavelength assignment. Based on the auxiliary graphs, this paper proposes an efficient heuristic called green multicast grooming algorithm based on spanning path dedicated protection (GMG-SPDP), in which the network reliability and the energy efficiency are jointly taken into account. Simulation results show that, compared to other algorithms, the proposed GMG-SPDP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio, but also saves more energy.     

Implement of FEC in the Optical Transport Network

Forward error correction (FEC) is a method by which extra information is included along with the original signal to provide redundancy for correcting bit errors. According to Reed Solomon code regularity, a certain amount of bit errors can be corrected. The appropriate capability of correcting burst bits in error may be more flexible implement of FEC in the optical transport network. The suitable choice can effectively reduce cost of the optical transport network.     

Implement of FEC in the Optical Transport Network

Forward error correction (FEC) is a method by which extra information is included along with the original signal to provide redundancy for correcting bit errors. According to Reed Solomon code regularity, a certain amount of bit errors can be corrected. The appropriate capability of correcting burst bits in error may be more flexible implement of FEC in the optical transport network. The suitable choice can effectively reduce cost of the optical transport network.     

Investigation of local work function distribution of field emission cathode from carbon materials doped by Ba with the help of AFM/SEM/X-ray

The joint application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and SEM/X-ray micro-analyzer for investigation of electron work function (EWF) distribution over the surface of field emission cathode (FEC) is described in the paper. This method was used to investigate the graphite cathodes surface after barium doping. The possibility of defining the average value of EWF over the surface of FEC is shown. The results of AFM measurements are compared with results of field emission tests. The reduction of work function down to 3–3.2 eV was found after barium doping.     

Online self-calibration for mobile vision based on laser imaging and computer algorithms

A self-calibration technique for mobile three-dimensional vision is presented. This technique determines the vision parameters during the vision task based on computer algorithms and image processing. The three-dimensional vision is performed by a Bezier network based on laser line projection. This network provides the data to perform the online self-calibration when the vision system is modified. Here, the changes of the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters are determined. The structure of the network is performed by the line shifting provided by the surface depth. From this structure, the data for the initial calibration and online self-calibration are deduced. In this manner, the calibrated references and physical measurements are avoided to perform the online self-calibration. Therefore, calibration limitations caused by online modifications are overcome to perform the mobile vision. Thus, the proposed self-calibration improves the accuracy and performance of the mobile vision. It is because online data of calibrated references are not passed to the vision system. This procedure represents a contribution in the field of the online recalibration, which is performed based on calibrated references. To elucidate this contribution, an evaluation is performed based on the self-calibration methods, which are reported in the recent years. Also, the time processing is described.     

Discussions on phase-reconstructing algorithms for 3D digitizing structure-light profilometry

For the 3D digitizing structure-light profilometry, five kinds of phase reconstructing (PR) algorithms, including Schofield's S-FFT (with 4 pairs of FFT & Inverse FFT operators) algorithm, Volkov's deterministic V-FFT PR algorithm (with only one pair of FFT operators and one Inverse FFT operator), quality-guided (QG) method, weighted least-square (WLS) method and a proposed Discrete-Cosine-Transform-Based (DCT-B) algorithm have been implemented and discussed in detail. The computer-simulated data show that the WLS and V-FFT enjoy the least phase error, but the QG algorithm achieves the trade-off between reliability and computational time. The S-FFT together with V-FFT method almost fails to deal with the experimental data with abrupt phase variance. Among the other three algorithms, the DCT-B algorithm shows its advantage over QG and WLS algorithms in settling these problems. Considering phase error and computational time, it could win the priority in PR. The experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed DCT-B algorithm could be firstly considered in the application of structure-light profilometry, especially to process the abrupt-phase maps.