羟基聚丁二烯羟值测定新方法

本文建立了两个相关的∑Aa_i-B_2型凝胶化反应方程,含试样官能团数和重均官能度两个未知数.解联立方程,得到一元二次方程.通过测定该方程的系数,间接测得试样官能团数和重均官能度.该方法用于H_2O_2引发的羟基聚丁二烯羟值测定。其结果比目前国内外通用的经典酰化法高一倍以上.证明新的羟值数据是正确的.     

AB_g型超支化聚合反应中的环化效应

研究了ABg型超支化聚合反应中的环化效应,给出高分子代数生长的微分动力学方程,并通过环化反应的内在特征确定了环化反应与分子间反应的速率常数.进而利用Monte Carlo模拟方法得到了树状高分子和含环高分子的数量、环的尺寸分布以及高分子数均和重均分子量等,讨论了环化效应对聚合体系平均特征的影响.结果表明,环化效应取决于单体体积分数、溶剂效应和官能度之间的协同作用,其中单体的体积分数在环化反应中起着主导作用,而溶剂效应和官能度之间则相互竞争.     

对接-迁移:烯烃的自由基双官能化反应利器

烯烃双官能化反应能同时向烯烃两端引入两个不同官能团,实现简单烯烃向复杂官能化分子的高效转化,一直受到合成化学家的广泛关注.其中自由基介导的烯烃双官能化反应由于具有条件温和、类型多样等特点使其近年来备受关注.对接-迁移策略通过巧妙的双官能化试剂的设计,将自由基供体和迁移基团通过链接基团置于同一分子中,经与烯烃进行对接后再发生快速的分子内官能团迁移而实现烯烃双官能化.该策略针对烯烃底物的兼容范围广,对活化烯烃、非活化烯烃及具有复杂骨架的烯烃都有良好的适用性,为生物活性分子的后期改造提供了便利途径.本文主要综述了本课题组近几年内发展及利用对接-迁移策略实现的烯烃双官能化反应的进展.     

基于“点击反应”的官能化环酯单体的合成及聚酯性能研究进展

聚酯高分子材料在医药生物材料领域有很广泛的应用,尤其是可作为药物缓释材料应用在人体当中。作为药物缓释材料的聚酯,需要具有较多的修饰位点,便于药物分子或其它小分子的键合。为了能够简便地、高效地将小分子键合到聚酯链上,可采用目前热门的"点击反应"进行小分子键合,这就需要将涉及"点击反应"的官能团引入到聚酯链上。由于采用合成聚酯的方法多为开环聚合反应,就需制备出双键和叁键官能化环酯类单体,便于以开环聚合方法制备官能化聚酯。本文综述了近年来基于"点击反应"而合成的官能化环酯类单体,将酯类单体分为三类进行了合成方法的详细介绍,重点归纳了所得到的官能化聚酯的聚合结果及其所键合的分子,阐述了官能化聚酯所具有的新性质,最后对这类聚酯材料的应用前景做了展望。     

亚氨基砜衍生物的合成研究进展

亚氨基砜系列化合物具有广泛的生物或药物活性.近年来,在过渡金属催化下,亚氨基砜系列化合物的合成取得了长足的进展.直接以NH-亚氨基砜作为反应底物,可实现N—H键的直接官能团化反应,如炔基化、烯基化、烷基化、芳基化等等.此外,利用S=NH结构片段作为分子内的导向基团,还可以实现底物分子内芳香环的C(sp~2)—H活化反应,合成结构各异的芳(杂)环衍生物.综述了亚氨基砜化合物N—H官能化反应和C—H官能化反应,并对部分反应的机理进行了讨论.     

含N、S官能基聚硅烷*

综述了近年来含N、S官能基聚硅烷的研究进展。介绍了吡啶、联吡啶、吡咯等含N官能基与噻吩、硫代官能团等含S官能基取代聚硅烷的制备和光电性能表征,概括了含N,S官能团聚硅烷的分子设计、物理性能与应用领域。最后展望了含N、S官能团聚硅烷研究的发展方向与应用前景。     

环基高分子缩聚体系的统计特征

针对由RBf型环形高分子和ABg型单体构成的环基高分子缩聚体系,从环基高分子的尺寸分布导出相应的高分子矩,进而给出环基高分子的数均分子量和重均分子量以及多分散指数等物理量.在此基础上,集中探讨了两类反应物的摩尔比、环形高分子的官能度及聚合度(分子量)对环基(环基链状和环基支化)高分子性质的影响.鉴于环形高分子对环基高分子相关特征的贡献可以发生主次转变,进而根据其数均分子量得到发生转变的反应程度.结果表明,环基高分子的多分散指数随着环形高分子官能度的增加而单调降低,但与反应物的摩尔比无关,而表征环形高分子贡献发生逆转的反应程度则与其官能度、聚合度及反应物的摩尔比密切相关.相关研究可为阐明环基高分子缩聚反应体系的统计特征提供有益的线索.     

苯乙烯的低温原子转移自由基聚合:扩散效应导致的加速现象

研究了以苯乙烯(St)和N-[4-(2-溴丙酰氧基)苯基]马来酰亚胺(BPPM)的交替共聚物P(St-alt-BPPM)为大分子多官能度引发剂,以CuBr/2,2′-联吡啶(bpy)为催化体系,环己酮为溶剂,在60或80℃下进行St的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP).结果表明,反应呈现活性聚合的假一级反应动力学特征,聚合物分子量随着单体转化率上升而增加,降低反应温度将减低反应速率,但是所得聚合物[P(St-alt-BPPM)-g-PS]分子量分布更窄.水解实验证明该过程具有一定可控性.由于类似的单官能度引发剂无法在同等条件下顺利引发St的ATRP,因此采用大分子多官能度引发剂可以大幅度降低ATRP的反应温度.此加速现象被归因于CuBr/bpy从大分子引发剂线团外向线团内扩散,而CuBr2/bpy则从大分子引发剂线团内向线团外扩散,从而提高大分子引发剂线团中的自由基浓度和聚合反应速率.     

缩聚反应聚合度计算中Carothers方程的讨论与拓展

对缩聚反应数均聚合度计算时涉及到的2个重要物理量——反应程度、平均官能度进行了重新定义，并推导和拓展了Carothers方程，明确了公式的适用条件。     

Ti-MWW/H2O2体系催化官能化烯烃环氧化

研究了Ti-MWW/H2O2催化体系对多种官能化烯烃液相环氧化的催化性能.结果表明,与钛硅分子筛TS-1相比,Ti-MWW具有更高的催化活性和环氧化产物选择性.溶剂对Ti-MWW催化环氧化反应的活性影响较大,其中水是催化丙烯酸乙酯和乙酸烯丙酯的最佳溶剂,随着C=C双键相邻官能团吸电子能力的增强,环氧化反应的催化活性下降.     

固化反应产物网络结构的表征

本文论证了在交联点为三分枝的固化反应中,每一对未反应的基团使固化产物有效链损失数目为常数3。ΣA_(ai)—ΣB_(bj) 型固化反应的交联密度是官能团密度、有效数均官能度、配料比、固化体系凝胶分数、A(或B)基凝胶相反应程度、A_(ai)(或B_(bj))链节凝胶分数的函数。后两个不能直接测定的参数,可通过测定固化反应体系溶胶分数及溶胶相 A 基和 B 基的反应程度而获得。     

Functionality and Observed Versus Predicted Gel Points

An ambiguity in use of the term functionality is pointed out. The two most widely used relations (Flory, and Stockmayer and Kahn) connecting extent of reaction at the gel point and functionality are examined. The relations are shown mathematically to lead to the same result when all assumptions and definitions are considered. Measured gel points of polyesters are compared with those predicted by the equation. Deviations were less than 10% of the predicted values.

An ambiguity in definition has been observed for the word functionality which has led to unnecessary confusion of thought. It is believed that this confusion has often occurred and has been seen in the literature quite recently [1,2]. On the one hand, functionality has been used to mean the number of chain ends united at the branch points in a polymer network. Since branch points can unite no fewer than three chain ends, functionality in this sense can take on values of three or greater. Networks are most often three or four functional. If more than one type of branch point is present, the average functionality can be calculated as a fraction with a value above three.     

Crosslinking Index,Molecular Weight Distribution and Rubber Equilibrium Shear Modulus During Polyfunctional Crosslinking of Existing Polymer, 6. Primary Polymer with a Schulz–Zimm Distribution of Molecular Weights

A network model for the crosslinking of already existing polymer molecules with a so‐called Schulz–Zimm distribution of their molecular weights is presented. It is an extension of previously developed statistical network models applied to the crosslinking of primary polymers with several other molecular weight distributions and with crosslinks of any functionality. The model results in the possibility to obtain more insight into the structure of polymers, especially those with narrow distributions of the molecular weight. In more detail, the model can give a perspective on structural network parameters such as the weight fractions of ideal network, of dangling polymer ends, and of those molecules not connected to the network, i. e., the sol fraction, the number of crosslinks in which a polymer molecule is bound, the functionality of the crosslinks, or the average molar mass of the polymer molecules in between the crosslinks M̄_c. Results of calculations are shown for a hypothetical crosslinking process of polymers with various molecular weight distributions. Moreover, the dependency of the network parameters on the polydispersity index and the type of molecular weight distribution is shown. Finally the increase of the functionality of the crosslinks during the ageing process of a 9.9% poly(vinyl chloride) gel as a function of the polydispersity index of the molecular weight distribution is presented.     

Functional end-group polymers derived from free-radical chain transfer. I. Kinetic prediction of functionality

The kinetic scheme describing chain transfer in free-radical polymerizations, the Mayo equation, has been rearranged to yield the probability of generating a functional end group by chain transfer (e.g., to a disulfide). The prediction is that a mixture of functional and nonfunctional ends occurs. Examination of literature data shows a number of systems produce more functionality than predicted. Hence, the challenge to devise a new kinetic scheme to account for the increased functionality is made (e.g., by selective reaction of initiator with chain-transfer agent).     

光调控分子有序聚集体及其功能化研究进展

双亲分子在溶液中可以缔合形成胶束、囊泡、液晶、乳液等有序分子聚集体。在分子中引入功能性的基团,通过改变分子的结构、浓度或引入外部刺激,可以对有序分子聚集体的类型和性能进行调控。光作为一种绿色可控的清洁能源,是一种理想的外部刺激信号。在双亲分子中引入感光基团,可以通过光照调节有序聚集体的组装,并进一步实现功能性的调控。本文综述了近年来在光调控分子有序聚集体方面的研究及其在生物、传导、纳米材料制备中的应用。同时,对光调控的功能性有序分子聚集体未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

A polymeric chiral surface functionality immobilized on uniformly sized macroporous polymer beads

Uniformly sized functionalized macroporous polymer beads were prepared by either a classical copolymerization method or recently reported in situ surface modification method utilizing chiral methacrylamide as a functional modifier. To evaluate conformational and/or specific differences in their surface chiral functionality, we applied chromatographic evaluation techniques. The prepared modified beads were utilized as chiral stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Those prepared by the in situ surface modification method tended to show higher chiral recognition ability than those by the classical copolymerization method, even if the equivalent amount of the chiral functional group was involved within polymer beads. Detailed chromatographic studies exhibited the in situ surface modification method could lead to polymeric methacrylamide functionality on the surface within relatively large pore size regions of the macroporous polymer beads, while the classical copolymerization method tended to form less polymeric surface functionality. The difference in the chiral surface functionality on both of macroporous polymer beads afforded drastic change in chromatographic chiral recognition ability. Complete resolution of a drug, thalidomide could be achieved on the chiral stationary phase with the polymeric chiral surface functionality, while no resolution was found on that with the monomeric one even if the same chiral methacrylamide was used as a modifier to prepare the chiral stationary phases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35 : 2747–2757, 1997     

Carboxylic acids as substrates in homogeneous catalysis

In organic molecules carboxylic acid groups are among the most common functionalities. Activated derivatives of carboxylic acids have long served as versatile connection points in derivatizations and in the construction of carbon frameworks. In more recent years numerous catalytic transformations have been discovered which have made it possible for carboxylic acids to be used as building blocks without the need for additional activation steps. A large number of different product classes have become accessible from this single functionality along multifaceted reaction pathways. The frontispiece illustrates an important reason for this: In the catalytic cycles carbon monoxide gas can be released from acyl metal complexes, and gaseous carbon dioxide from carboxylate complexes, with different organometallic species being formed in each case. Thus, carboxylic acids can be used as synthetic equivalents of acyl, aryl, or alkyl halides, as well as organometallic reagents. This review provides an overview of interesting catalytic transformations of carboxylic acids and a number of derivatives accessible from them in situ. It serves to provide an invitation to complement, refine, and use these new methods in organic synthesis.     

球状功能性烟草花叶病毒纳米颗粒的制备及表征

烟草花叶病毒(TMV)由于其良好的生物相容性、单分散性、多价性、低成本等优点,已作为功能材料的基本构筑单元应用于光电器件、组织工程、疫苗载体,无机纳米材料制备等研究领域。然而,相比于棒状的TMV,球状TMV纳米颗粒无核酸分子,抗环境影响能力更强,比表面积更大。本文利用蛋白质的热致变性原理,对经基因和化学改性后的棒状TMV如半胱氨酸突变体(TMV-Cys)、赖氨酸突变体(TMV-EPMK)和β-环糊精(β-CD)修饰的TMV(TMV-β-CD)进行热变性处理,探究其形成球型纳米颗粒(TMV-SNP)的能力及功能性。结果显示,改性后的TMV经历热变性后可得到形貌均一的球型纳米颗粒,且其暴露在纳米颗粒表面的功能基团Cys、Lys和β-CD仍具有反应活性。     

The Ability of Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy to Predict Functional Properties in Foods: Challenges and Opportunities

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is considered one of the main routine analytical methods used by the food industry. This technique is utilised to determine proximate chemical compositions (e.g., protein, dry matter, fat and fibre) of a wide range of food ingredients and products. Novel algorithms and new instrumentation are allowing the development of new applications of NIR spectroscopy in the field of food science and technology. Specifically, several studies have reported the use of NIR spectroscopy to evaluate or measure functional properties in both food ingredients and products in addition to their chemical composition. This mini-review highlights and discussed the applications, challenges and opportunities that NIR spectroscopy offers to target the quantification and measurement of food functionality in dairy and cereals.