Field measured pre-stress concrete losses versus design code estimates

In Florida, pre-stressed concrete bridges with a hybrid structural configuration, consisting of simply supported girders and continuous deck units providing composite action, are prevalent. In this study, an actual bridge with this configuration is instrumented with embedded vibrating wire strain gages during construction. The axial strain data are utilized to determine the time-dependent pre-stress loss variation and distribution in the pre-tensioned concrete girders used for the bridge. In this paper, however, we discuss the bridge instrumentation and monitoring technique used, and the deduced pre-stress losses obtained from field-measured strains up to 150 days, before placement of the composite slab. A comparison of the measured loss with the estimates of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) indicates that the field-measured pre-stress loss is non-uniform across the girder depth, opposed to a uniform distribution implicitly assumed in most codes. The measured pre-stress variation is used in computing the concrete stress distribution in the girder at different depths within the given cross-section. When compared to the concrete stress from using the PCI and AASHTO suggested losses, the stress distribution resulting fron using the field-measured loss is found to be non-linear, and in most cases higher.     

3-D PTV measurement of Marangoni convection in liquid bridge in space experiment

Microgravity experiments have been conducted on the International Space Station in order to clarify the transition processes of the Marangoni convection in liquid bridges of high Prandtl number fluid. The use of microgravity allows us to generate large liquid bridges, 30?mm in diameter and up to 60?mm in length. Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3-D PTV) is used to reveal complex flow patterns that appear after the transition of the flow field to oscillatory states. It is found that a standing-wave oscillation having an azimuthal mode number equal to one appears in the long liquid bridges. For the liquid bridge 45?mm in length, the oscillation of the flow field is observed in a meridional plane of the liquid bridge, and the flow field exhibits the presence of multiple vortical structures traveling from the heated disk toward the cooled disk. Such flow behaviors are shown to be associated with the propagation of surface temperature fluctuations visualized with an IR camera. These results indicate that the oscillation of the flow and temperature field is due to the propagation of the hydrothermal waves. Their characteristics are discussed in comparison with some previous results with long liquid bridges. It is shown that the axial wavelength of the hydrothermal wave observed presently is comparable to the length of the liquid bridge and that this result disagrees with the previous linear stability analysis for an infinitely long liquid bridge.     

On the breakup of slender liquid bridges: Experiments and a 1-D numerical analysis

Slender axisymmetric dielectric liquid bridges are made stable by the action of an axial electric field. In this paper, the subsequent dynamics of a slender liquid bridge after turning off the electric field is considered. The evolution in time of the bridge profile is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A one-dimensional model is used to simulate the dynamic response of the system. Experiments are performed applying an axial electric field to a liquid bridge of 1 mm of diameter, and turning-off the electric field. The evolution of the liquid bridge is recorded using a video camera, and the digitized images are analysed. Good agreement between computations and experiments is found.     

An experimental study of the liquid film on a vertical wire under the action of an impinging annular jet

The liquid film remaining on a wire withdrawn from a liquid bath and forced through an annular jet is experimentally investigated on a dedicated facility. An optical laser-based technique recently introduced to study liquid-film instabilities on small-radius cylinders allows the measurement of the mean final thickness and wave characteristics. Experimental results are compared to analytical predictions obtained with a simple model specifically derived for this configuration and based on liquid-film properties (density, viscosity and surface tension) and operating parameters (wire speed, nozzle dimensions and stagnation pressure). Such a model relies on the knowledge of pressure-gradient and wall shear-stress distributions generated by the annular jet radially impinging on the cylinder. Different correlations providing the maxima of these profiles are employed and, after some improvements to the original “knife” model, the mean final thickness is correctly predicted. Successful results are obtained, also, using a simple expression derived from the LLD theory. The experimental measurement of surface-perturbation features (wave amplitude, wavelength and amplification factor) as a function of the operating parameters leads to some important conclusions that could have a remarkable and direct influence on the industrial process of wire coating.     

青洲斜拉桥的基准动力有限元模型

讨论了斜拉桥有限元动力分析模型,给出了基于环境振动试验结果建立大跨度斜拉桥基准有限元模型的步骤;讨论了桥面初始平衡构型、几何非线性、桥面板、混凝土桥面板与钢梁的剪力连接和端部纵向约束对模型的影响。经通车前现场环境振动试验结果验证的青洲闽江斜拉桥三维有限元模型,反映了桥梁在运营前的真实动力行为,可作为该桥各种复杂响应分析和长期健康监测、使用状态评估的基准。     

Simplified experimental calibration for a tridilosa-type bridge finite element model

In this work, a simplified experimental calibration procedure of a tridilosa-type highway bridge finite element model is presented. Under static loading conditions, vertical deflections and longitudinal stress values of bridge midspan bar elements were used as reference parameters. Natural frequencies obtained through a finite element model are then compared with those obtained through experimental measurements. Good experimental-model correlation for the first two frequencies and corresponding mode shapes was obtained. Based on the results, improvements for future experimental instrumentation configurations and measurement for these types of bridges are presented and discussed.     

液桥中不同Prandtl数流体的热毛细对流

本文研究从上面加热的液桥中不同 pr 数流体的热表面张力驱动对流。在 Ma 数相同的条件下,不同 pr 数流体液桥中的温度分布和流场结构定性相似,但定量结果不同。小pr数(pr<<1)流体液桥中的粘性边界层远小于热边界层,最大流函数所在位置向冷端偏移,有较大的流动速度。结果表明,Ma 数是描述这种流动的敏感参数。     

Experimental study of the stability of long axisymmetric liquid bridges between solid supports at different temperatures

The stability of axisymmetric, long liquid bridges held captive between two coaxial, circular solid disks kept at different temperatures is considered. Because of the temperature difference between the supporting disks, a thermally-induced surface tension gradient and its associated flow (Marangoni convection) appear in the liquid column, modifying (decreasing) the capillary stability of the bridge. The influence on the stability limits of long, axisymmetric liquid bridges of the combined effect of gravity acceleration and thermally induced surface tension gradients was experimentally analyzed by using very small size liquid bridges (between disks 1 mm in diameter). Experimental results are compared with available analytical results.     

Liquid bridge force between two unequal-sized spheres or a sphere and a plane

Liquid bridge force acting between wet particles is an important property in particle characterization. This paper deals with liquid bridge force between either two unequal-sized spherical particles or a sphere and a flat plate under conditions where gravitational effect arising from bridge distortion is negligible. In order to calculate the force of the liquid bridge efficiently and accurately, expressions of liquid configuration and liquid bridge force were derived by building a mechanical model, which assumes the liquid bridge to be circular in shape between either two unequal-sized spheres or a sphere and a plane. To assess the accuracy of the numerical results of the calculated liquid bridge forces, they were compared to the published experimental data.     

Nonlinear instability of an annular liquid sheet exposed to gas flow

Nonlinear instability and breakup of an annular liquid sheet has been modeled in this paper. The liquid sheet is considered to move axially and is exposed to co-flowing inner and outer gas streams. Also, the effect of outer gas swirl on sheet breakup has been studied. In the developed model a perturbation expansion method has been used with the initial magnitude of the disturbance as the perturbation parameter. This is a comprehensive model in that other geometries of planar sheet and a coaxial jet can be obtained as limiting cases of very large inner radius and inner radius equal to zero, respectively. In this temporal analysis, the effect of liquid Weber number, initial disturbance amplitude, inner gas-to-liquid velocity ratio, outer gas-to-liquid velocity ratio and outer gas swirl strength on the breakup time is investigated. The model is validated by comparison with earlier analytical studies for the limiting case of a planar sheet as well as with experimental data of sheet breakup length available in literature. It is shown that the linear theory cannot predict breakup of an annular sheet and the developed nonlinear model is necessary to accurately determine the breakup length. In the limiting case of a coaxial jet, results show that gas swirl destabilizes the jet, makes helical modes dominant compared to the axisymmetric mode and decreases jet breakup length. These results contradict earlier linear analyses and agree with experimental observations. For an annular sheet, it is found that gas flow hastens the sheet breakup process and shorter breakup lengths are obtained by increasing the inner and the outer gas velocity. Axially moving inner gas stream is more effective in disintegrating the annular sheet compared to axially moving outer gas stream. When both gas streams are moving axially, the liquid sheet breakup is quicker compared to that with any one gas stream. In the absence of outer gas swirl, the axisymmetric mode is the dominant instability mode. However, when outer gas flow has a swirl component higher helical modes become dominant. With increasing outer gas swirl strength, the maximum disturbance growth rate increases and the most unstable circumferential wave number increases resulting in a highly asymmetric sheet breakup with shorter breakup lengths and thinner ligaments.     

A study on the period of the free lateral vibration of the beam bridge by the theory of the orthotropic rectangular plate

Conclusion The frequency of the right, simple beam bridges is discussed by the laboratory study on the model beam bridges and the field tests on existing beam bridges in this paper, but furthermore, the application to the skew beam bridge or to the continuous beam bridge and the problem of forced vibration should be studied.Even if more exact studies are necessary, it is made sure by the study in this paper that the theory of the orthotropic plate is proper to the analysis of the free lateral vibration of the beam bridge and sufficient enough for practical purpose, especially for the beam bridge of which the width is almost equal to the span.     

Force and shapes of liquid bridges between circular pads

An analytical model is presented relating the shape of an axisymmetric liquid bridge in terms of volume,v, height,h, bounding radius,r, and contact angle, , to the residual force,f, resulting from the surface tension at the liquid-vapor interface. The model is based on the assumption that gravity is negligible and the surface of the liquid bridge possesses constant mean curvature. Measurements are made of the height, bounding radius, contact angle and force for known volumes of individual, axisymmetric liquid bridges between parallel plates. Force and height comparisons are made for mercury on aluminum plates, mercury on polysiloxane-coated plates and water on polysiloxane-coated plates in air for dimensionless volumes (v/r ³) of 10 and 18. Comparisons with model predictions are also made for mercury bridges spanning a contact angle range between 138 deg and 150 deg. Finally, the shapes of liquid bridges are compared to analytical predictions. The results suggest that the constant mean curvature model, even when gravity is neglected, is an appropriate design tool that can be useful for specifying solder volumes and standoff heights for solder grid array packages.     

桥梁结构静动力性能分析及其CAD微机系统

本文介绍了桥梁结构的力学计算方法，对桥梁结构ＣＡＤ系统的研制和设计方法进行了初步探讨，并列举应用实例说明了平面连续梁模型和空间有限元模型计算结果的区别，表明对桥梁结构进行全面的力学性能计算分析是十分必要的．     

Assessment of nonlinear seismic performance of a restored historical arch bridge using ambient vibrations

Historic masonry arch bridges are vital components of transportation systems in many countries worldwide, ensuring the ready access of goods and services to millions of people. The structural failure of these historic structures would severely and adversely impact the economies of these nations due to the massive disruptions of transportation systems accompanying such failures. To successfully maintain these aging masonry structures, performance assessment must incorporate the unique mechanical characteristics of masonry. Therefore, the preferred analysis technique must go beyond a linear approach. This study assesses the earthquake performance of a restored historical masonry arch bridge through nonlinear finite element analysis incorporating the Drucker–Prager damage criterion. The case study structure is the Mikron Arch Bridge, a nineteenth century Ottoman Era structure built over the Firtina River near Rize, Turkey, and restored in 1998. The Mikron Arch Bridge was first subjected to ambient vibration testing, during which accelerometers were placed at several points on the bridge span to record the bridge vibratory response. The investigators then used Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification techniques to extract the experimental natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios from these measurements. Experimental results were compared with those obtained by the linear finite element analysis of the bridge. Good agreement between mode shapes was observed during this comparison, though natural frequencies disagree by 8–10%. The boundary conditions of the linear finite element model of Mikron Arch Bridge are adjusted such that the analytical predictions agree with the ambient vibration test results. By introducing the Drucker–Prager damage criterion, the calibrated linear FE model was next extended into a nonlinear model. Nonlinear analysis of seismic behavior of Mikron arch bridge was performed considering the acceleration record of Erzincan earthquake in 1992 that occurred near the Mikron Bridge region. The displacement and stress results were observed to be allowable level of the stone material. Moreover, linear FE model calibrations elicited a significant influence on the nonlinear FE model simulations.     

大跨度斜拉桥动力特性分析

本文提出一种计算大距度钢桁梁斜拉桥动力特性的方法。文中分别采用桁段有限单元、空间梁元、空间杆元计算斜拉桥中桁架，桥塔、拉索的刚度矩阵与质量矩阵，采用子空间迭代法求解特征方程，所得结果可供设计参考。     

Non-linear response of a liquid bridge to a sinusoidal acceleration under microgravity

An experiment was performed aboard a sounding rocket on a long cylindrical liquid bridge, aiming at discerning the real transfer function of this liquid configuration to small acceleration loads, quantified by the liquid free-surface deformation divided by the axially imposed acceleration. The results were, however, in great discrepancy with theoretical predictions, showing asymmetric jumps of high amplitude in the evolution of the radial deformation of the liquid bridge, instead of a symmetric sinusoidal radial deformation (axisymmetry was preserved). It has been found now that a non-linear dynamic model perfectly explains this unexpected behaviour.     

Parametric resonance of steel bridges pylons due to periodic traffic loads

This paper deals with the parametric resonance of steel bridges pylons due to time-depended traffic loads. The analysis follows the basic lines of Bolotin’s technique for the solution of nonlinear problems of dynamic instability. In this work, the cases of forced vibrating pylons with and without damping subjected to periodic external dynamic forces acting axially are investigated. The effect of bridge vibration due to traffic loads has been also taken into account. Through the aforementioned technique, useful results regarding the dynamic stability of pylons are obtained, and illustrative examples for various cases of geometry and loading are presented in the form of plots and diagrams.     

斜拉桥合理成桥状态确定的序列二次规划法

本文首先介绍斜拉桥合理成桥状态的概念和现有的斜拉桥索力优化方法。然后基于序列二次规划(SQP)算法,提出了一种用于确定斜拉桥成桥合理状态的实用方法,序列二次规划法。该方法通过建立斜拉桥索力优化的非线性规划模型,以斜拉桥主梁和索塔的弯曲应变能为目标函数,以各斜拉索的索力为设计变量,结构的应力和索力为约束条件,并计人大跨度斜拉桥各种几何非线性因素的影响,采用强次可行序列二次规划法进行优化求解,确定斜拉桥成桥合理状态的索力。运用该方法和空间非线性有限元分析程序分析了某斜拉桥的合理成桥状态,计算结果表明该方法简单、有效。     

Nonlinear parametric modeling of suspension bridges under aeroelastic forces: torsional divergence and flutter

A fully nonlinear model of suspension bridges parameterized by one single space coordinate is proposed to describe overall three-dimensional motions. The nonlinear equations of motion are obtained via a direct total Lagrangian formulation and the kinematics, for the deck-girder and the suspension cables, feature the finite displacements of the associated base lines and the flexural and torsional rotations of the deck cross-sections assumed rigid in their own planes. The strain-displacement relationships for the generalized strain parameters, the elongations in the cables, the deck elongation, and the three curvatures, retain the full geometric nonlinearities. The proposed nonlinear model with its full extensional-flexural-torsional coupling is employed to study the torsional divergence caused by the static part of the wind-induced forces. Two suspension bridges are considered as case studies: the Runyang bridge (main span 1,490?m) and the Hu Men bridge (main span 888?m) in China. The evaluation of the onset of the static instability and the post-critical behavior takes into account the prestressed condition of the bridge subject to dead loads. The dynamic bifurcation that occurs at the onset of flutter is also studied accounting for the prestressed equilibrium state about which the equations of motion are obtained via an updated Lagrangian formulation. Such a bifurcation is investigated in the context of the parametric nonlinear model considering the model parameters of the Runyang Suspension Bridge together with its aeroelastic derivatives. The calculated critical wind speeds for the onset of the static and dynamic bifurcations are compared with the results obtained via linear analysis and the main differences are highlighted. Parametric sensitivity studies are carried out to assess the influence of the design parameters on the instabilities associated with the bridge aeroelastic response.