Can simple enones be useful partners for the catalytic stereoselective alkylation of indoles?

A new catalytic system for the first example of enantioselective Friedel-Crafts-type (FC) addition of indoles to simple enones is described. The use of an equimolar amount of chiral [Al(salen)Cl] and 2,6-lutidine (10 mol %) was found to be effective in promoting the conjugate addition of indoles to (E)-arylcrotyl ketones, furnishing the corresponding beta-indolyl ketones in excellent yield and high enantioselectivity (ee up to 89%). The role of the base was investigated through spectroscopic as well as computational analyses, which suggested that in situ formation of a new chiral (base.[Al(salen)]) complex was operating under our reaction conditions. In particular, a stable cationic [Al(salen)] hexacoordinate trans complex with the additive base and the enone is suggested as being responsible for the stereocontrolled reaction. Finally, detailed monitoring of the reaction course was carried out showing that a conventional FC pathway induced by [Al(salen)Cl] acting as a Lewis acid is operating.     

Asymmetric ring opening of terminal epoxides via kinetic resolution catalyzed by chiral (salen)Co mixture

The highly enantioselective hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of racemic terminal epoxides by bimetallic chiral (salen)Co and (salen)Co(III)-OAc mixture provides a simple and effective method for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched terminal epoxides (ee > 99%) and diols. At the equimolar amounts of bimetallic chiral (salen)Co and (salen)Co(II)-OAc, the catalytic activity increases more than two times in comparison with (salen)Co(III)-OAc used alone. The mixed catalytic system can be recycled and reused. No significant loss of catalytic activity was observed after three runs.     

A highly chemoselective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl products with iodosobenzene diacetate mediated by chromium(III)(salen) complexes: synthetic and mechanistic aspects

[reaction: see text] The catalytic oxidation of the allylic alcohols 1d-n with iodosobenzene diacetate, mediated by the [Cr(III)(salen)]X complex, affords the respective enones in excellent chemoselectivity for Cl(-) as counterion [complex A(Cl)], while for the counterions TfO(-) [complex A(TfO)] and PF(6)(-) [complex A(PF(6)())] nearly equal amounts of enone and epoxide are observed. This counterion-dependent oxidation of allylic alcohols by Cr(III)(salen) complexes is rationalized in terms of Lewis acid catalysis by the complex A(Cl) and redox catalysis for A(TfO) and A(PF(6)()).     

离子液体功能化手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)配合物不对称催化仲醇氧化动力学拆分反应

采用共价键联法,将亲水性咪唑类离子液体结构引入手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)配合物的C5位,制备了离子液体功能化手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)配合物.傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外光谱和旋光分析等结果表明,咪唑类离子液体结构已嫁接到手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)配合物结构中,且嫁接过程未破坏催化活性中心.在以PhI(OAc)2为氧化剂,H2O/CH2Cl2为溶剂的(+/-)-α-甲基苯甲醇不对称氧化动力学拆分反应中,该催化剂表现出比传统手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂更高的催化活性,仲醇的转化率达到63%以上,对映选择性为99%,拆分效率为18.3%.可通过调变溶剂实现催化剂的分离并重复使用3次以上.实验结果表明,亲水性咪唑离子液体可改善水相反应传质问题且有利于稳定催化活性中间体,从而提高催化活性及稳定性.     

Enantioselective allylation of alkyl glyoxylates catalyzed by (salen)chromium(III) complexes

The enantioselective addition of allylstannanes and allylsilanes to alkyl glyoxylates of type 1, catalyzed by chiral (salen)Cr(III) complexes 3, has been studied. We have found that the reaction proceeded smoothly for low loading (1-2 mol %) of (1R,2R)-(salen)Cr(III)BF₄3a or (1R,2R)-(salen)Cr(III)ClO₄3c, and allyltributyltin under simple, undemanding conditions, affording (R)-2-hydroxypent-4-enoic acid esters 2 in good yield (61-90%) and enantioselectivity (58-76% ee).     

Enantioselective aminolytic kinetic resolution (AKR) of epoxides catalyzed by recyclable polymeric Cr(III) salen complexes

Polymeric chiral Cr(III) salen complexes catalyzed regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective aminolytic kinetic resolution (AKR) of trans-stilbene oxide, trans-β-methyl styrene oxide, and 6-CN-chromene oxide proceeded smoothly at room temperature, providing the desired anti-β-amino alcohols in high yields and enantiomeric excess (up to 100%).     

A new heterogeneous chiral (salen)manganese(III) system for enantioselective epoxidation of non‐functionalized olefins

This communication describes the design and application of a novel catalytic epoxidation system derived from the initial immobilization of a homogeneous sulfonato (salen)Mn(III) complex on two solid carriers (silica gel and siliceous earth) and subsequent dispersion of the supported manganese complexes into ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMImPF₆) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF₄) for recycling. The performance of chiral (salen)Mn(III) system in enantioselective epoxidation of olefins was investigated systematically. Even higher enantioselectivity than that of the homogeneous counterpart was obtained with similar catalytic activity. In particular, the best catalytic result is that the combination of the silica gel‐supported (salen)Mn(III) catalyst and BMImPF₆ affords 97–100% ee for epoxidation of α‐methylstyrene, and high ee values were retained even after three cycles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enantioselective glyoxylate-ene reactions catalysed by (salen)chromium(III) complexes

An enantioselective carbonyl-ene reaction of alkyl glyoxylates with various 1,1-disubstituted olefins, catalysed by chiral (salen)Cr(III)BF₄ complexes, has been studied. We found that a chromium complex bearing adamantyl substituents at the 3,3′-positions of the salicylidene moiety catalysed the reaction with much greater selectively than the classic Jacobsen-type catalyst. The reaction proceeded effectively under undemanding conditions in the presence of 2 mol % of the catalyst in an acceptable yield and with 59-92% ee.     

The first catalytic asymmetric addition of dialkylzincs to alpha-ketoesters

[formula: see text] The first catalytic, enantioselective addition of organoznic reagents to alpha-ketoesters is described. Modular bifunctional salen catalysts that contain Lewis acid and Lewis base activating groups accelerate the carbonyl addition to a much greater extent than the competing carbonyl reduction. alpha-Hydroxyesters containing new quaternary stereogenic centers are obtained in high yield and moderate enantiomeric excess. Enrichment to 98% ee can be effected by recrystallization of the corresponding alpha-hydroxy acid.     

Enantioselective parallel synthesis using polymer-supported chiral Co(salen) complexes

[formula: see text] The kinetic resolution of epoxides with phenols catalyzed by a polymer-supported Co(salen) complex is applied to the first enantioselective catalytic synthesis of parallel libraries. The corresponding 1-aryloxy-2-alcohols are obtained in high yield, purity, and enantiomeric excess. Further elaboration with diversity elements provides highly efficient access to important classes of pharmacologically active compounds.     

Cyano-bridged Mn(III)3M(III) (M(III) = Fe, Cr) complexes: synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties

Two cyano-bridged tetranuclear complexes composed of Mn(III) salen (salen = N,N'-ethylene bis(salicylideneiminate)) and hexacyanometalate(III) (M = Fe, Cr) in a stoichiometry of 3:1 have been selectively synthesized using {NH2(n-C12H25)2}3[M(III)(CN)6] (M(III) = Fe, Cr) starting materials: [{Mn(salen)(EtOH)}3{M(CN)6}] (M = Fe, 1; Cr, 2). Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural with a T-shaped structure, in which [M(CN)6]3- assumes a meridional-tridentate building block to bind three [Mn(salen)(EtOH)]+ units. The strong frequency dependence and observation of hysteresis on the field dependence of the magnetization indicate that 1 is a single-molecule magnet.     

Catalytic asymmetric allylation of aldehydes using the chiral (salen)chromium(III) complexes

The enantioselective addition of allylstannanes to glyoxylates and glyoxals, as well as simple aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, catalyzed by chiral (salen)Cr(III) complexes, has been studied. The reaction proceeded smoothly for the reactive 2-oxoaldehydes and allyltributyltin in the presence of small amounts (1-2 mol %) of (salen)Cr(III)BF₄ (1b) under mild, undemanding conditions. However, in the case of other simple aldehydes, the use of high-pressure conditions is required to obtain good yields. Classic chromium catalyst 1b, easily prepared from the commercially available chloride complex 1a, affords homoallylic alcohols usually in good yield and with enantiomeric purity of 50-79% ee. The stereochemical results are rationalized on the basis of the proposed model.     

Polymer-supported salen complexes for heterogeneous asymmetric synthesis: Stability and selectivity

This paper details the enantioselective performance of styrene/divinylbenzene-supported Mn- and Cr-based salen complexes for the epoxidation of olefins and the ring-opening of epoxides to azido-silyl ethers. The Mn catalyst produced the epoxides of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, styrene, and cis-β-methylstyrene with enantiomeric excesses (ee's) of 46, 9, and 79%, respectively. For the Cr catalyst, the enantioselective ring-opening of epoxyhexane, propylene oxide, and cyclohexene oxide with trimethylsilyl azide proceeded with ee's of 34, 36, and 6%, respectively. Upon recycle of these heterogeneous catalysts, a degradation process was noted for the Mn-catalyst under the conditions for epoxidation that resulted in oxidation and decomposition of the ligand. This process also affects the homogeneous catalyst, thereby limiting the recyclability of both the homogeneous Mn catalyst and its heterogenized version for this reaction. The Cr-catalyzed reaction to ring-open epoxides employs milder conditions and allowed reuse of the heterogeneous catalyst without loss of activity or enantioselectivity through three runs with epoxyhexane. During reaction, the leaching of Cr from the heterogeneous catalyst is less than 0.1%, suggesting possible reuse of the catalyst over hundreds of cycles before reloading the polymer-supported salen ligand with metal would be necessary. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3888–3898, 1999     

Catalytic asymmetric total syntheses of quinine and quinidine

The catalytic, asymmetric syntheses of quinine and quinidine were achieved in 16 steps. The recently developed salen(Al)-catalyzed enantioselective Michael addition of methyl cyanoacetate served to set the crucial C4 stereocenter in 92% ee, and a late-stage asymmetric dihydroxylation was used to differentiate the common intermediate and access the two desired diastereomeric products with high selectivity.     

Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched β-hydroxy selenides by catalytic asymmetric ring opening of meso-epoxides with (phenylseleno)silanes

The first example of the enantioselective ring opening of meso-epoxides by (phenylseleno)silanes using salen(Cr)complexes as catalyst is described. This desymmetrization reaction constitutes a simple and convenient approach to synthetically versatile optically active β-hydroxy selenides.     

Anodic aluminium oxide catalytic membranes for asymmetric epoxidation

Catechol-functionalized (salen)Mn complexes can be supported on mesoporous anodized aluminium oxide disks to yield catalytic membranes that are highly active in the enantioselective epoxidation of olefins when being deployed in a forced-through-flow reactor.     

Two novel cyanide-bridged bimetallic magnetic chains derived from manganese(III) Schiff bases and hexacyanochromate(III) building blocks

Two novel complexes, [{Mn(salen)}(2){Mn(salen)(CH(3)OH)}{Cr(CN)(6)}](n)·2nCH(3)CN·nCH(3)OH (1) and [Mn(5-Clsalmen)(CH(3)OH)(H(2)O)](2n)[{Mn(5-Clsalmen)(μ-CN)}Cr(CN)(5)](n)·5.5nH(2)O (2) (salen(2-) = N,N'-ethylene-bis(salicylideneiminato) dianion; 5-Clsalmen(2-) = N,N'-(1-methylethylene)-bis(5-chlorosalicylideneiminato) dianion), were synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The structural analyses show that complex 1 consists of one-dimensional (1D) alternating chains formed by the [{Cr(CN)(6)}{Mn(salen)}(4){Mn(salen)(CH(3)OH)}(2)](3+) heptanuclear cations and [Cr(CN)(6)](3-) anions. While in complex 2, the hexacyanochromate(III) anion acts as a bis-monodentate ligand through two trans-cyano groups to bridge two [Mn(5-Clsalmen)](+) cations to form a straight chain. The magnetic analysis indicates that complex 1 shows three-dimensional (3D) antiferromagnetic ordering with the Ne?el temperature of 5.0 K, and it is a metamagnet displaying antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic transition at a critical field of about 2.6 kOe at 2 K. Complex 2 behaves as a molecular magnet with Tc = 3.0 K.     

Direct and Post‐Synthesis Incorporation of Chiral Metallosalen Catalysts into Metal–Organic Frameworks for Asymmetric Organic Transformations

Two chiral porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were constructed from [VO(salen)]‐derived dicarboxylate and dipyridine bridging ligands. After oxidation of V^IV to V^V, they were found to be highly effective, recyclable, and reusable heterogeneous catalysts for the asymmetric cyanosilylation of aldehydes with up to 95 % ee. Solvent‐assisted linker exchange (SALE) treatment of the pillared‐layer MOF with [Cr(salen)Cl]‐ or [Al(salen)Cl]‐derived dipyridine ligands led to the formation of mixed‐linker metallosalen‐based frameworks and incorporation of [Cr(salen)] enabled its use as a heterogeneous catalyst in the asymmetric epoxide ring‐opening reaction.     

手性(salen) Co配合物的合成及其在水解动力学拆分中的应用

综述了近几年来手性(salen) Co金属配合物的合成及其在水解动力学拆分末端环氧化合物中的应用。设计更合适的配体、发展可重复利用的催化剂、对催化剂及催化体系进行理论和模拟是当前乃至今后该领域研究工作的重点。     

A cellulose-supported Mn(salen)Cl complex as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols

[Mn(salen)Cl-cellulose] was synthesized by immobilization of homogeneous Mn(salen)Cl complex on cellulose and characterized by FT-IR, TGA and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The resulted catalyst exhibited moderate to high reactivity in the oxidation of benzylic alcohols into carbonyl compounds using oxone as oxidant in ambient conditions. The catalytic activity of Mn(salen)Cl and [Mn(salen)Cl-cellulose] in this reaction was investigated. The heterogeneous catalyst showed higher catalytic activity with respect to neat Mn(salen)Cl complex.