Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Characterisation of 17th–20th Century Calcographic and Xylographic Inks

 The aim of this paper is to optimize the analytical method for the characterisation of 17th–20th century calcographic and xylographic inks. It is very important to use not only non destructive techniques, but also analytical instruments that require a minimal amount of material so as to analyze unique or valuable samples, and simultaneously to obtain as much information as possible about their composition. This study compares different ways of sample preparation for further analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It has been possible to analyze the most important absorptions that appear in the spectra and therefore to associate them with the compounds contained in inks. Some of the compounds identified are: hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate), Prussian blue (ferric ferrocyanide), linseed oil, carbonates, nitrates and sulfates. Received January 10, 1999. Revision March 17, 1999.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法应用于水-乙醇溶液中海南霉素的测定

随着化学计量学方法处理光谱重叠和光谱采样技术的发展,红外光谱应用于多组份同时定量分析和过程分析的研究日益受到人们的关注^[1～5].海南霉素(C₄₇H₇₉O₁₅Na,分子量907.122)是国家一类新药,用于防治鸡球虫病,易溶于有机溶剂,不溶于水.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定辐照鱼油中2-烷基环丁酮

提出了固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定辐照鱼油中2-烷基环丁酮(2-十二烷基环丁酮和2-十四烷基环丁酮)含量的方法。0.300g辐照鱼油样品用正己烷溶解,ProElut Silica固相萃取柱净化。在气相色谱分离中用HP-5MS色谱柱为固定相,在质谱分析中采用选择离子监测模式。2种2-烷基环丁酮的质量浓度均在0.01~1.0mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的测定下限(10S/N)为10μg·kg-1。加标回收率在91.2%~96.0%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在3.7%~5.9%之间。     

碳酸二甲酯在固体碱上吸附和活化的原位红外光谱研究

采用原位红外技术研究了碳酸二甲酯在氧化镁、氟化镁、镁铝复合氧化物和氟改性的镁铝复合氧化物4种固体碱表面上的吸附和活化行为。结果表明:碳酸二甲酯以单、双齿两种形态吸附于固体碱的表面,双齿吸附的比单齿吸附的更易活化。碳酸二甲酯吸附于氧化镁和镁铝复合氧化物上活化生成甲氧基,吸附于氟化镁上活化生成甲氟基;而吸附于氟改性的镁铝复合氧化物上优先活化生成甲氟基,随着吸附表面温度的升高,逐渐有甲氧基生成,说明氟改性的镁铝复合氧化物是一种优良的甲基化反应催化剂。     

重金属在黄铁矿中的相态及其释放的分级提取和漫反射红外光谱分析

以分级提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱考察了黄铁矿中重金属的相态分布。结果表明,黄铁矿中的重金属以Pb为主,总量达830mg/kg,并且酸可交换态Pb主要存在于碳酸盐相中或直接以PbS形式存在,这部分Pb达56.9%;易还原态Pb主要存在于铁氧化物相中,为29.7%;可氧化态和残余态Pb存在于硫化物相和硅酸盐相中,分别为3.5%和9.9%。黄铁矿在自然条件下以Pb释放为主,Cr和Cd的释放也不容忽视。漫反射红外光谱表征发现,黄铁矿在表面氧化过程中,其表面羟基增强,表明存在表面溶解及表面酸化现象。进一步的机理探讨认为,重金属在黄铁矿表面存在一种“溶解-吸附”平衡,这一平衡由黄铁矿表面氧化和碳酸盐中和作用共同控制,并决定重金属的释放及迁移。     

大气中痕量气体污染物的傅里叶变换红外光谱分析

本文从两种类型的长光程气体红外吸收方法的角度，介绍了傅里叶变换红外光谱在大气痕量气体污染物分析中的应用，并评述了它的现状和发展前景。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法测定水体中4种硝基呋喃类药物

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法测定水体中呋喃西林、呋喃它酮、呋喃妥因、呋喃唑酮等4种硝基呋喃类药物的含量。样品经HLB固相萃取柱净化后,用氨水-甲醇(5+95)溶液洗脱。以BEH C18色谱柱为分离柱,以乙腈和含有0.1%(体积分数)甲酸的2mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液以体积比23比77组成的混合液为流动相,在检测波长360nm处进行测定。4种硝基呋喃类药物的质量浓度均在5.0~200μg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.02μg·L-1。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在84.5%~97.2%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.5%~4.5%之间。     

全自动固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中多氯联苯总量

应用全自动固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中多氯联苯6个Aroclor系列的总量。以特征"指纹峰"为定性依据,用外标法定量。优化的固相萃取条件为:1固相萃取柱为Bond Elut C18柱;2水样体积1.0L;3水样流量10mL·min-1;4洗脱剂为15mL二氯甲烷和15mL乙酸乙酯。用DB-5MS柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测。各多氯联苯的线性范围均为7.0~140.0μg·L-1,检出限均为0.7μg·L-1。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在70.1%~90.0%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在4.3%~6.6%之间。     

On-Line Solid Phase Extraction and Simultaneous Determination of Hafnium and Zirconium by ICP–Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

A new simple flow injection analysis (FIA) system is described for on-line preconcentration by solid phase extraction and simultaneous determination of Hf and Zr in different samples using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy with a charge coupling detector (CCD). Quinalizarin (QA) was loaded on an octadecyl silica-polyethylene mini-column for the retention of Hf and Zr ions in complexed form. A 0.3 M ammonium acetate was used as buffer for providing suitable conditions for complexation and increasing reproducibility. Retained ions on the solid phase were then eluted by a solution containing 3.0 M HCl and 0.5 M HNO₃. In this work, for reducing bandwidths of eluted ions, elution of minicolumn was carried out from opposite direction. The same solution was used as both carrier and eluent, in order to increase the reproducibility. The eluted ions were introduced into the conventional nebulizer of ICP–AES instrument. Effects of different parameters, including instrumental parameters of ICP and FIA were optimized. An enrichment factor of 330 for each analyte ion was obtained at a concentration level of 80 ppb. The detection limits of the proposed method for Hf and Zr were 0.16 ng mL⁻¹ and 0.04 ng mL⁻¹ respectively. The ability of the method for the recovery of Hf and Zr ions was tested in the presence of several diverse metal ions in a synthetic mixture and some real matrices. It was also applied to the determination of Zr and Hf ions in a standard soil and in a standard alloy as real samples.     

Authentication of Camellia oleifera Abel Oil by Near Infrared Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy

Adulteration of Camellia oleifera Abel. oil with other cheaper oil has been a long‐term problem in Taiwan because the price of Camellia oleifera Abel. oil is much higher than that of other edible oils due to its distinguished physiological properties. To develop an efficient method for determining the authenticity of Camellia oleifera Abel. oil is of great importance. In previous study (Appl. Spectrosc. 2003 , 57, 413), we showed that the Raman intensity ratio of ν₁₆₅₆/ν₁₄₃₉ was capable of reflecting precisely the degree of unsaturation in edible oils. Accordingly, we further present this Raman method to determine the authenticity of Camellia oleifera Abel. oil. It showed that the intensity ratio (I_{ν1656/ν1439}) changed concomitantly with the magnitude of double bonds in the binary mixtures of Camellia oleifera Abel. oil blended with other edible oil. A linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.9938) between the Raman intensity ratio of ν₁₆₅₆/ν₁₄₃₉ and the percentage of Camellia oleifera Abel. oil was obtained, which could be used to determine the authenticity of Camellia oleifera Abel. oils collected from various markets. It shows that FT‐Raman spectroscopy provides a direct, simple, rapid, and non‐invasive method to probe the authenticity of Camellia oleifera Abel. oil.     

傅立叶变换拉曼光谱和红外光谱鉴别塑料

用傅立叶变换拉曼光谱、衰减全反射红外光谱和近红外光谱结合OPUS/Ident软件对添加不同填料、不同助剂的塑料进行鉴别分类。结果表明:分子光谱结合化学计量学鉴别塑料是一种快速可靠的方法。其中拉曼光谱和衰减全反射红外光谱能够直接区分样品,而近红外光谱非常类似,不能直接区分。但是用OPUS/Ident软件中的W ard算法处理这3种光谱后,得到的树形图能够将样品准确分类。     

傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱识别五种植物油的研究

以花生油、大豆油、芝麻油、棉籽油和米糠油为样品,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,采集傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱,对光谱预处理后,提取红外特征信息,以1746cm-1和2855cm-1处的吸收峰面积比值为横坐标,1099cm-1处与1119cm-1处的吸收峰面积比为纵坐标,在Origin6.0上做出二维分布图,对各种油脂进行识别分析。结果显示,大豆油与其它4种油脂之间有明显区分;大豆油、花生油和芝麻油分布效果好,但棉籽油各样品点之间比较分散;能与其它油脂区分开的有以下几种分布花生油明显区别于芝麻油、棉籽油和大豆油;米糠油明显区别于棉籽油和大豆油。分布有交叉的油脂有米糠油与花生油或芝麻油有交叉,棉籽油与芝麻油有交叉。     

Extraction–Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Fluoride in the Range of Microgram per Liter in Natural Waters

 In this study a new extraction–spectrophotometric method for the determination of fluoride ion in natural waters has been presented by use of octyl chemically bonded solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. In this method at first aluminium–oxinate chelate is adsorbed on SPE cartridge, then the water sample (containing fluoride ion) is passed through the SPE device. The excess of oxine on the sorbent is washed with acetate buffer and finally the residual of aluminium–oxinate chelate on the sorbent is eluted by ethanol and its absorbance is read at 375 nm. The decrease of adsorbed aluminium–oxinate chelate on sorbent is proportional to the fluoride ion concentration in the water samples. The detection limit of this method is 80 ng/ml and the linear dynamic range is between 0.1–2 μg/ml. Sensitivity of the method is excellent and absorbance variation for each μg/ml fluoride ion is 0.6 (approximately equal to Eriochrome cyanine R-zirconium standard method and ten times better than the Alizarin complexon standard method). Results of this method have good agreement with the Eriochrome cyanine R-zirconium standard method. Also this method has less interferences as compared with SPADNS standard method. Received September 6, 2000. Revision April 24, 2001.     

红外光谱法在双亲性化合物水溶液体系研究中的应用

浓度，温度，压力，体系组分及不同分子间相互作用等因素对双亲性化合物分子在水溶液体系中的聚集状态及相变过程均有影响。本文综述了富里叶变换红外光谱方法在这一研究领域内应用十余年间的研究进展。     

固相萃取光度法测定饮用水中挥发酚的研究

研究了用Waters Sep-Park-C18小柱固相萃取光度法测定饮用水中挥发酚的方法。水样中经水汽蒸馏分离后的挥发酚，用4－氨基安替比林显色，显色产物可用C18固相萃小柱萃取、乙醇洗脱后用分光光度法测定。方法污染小，操作简便，便于批量样品处理，用于饮用水中挥发酚的测定，结果令人满意。     

热解/红外光谱联用技术用于热解反应的快速检测

详细介绍了快速热解装置CDS2000／红外联用仪(Py／FTIR)的特点。带有样品的热解探头插入并固定在接口装置上，接口装置可直接置于FTIR的光路中，对热解产物进行直接、快速检测，并且可分析重质热解产物。CDS2000热丝裂解器具有极快的升温速度，升温速度从0．01℃／min到20000℃／s，可以有效避免热解过程中的二次反应，有助于推断结构和热解机理；另外，本文对CDS2000／FTIR热解／红外联用仪使用过程中的有关参数进行了分析，如分辨率的选择。本文应用CDS2000／FTIR联用仪对PVC、生物质和模型化合物进行了热解实验，取得了满意的结果。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵水溶液热致相变的红外光谱研究

在280～320K的温度范围内考察了30％十六烷基三甲基溴化铵水溶液的红外光谱随温度的变化。结果表明该体系的凝聚胶-液晶相转变温度为300K。在300K以下的凝聚胶相,分子的极性头部基团处于高度“固定”的状态,分子的碳氢链以有序的相互平行方式排列,极性头与碳氢链之间有一定的倾斜角。在300K以上的液晶相,极性头内部CH_3-(N~+)基团以及整个极性头与碳氢链之间发生了旋转,碳氢链变为以六方亚晶胞填充形式存在,旦扭曲式构象异构体数量显著增多,极性头与碳氢链之间已不存在倾斜角,分子的亲水极性头和疏水碳氢链部分都处于“融化”状态。     

近红外光谱技术用于花生油中棕榈油含量的测定

本文采用近红外光谱技术采集样品的近红外光谱数据,光谱经一阶求导后,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立花生油中棕榈油含量的定标模型,并用交互验证法对模型进行了验证。模型相关系数为0.9963,校正均方根(RMSEC)为0.937。该模型应用于实际样品的检测,结果令人满意。     

红外光谱法对肉苁蓉径向不同部位的分析与评价

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二阶导数谱和二维相关红外光谱技术对肉苁蓉由表及里3个部位的药材粉末及其水提物和醇提物进行了分析与评价研究.结果表明,肉苁蓉不同部位的一维光谱非常相似,三者相似系数分别为0.9605,0.944和0.976;二阶导数谱中峰位和峰强的差异明显.1430～1700 cm-1范围内的二维相关谱中皮部自动峰有3个,而中部及髓部均为4个,更直观的反映出三者的差异.不同部位水提物和醇提物的分析结果进一步明确了肉苁蓉皮部芳香类、环烯醚萜类及糖苷类物质与中部和髓部存在明显不同,而髓部的水溶性多糖、半乳糖醇和苯乙醇苷类物质均高于其它部位.可见红外光谱法结合二维相关红外光谱技术为同种药材不同部位的细微差异分析和评价提供了一种快速、全面和客观的方法和手段.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱和傅里叶变换拉曼光谱法无损鉴别药材的真伪

利用傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）和近红外傅里叶变换拉曼（NIR FT-aman）光谱法对大黄（西宁大黄）与伪品大黄（华北大黄、山大黄、水根大黄）进行了无损快速的鉴别。结果表明：尽管正品大黄与伪品大黄差别较小，有大部分的化学成分有很大的相同之处，但在红外、拉曼谱图中各自的特征峰较突出，根据谱峰的强度和位置可容易地将它们区别开来。红外和拉曼光谱法相互印证，相互补充，具有快速、准确、操作简单、重复性好、不需对样品进行分离提取，可直接鉴别等特点。