Entropy maximization and instability in uniformly magnetized plasmas

A regime in which a uniformly magnetized plasma does not maximize the entropy and possibly becomes unstable to a spatial perturbation in the magnetic field is explored. The physical implication is considered in the context of current generation, magnetic field reconnection, and the dynamo effect.     

Stability criteria of Rayleigh ‐ Taylor modes in magnetized plasmas

The Rayleigh ‐ Taylor (RT) instability is investigated analytically in an inhomogeneous plasma in an external magnetic field. For the case of two distinct fluid layers separated by a sharp boundary and for a fluid of a continuously varying density, RT dispersion relations have been obtained and analyzed. Stability criteria of the excited modes are disscussed with respect to the mode propagation relative to the applied magnetic field. The magnetic field is found to act as a stabilizer up to a threshold value that can be determined from the dispersion relation.     

不可压缩等离子体的2维磁场重联模型

提出了一种2维磁场重联模型。磁场重联过程中的电荷分离在等离子体中产生静电场,等离子体在电场中的漂移运动可以解释阿尔芬速度量级的出流。该磁场重联模型给出如下结论:Sweet-Parker模型描述的重联率强烈地依赖于电子质量与离子质量之比;反常电阻率正比于离子惯性长度和电流片宽度比值的平方; 相对论效应和高温等离子体中电子-正电子对的产生可以提高重联率; 电磁波的激发对于磁能的损耗是必要的。     

Interaction of solitary waves in magnetized warm dusty plasmas with dust charging effects

In consideration of adiabatic dust charge variation, the combined effect of the external magnetized field and the dust temperature on head-on collision of the three-dimensional dust acoustic solitary waves is investigated. By using the extended Poincar\'e--Lighthill--Kuo method, the phase shifts and the trajectories of two solitons after the collision are obtained. The effects of the magnitude and the obliqueness of the external magnetic field and the dust temperature on the solitary wave collisions are discussed in detail.     

Propagation properties of dust-electron-acoustic waves in weakly magnetized dusty nonthermal plasmas

The linear and nonlinear properties of dust-electron acoustic waves (DEAWs) propagating in magnetized, collisionless, dusty plasma system containing inertial cold electrons, Maxwellian hot electrons, nonthermal ions, and arbitrarily (positively or negatively) charged stationary dust are investigated. The reductive perturbation technique is employed to reduce the basic set of fluid equations to the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation or Ostrovsky's equation, which governs the dynamics of small amplitude DEAWs in a weakly magnetized dusty nonthermal plasma. The approximate analytical as well as numerical solutions reveal that the basic characteristics of DEA nonlinear structures are found to be significantly modified by the key plasma configuration parameters. It is found that the leading compressive or rarefactive solitary wave structure separates from a trailing wave packet during a considerable time under the influence of magnetic field-induced Lorentz force.     

Hot electron plasmas trapped in helical magnetic surfaces

Experimental studies on nonneutral (pure electron) plasmas of finite temperature, trapped in helical closed magnetic surfaces have been conducted. The helical electron plasmas are produced with thermal electrons launched from the outside of the last closed flux surface (LCFS). About 150 μs after the electron injection, the plasmas reach equilibrium state. Around the LCFS, a steep gradient of plasma space potential φ _s is formed. The corresponding radial electric field is about 2.5 kV/m. On the other hand, around the magnetic axis of helical magnetic surfaces, φ _s is almost constant, indicating that there are little electrons there. The volume-averaged electron density is on the order of 10¹³ m^–3, smaller than the Brillouin density limit. The confinement time seems to be limited by a disruptive instability, and is so far about 1.5 ms.      

Current neutralization and plasma polarization for intense ion beams propagating through magnetized background plasmas in a two-dimensional slab approximation

A two-dimensional electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell （PIC） simulation model is proposed to study the propagation of intense, ion beams with beaIn width wb small compared to the electron skin depth c/wpe through background plaslnas in tile presence of external applied magnetic fields. The effcctive eleetron gyrora,dius wge is found to be an important parameter for ion beam transport in the presence of magnetic fields,In the bealn regions, the background plasmas respond differently to the ion beanl of width wb〈wge and wb 〉 wge for the given magnetic field and beaan encrgy, For the case of beam width wb 〈 wge with relative weak external magnetic fiehts, the rotalion effects of plasma electrons a,re found to be signifieant and contributes to the signitica,nt enilaneeinent of the self electric and seif-magnetic fields. While for the ease of beam width wb 〉 wge with relative strong external magnetic fields, the rotation effects of plasma cleetrons are strongly inhibited and a, well neutraliza, tion of ion beam current can be found. Finally, the influences of diftiuent beam widths. beam energies and magnetic fields on the neutralization of ion bc, anl eurrellt are summarized for the eases of wb 〈 wge〈 c/wpe,wge 〈wb〈c/wbp and wb〈c/wpe〈wge.     

Optical transitions in spherical quantized layer under the presence of radial electrical field

Single electronic states and direct optical transitions in the quantized spherical layer under the presence of static radial electric field are considered. In dipole approximation, the electrooptical absorption coefficient for interband and inband–intersubband direct transitions are calculated. The selection rules and explicit dependence of absorption coefficient from the field factor and geometrical sizes of the model are revealed.     

On the simulation by a magnetic field of the quantized states in a quantum-well laser diode

The quantized states in a quantum-well semiconductor laser are simulated analytically by a magnetic field perpendicular to the well (infinite quasi-one-dimensional potential well) by deriving a close relationship for the magnetic-field strength which becomes a discrete quantity.     

尘埃等离子体

尘埃等离子体物理是近十年里等离子体学科中一个活跃的分支领域之一,带电尘埃广泛存在于空间等离子体、实验室聚变装置、低温等离子体工业应用等众多不同的环境中,并且呈现出相同或相似的性质.这是一种部分或完全电离的等离子体,其基本成分除了电子和离子外,还有(通常)带负电的、且电荷不是常数的微粒.带电颗粒有着与电子和离子完全不同的动力学行为,其与等离子体的相互作用呈现出许多新的物理现象.文章介绍了尘埃等离子体物理的简要发展历史、基本性质和主要研究方向以及最近一些热点问题.     

尘埃等离子体

尘埃等离子体物理是近十年里等离子体学科中一个活跃的分支领域之一，带电尘埃广泛存在于空间等离子体、实验室聚变装置、低温等离子体工业应用等众多小同的环境中，并且呈现出相同或相似的性质．这是一种部分或完全电离的等离子体，其基本成分除了电子和离子外，还有（通常）带负电的、且电荷不是常数的微粒．带电颗粒有着与电予和离子完全不同的动力学行为，其与等离子体的相互作用呈现出许多新的物理现象．文章介绍了尘埃等离子体物理的简要发展历史、基本性质和主要研究方向以及最近一些热点问题．     

Behaviour of two‐dimensional liquid dusty plasmas under perpendicular magnetic fields

The collective behaviour of two‐dimensional (2D) liquid dusty plasmas under perpendicular magnetic fields is studied using Langevin dynamic simulations. Based on the positions and velocities of the simulated dust particles, the dynamic parameters of intermediate scattering functions and probability distribution functions are calculated. It is found that, under different 2D liquid dusty plasma conditions, the motion of individual dust particles tends to be more super‐diffusive under stronger perpendicular magnetic fields, well consistent with the previous finding using a different diagnostic technique.     

Stimulated Brillouin backscattering in magnetized plasmas

Stimulated Brillouin backscattering (SBBS) from a magnetized homogeneous plasma is investigated. Effect of a dc–magnetic field on SBBS growth rate is obtained and compared with that for non–magnetized plasmas. Numerical calculations show an increase in the instability growth rate for small magnetic fields, then a decrease in the growth rate as the magnetic field increases till a cut–off field is reached, beyond which SBBS is brought to stability. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Two-terminal quantized conductance in inhomogeneous graphene

Quantized two-terminal conductance plateaus in graphene were observed and were explained through the mechanism of different Landau level filling factors in inhomogeneous sample. Furthermore, the quantized conductance plateaus are different due to the difference of the carrier exchange through the graphene-substrate interface during the increasing and decreasing gate voltage-sweeps.     

Collapse of quantized Hall resistance and breakdown of dissipationless state in the integer quantum Hall effect: filling factor dependence

Magnetic field dependence of critical current for collapse of quantized Hall resistance I_cr(collapse) and critical current for breakdown of dissipationless state I_cr(breakdown) have been measured near the filling factor ν=4 of Landau levels in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure Hall bar. The difference I_cr(breakdown)−I_cr(collapse) decreases against the increase and the decrease in ν from 4 and the critical behavior disappears outside of the region 3.85<ν<4.15.     

Interpolation formula for the electrical conductivity of nonideal plasmas

On the basis of a quantum‐statistical approach to the electrical conductivity of nonideal plasmas we derive analytical results in the classical low‐density regime, in the degenerate Born limit, and for the contribution of the Debye‐Onsager relaxation effect. These explicit results are used to construct an improved interpolation formula of the electrical conductivity valid in a wide range of temperature and density which allows to compare with available experimental data of nonideal plasmas.     

强激光场作用下部分离化等离子体的非线性极化

针对线偏振光场,提出一个原子极化模型。假设原子核为静止不动的正电背景,束缚电子不发生再电离,自由电子与离子也不发生复合,电子对电场的响应是瞬时的,并用旋转椭球来近似描述电子云的形状。通过此模型,可解析地计算出不同电离状态原子的第1阶线性和第3阶非线性极化率、相应的极化电流、以及极化介质（原子）的折射系数。在低场近似下,这些结果可自洽地过渡到传统的非简谐振子模型,并可得到对应的谐振子的固有频率和非线性系数。     

强激光场作用下部分离化等离子体的非线性极化

 针对线偏振光场，提出一个原子极化模型。假设原子核为静止不动的正电背景，束缚电子不发生再电离，自由电子与离子也不发生复合，电子对电场的响应是瞬时的，并用旋转椭球来近似描述电子云的形状。通过此模型，可解析地计算出不同电离状态原子的第1阶线性和第3阶非线性极化率、相应的极化电流、以及极化介质（原子）的折射系数。在低场近似下，这些结果可自洽地过渡到传统的非简谐振子模型，并可得到对应的谐振子的固有频率和非线性系数。     

Reference distribution functions for magnetically confined plasmas from the minimum entropy production theorem and the MaxEnt principle,subject to the scale-invariant restrictions

We derive the expression of the reference distribution function for magnetically confined plasmas far from the thermodynamic equilibrium. The local equilibrium state is fixed by imposing the minimum entropy production theorem and the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle, subject to scale invariance restrictions. After a short time, the plasma reaches a state close to the local equilibrium. This state is referred to as the reference state. The aim of this Letter is to determine the reference distribution function (RDF) when the local equilibrium state is defined by the above mentioned principles. We prove that the RDF is the stationary solution of a generic family of stochastic processes corresponding to an universal Landau-type equation with white parametric noise. As an example of application, we consider a simple, fully ionized, magnetically confined plasmas, with auxiliary Ohmic heating. The free parameters are linked to the transport coefficients of the magnetically confined plasmas, by the kinetic theory.     

Consensus of second-order multi-agent dynamic systems with quantized data

The consensus problem of second-order multi-agent systems with quantized link is investigated in this Letter. Some conditions are derived for the quantized consensus of the second-order multi-agent systems by the stability theory. Moreover, a result characterizing the relationship between the eigenvalues of the Laplacians matrix and the quantized consensus is obtained. Examples are given to illustrate the theoretical analysis.