Copper reagents: a new and efficient solution for the selective addition of metallated propargylic amines to aldehydes

[reaction: see text] Anti alpha-amino-homopropargylic alcohols are prepared by addition of metallated propargylic amines to aldehydes. Among the four organometallic (LI, Zn, Ti, Cu) derivatives used, the most effective are the copper reagents.     

New catalytic cycle for couplings of aldehydes with organochromium reagents

[reaction: see text] A new catalytic cycle has been developed to effect all three subgroups of Cr-mediated couplings, i.e., (1) Ni/Cr-mediated alkenylation, alkynylation, and arylation, (2) Co/Cr-mediated 2-haloallylation, alkylation, and propargylation, and (3) Cr-mediated allylation. In the presence of chiral sulfonamide ligands, good asymmetric inductions can be achieved for some of the Ni/Cr-mediated alkenylation, Co/Cr-mediated 2-haloallylation and propargylation, and Cr-mediated allylation.     

Diastereoselective addition of arylzinc reagents to sugar aldehydes

The diastereoselective arylation of sugar-derived aldehydes is described. The arylating reagents are generated in situ by a boron-to-zinc exchange reaction of arylboronic acids with Et(2)Zn to generate arylethylzinc reagents. The exquisite reactivity of the arylzinc reagents allowed for an efficient and mild arylation, delivering the corresponding products in diastereoisomeric ratios of up to >20:1. The utility of the methodology is highlighted with an efficient formal synthesis of (+)-7-epi-goniofufurone, a member of the styryllactone family of natural products.     

Ligand-accelerated enantioselective propargylation of aldehydes via allenylzinc reagents

An enantioselective propargylation of aldehydes using an allenylzinc reagent generated in situ via a zinc-iodine exchange reaction is described. The enantioselectivity is controlled by addition of a catalytic amount of readily accessible and highly tunable amino alcohol ligand L13. A wide range of aldehydes can be propargylated to afford valuable and versatile homopropargyl alcohols in good to excellent yields with high levels of enantiopurity.     

DBP ylides: Wittig reagents for synthesis of E-alkenes from aldehydes

Phosphorus ylides based on the dibenzophosphole (DBP) ring system convert aldehydes into trans-disubstituted oxaphosphetanes with good to excellent selectivity. Decomposition at 70–110° affords alkenes with E:Z ratios from 6:1 to > 100:1.     

Stereoselective aldol condensations of organotin reagents with aldehydes

The reaction of the enolstannanes of cyclohexanone or propiophenone with various aldehydes under kinetic control (-78°) gave predominately the three aldols, diastereoselectivity as high as 95:5 being achieved. At higher temperatures (+45°) predominate erythro selectivity was observed. The enolstannane of propiophenone exists as an equilibrium mixture of O-Sn (probably the E-isomer) and C-Sn derivatives. Reaction at -78° takes place rapidly with the O-Sn enolate, further reaction requiring isomerization of the C-Sn to the O-Sn enolate. The Pd catalyzed condensation of cyanomethyltributyltin with reactive aldehydes, such as nitrobenzaldehydes, took place at ambient temperatures in polar solvents to give high yields of condensation products. No reaction occurred with aldehydes such as benzaldehyde. Only low stereoselectivity (10-34% ee) was observed when (-) DIOP or (-)BPPM were utilized as chiral phosphine ligands.     

Chiral catalysts for the enantioselective addition of organometallic reagents to aldehydes

A mechanistic model for the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde with chiral tridentate lithium complexes as catalysts correctly predicts the observed direction of enantioselectivity which occurs at levels of 85–95% ee.     

New homochiral binaphthol-modified organolanthanide reagents for the enantioselective addition to aldehydes

Optically active secondary alcohols were obtained in high chemical yield and optical purity (up to 85% ee) from the lanthanide-mediated enantioselective addition of alkyl nucleophiles to aromatic aldehydes.     

Preparation of allyltin reagents grafted on solid support: clean and easily recyclable reagents for allylation of aldehydes

The preparation of polymer-supported allyltin reagents was shown to be possible for both unfunctionalized and functionalized allyl units. These reagents were treated with aldehydes in the presence of cerium(III) or indium(III) salts to afford high yields of homoallylic alcohols, practically uncontaminated with organotin residues (less than 5 ppm). Some mechanism aspects are briefly discussed and the potential for regeneration and reuse of these supported reagents is pointed out.     

Enantioselective allylation of aldehydes with chiral allyl organolanthanide reagents

The first example of enantioselective allylation of aldehydes with chiral allyl organolan-thanide reagents has been achieved in high chemical yield and moderate optical purity (up to 54% e.e.).     

Diastereoselective additions of chiral vinylzinc reagents to alpha-chiral aldehydes

[reaction: see text] Additions of vinylic zinc bromide reagents to alpha-chiral aldehydes (R(1) = CH(2)OTBS, R(2) = Me; R(1) = Me, R(2) = OTBS) in the presence of lithiated (+)- or (-)-N-methylephedrine proceed with predominant reagent control to afford anti or syn adducts stereoselectively, except when the aldehydes possess an alkoxy substituent at the alpha- or beta-positions (R(1) = Me, R(2) = OBn; R(1) = CH(2)OBn, R(2) = Me), in which case chelation-controlled adducts predominate.     

Enantioselective allylation of aldehydes promoted by chiral sulfur reagents

The addition of allylzinc bromide to aldehydes was studied with different chiral sulfur compounds acting as a catalyst. Yield differences and enantiomeric excesses were observed.     

Spectrophotofluorimetric determination of aldehydes with dimedone and other reagents

Summary Two new reagents, dimedone and 1,3-cyclohexanedione, are introduced for the fluorimetric determination of aliphatic aldehydes. Six fluorimetric methods for the determination of formaldehyde and other aldehydes have been compared. Of the selective methods for the determination of formaldehyde the J-acid procedure is recommended when a high order of sensitivity is necessary, the 2,4-pentanedione method when a high order of selectivity is desirable. The dimedone procedures are recommended when it is necessary to analyze for aldehydes other than formaldehyde. However, the dimedone procedures are the most sensitive for the determination of formaldehyde and can be used for this purpose where conditions are appropriate and maximal sensitivity is necessary. These various procedures should also be useful in the analysis of various types of aldehyde precursors.

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Zusammenfassung Zwei neue Reagenzien für die fluorimetrische Bestimmung aliphatischer Aldehyde, Dimedon und 1,3-Cyklohexandion, wurden eingeführt. Sechs fluorimetrische Verfahren für die Bestimmung von Formaldehyd und anderen Aldehyden wurden verglichen. Von den selektiven Methoden zur Formaldehyd-bestimmung wird das Verfahren mit J-Säure (6-Amino-naphthol-3-sulfonsäure) empfohlen, wenn hohe Empfindlichkeit nötig ist, das Verfahren mit 2,4-Pentandion, wenn hohe Selektivität gewünscht wird. Die Dimedon-Methoden werden empfohlen, wenn andere Aldehyde als Formaldehyd bestimmt werden sollen. Aber diese Methoden sind die empfindlichsten für die Formaldehyd-bestimmung und können unter geeigneten Bedingungen für diesen Zweck verwendet werden, wenn maximale Empfindlichkeit gefordert wird. Die verschiedenen Verfahren sind auch für die Analyse verschiedener Aldehyd-Vorprodukte nützlich.

     

Air monitoring of aldehydes by use of hydrazine reagents with a triazine backbone

Two hydrazine reagents, 4- N, N-dimethylamino-6-(4'-methoxy-1'-naphthyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2-hydrazine (DMNTH) and N-methyl-4- N', N'-dimethylamino-6-(4'-methoxy-1'-naphthyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2-hydrazine (MDMNTH) have been synthesized and used for the determination of aldehydes in air samples. Test tubes with the reagents coated on silica gel were prepared and used for monitoring of carbonyls in air. After elution with acetonitrile the hydrazones formed were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Detection was performed by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results were validated by use of standard atmospheres of the carbonyls and of nitrogen dioxide and ozone, as potential interferents. In comparison with established hydrazine reagents, e.g. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), the results from use of MDMNTH correlate well; lower recoveries were obtained by use of DMNTH. The limits of detection for the new reagents are superior to those for DNPH, because of the possibility of fluorescence detection.     

Solid-phase reagents for selective monophosphorylation of carbohydrates and nucleosides

Two classes of aminomethyl polystyrene resin-bound linkers of p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol were subjected to reactions with 2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite to produce the corresponding polymer-bound phosphitylating reagents. These were reacted with a number of unprotected nucleosides and carbohydrates in the presence of 1H-tetrazole. Oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide followed by removal of the cyanoethoxy group with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene afforded the corresponding polymer-bound phosphate diesters. Acidic cleavage of the p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol linker yielded monophosphorylated products with high regioselectivity and trapped linkers on the resins that can be reused.     

Organomanganese (II) reagents XIII: Highly selective addition of organomanganese halides to aldehydes in the presence of ketones

Organomanganese halides add quite selectivity to aldehydes in the presence of ketones to give the corresponding secondary alcohols in excellent yields.     

Highly enantioselective 1,2-additions of various organolithium reagents to aldehydes

Several asymmetric 1,2-additions of various organolithium reagents (methyllithium, n-butyllithium, phenyllithium, lithioacetonitrile, lithium n-propylacetylide, lithium phenylacetylide) to aldehydes are shown to result in decent to excellent enantiomeric excesses (65–98%) when performed in the presence of a chiral lithium amido sulfide. The chiral lithium amido sulfides invariably exhibited higher levels of enantioselectivity in all the reactions tested, compared to the structurally similar chiral lithium amido ethers and the chiral lithium amide without a chelating group.     

Organic reactions in a solid matrix-vi: Silica-gel supported reagents for the isolation of aldehydes and ketones

Semicarbazide-on silica gel and Girard-T-on-silica gel are described and evaluated as convenient reagents for efficient isolation of aldehydes and ketones from mixtures with other usual neutral organic components Semicarbazide-on-silica gel, which can be readily prepared, can effectively replace the classical Girard reagents, for the isolation of aldehydes and ketones in most cases.