Synthesis of Maleic Anhydride by Oxidizing Furfural over Phosphorusmolybdenumic Acid Supported on Silica Gel

采用浸渍法制备负载型磷钼杂多酸催化剂,分析了催化剂的比表面积、分散性、结构特征、稳定性以及再生温度等性质.通过固定床微反应器考察杂多酸催化剂催化氧化糠醛生成顺丁烯二酸酐的催化性能.研究了焙烧温度、负载量对催化剂性能的影响,以及反应温度对顺丁烯二酸酐收率的影响.结果表明：通过浸渍制备的杂多酸催化剂具有杂多酸催化剂的Keggin结构,具有较好的稳定性和酸性;活性组分能较好的分布于载体SiO2上;催化剂的再生温度和活化温度均为400℃;在钼磷原子比为0.85,负载量为48.6%时催化性能较好,催化剂的表面酸量为0.646 mmol/g;反应温度控制在365℃附近时,顺丁烯二酸酐收率可达到57.2%,选择性为62.7%.     

H4SiW12O40-La2O3/γ-- Al2O3催化甲醇脱水制备二甲醚

用浸渍法制备了负载型复合杂多酸催化剂H4SiW12O40-La2O3/γ-Al2O3,用于甲醇脱水制备二甲醚.用N2吸附、吡啶吸附红外光谱、NH3-TPD、XRD光谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征.考察了杂多酸负载量、浸渍时间、反应温度、质量空速等因素对催化活性的影响.实验结果表明：催化剂中H4SiW12O40负载量为10％～16％时催化剂的活性最好;在常压下反应温度为300℃,质量空速为1.0 h-1时,甲醇转化率达85％,二甲醚的选择性为99.9％;加压可提高催化剂的活性.     

Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解

分别通过浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了不同Ni负载量的Ni/Al2O3催化剂。考察了Ni负载量、制备方法以及反应温度对Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解性能的影响。结果表明,在550℃,浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂,当Ni负载量为20%(质量分数)、Ni金属平均粒径为11.25 nm时,具有最佳的甲烷催化裂解效果,其每摩尔Ni的氢气产量和每克Ni碳产量分别为164 mol和15.30 g。催化剂制备方法对Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解反应有显著影响,相同Ni负载量共沉淀法制备的Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解总体效果要好于浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3,而且反应过程中生成的碳纤维较长,管径也较均一。550℃时,共沉淀法制备的Ni负载量为41.2%(质量分数)的Ni/Al2O3催化剂在反应至350 min时,仍保持着30%以上的转化率。     

催化剂Zn-Sr-SiO2的制备及其 对甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛的催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了催化剂Zn-Sr-SiO₂，其结构经SEM、 XRD、 N₂吸附/脱附、NH₃-TPD和CO₂-TPD表征。利用固定床反应器评价了Zn Sr SiO2对甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛反应的催化性能。研究了焙烧温度，Zn负载量，Zn/Sr摩尔比，载气流量，质量空速等因素对催化性能的影响，以及催化剂的寿命、失活与再生。结果表明：制备催化剂的最佳条件为焙烧温度700 ℃， Zn负载量为15%， Zn/Sr为5/1。反应温度为600 ℃，甲醇的质量空速为4.47 h^-1时，甲醇的转化率为25.35%，甲醛的选择性为91.98%。催化剂寿命为33 h。再生后，催化剂的中强碱性位得到了再生。     

铜钼组分对γ-Al_2O_3负载镍催化剂脂肪酸甲酯加氢脱氧性能的影响（英文）

制备一系列包含或不包含铜、钼组分的Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,并对其进行表征和性能测试。考察了铜、钼负载量,浸渍顺序(包括连续浸渍和共浸渍),反应条件对脂肪酸甲酯加氢脱氧反应性能的影响。根据TG数据,使用过的20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂其热失重小于20Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,这表明,铜的引入能够有效抑制反应过程中催化剂表面的积炭行为。对于20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al_2O_3和20Ni-6Cu-n Mo/γ-Al_2O_3(n=2、5、8和12)催化剂,NH_3-TPD分析结果显示,钼物相的引入对载体γ-Al_2O_3的酸性位有着显著影响,当钼负载量达到5%时,可以观察到一个新的酸位对应于中强酸位。铜和钼修饰过的催化剂其催化性能要高于Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂。从XPS的分析可以看出,催化剂中的铜主要以正二价形式存在,钼主要以正四价和正六价形式存在,而且不同的浸渍顺序会影响催化剂表面活性组分的实际含量。此外,脂肪酸甲酯的转化率和烷烃产品的收率也和所制备出来的催化剂的浸渍顺序有关。在所有的催化剂中,使用连续浸渍(先浸渍镍铜组分、浸渍钼组分)所制备的三金属20Ni-6Cu-5Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂展现了优异的催化性能。在适宜的反应条件下(350℃,2.5 MPa,WSHV=2.0 h~(-1),H_2/oil ratio=1250 mL/mL),脂肪酸甲酯的转化率和烷烃产品的收率分别达到98.4%和94.2%。     

活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂的表征及其催化性能

研究了活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂的表征及在丁基多苷合成中的催化性能.活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂采用浸渍法制备,并用FT-IR光谱、XRD光谱、SEM等手段进行了表征.结果表明,磷钨酸负载到活性炭后保持了原有的Keggin结构,它在载体上的吸附过程可以分为单分子吸附、多分子吸附和体相堆积三个阶段.在丁基多苷合成反应中,催化剂负载量、磷钨酸溶脱量、葡萄糖转化率之间有较复杂的关系.杂多酸溶脱量随负载量增大而增大,转化率与杂多酸溶脱量之间没有直接联系.催化剂负载量在5%到60%之间变化时,控制催化活性的主要因素分别是催化剂酸量、比表面积、游离的杂多酸量.最佳负载量为20%.     

负载型CaSO4/离子交换树脂催化合成单十二烷基磷酸酯

采用浸渍法制备了负载型金属盐离子交换树脂催化剂,考察了以磷酸与月桂醇为原料催化合成单十二烷基磷酸酯的催化性能.负载不同金属盐离子对单十二烷基磷酸酯的收率的影响表明,CaSO4负载离子交换树脂催化合成单十二烷基磷酸酯效果最好.研究发现,在CaSO4负载量1.2%,催化剂用量为总反应物质量的3%,反应温度90℃,反应12h工艺条件下,月桂醇的转化率为79.4%,单酯选择性为99.9%;加入环己烷作为带水剂,相同条件下,月桂醇转化率为92.3%,单酯选择性为99.9%,并且催化剂重复使用7次之后,催化性能仍保持不变.     

用于一步法高效合成吲哚的Cu/SiO2催化剂的研究

 采用等体积浸渍法制备了Cu/SiO2催化剂,并将其用于一步法合成吲哚反应. 结果表明,当Cu/SiO2催化剂中铜负载量为0.68 mmol/g,焙烧温度为600 ℃,并且在150 ℃下经50%H2-50%N2混合气还原后,其催化性能最佳,吲哚收率可高达88%; 当Cu/SiO2催化剂中金属铜的晶体达到一定结晶度时,其选择性很高,铜晶体的结晶度过高或过低都会导致副产物增多,吲哚选择性降低.     

Co-Ni／SiO2催化剂催化乙酸重整制氢反应研究

用浸渍法制备了一系列Co-Ni/SiO2催化剂,利用固定床反应器对催化剂在乙酸重整制氢反应中的催化性能进行了测试,详细研究了Co-Ni配比、活性组分负载量,反应温度,空速及水碳比对催化剂活性的影响.实验结果表明,该催化剂能高效催化乙酸重整反应.当Co和Ni摩尔比例为0.5∶1,活性组分质量百分含量为15%时催化剂呈现最好的催化活性,在水碳摩尔比为7.5∶1,温度大于500℃时可使乙酸完全转化,并且氢和二氧化碳选择性均达95%以上.     

钼源对钼基催化剂芳构化性能的影响

 采用乙酸回流MoO3的方法制备了MoAC, 以其为钼源分别制备了Mo/HMCM-22, Mo/HMCM-49和Mo/HZSM-5催化剂,并考察了各催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的催化性能. 结果表明,以MWW型分子筛(HMCM-22和HMCM-49)为载体时,催化剂的芳烃收率和催化剂稳定性均比传统浸渍法制备的催化剂明显提高; 而以HZSM-5为载体时,催化剂的甲烷无氧芳构化活性无明显变化.     

Enantiomer separation by CEC——Enantiomer separation by packed-capillary electrochromatography

Three chiral compounds were successfully separated in a short time with two enantiomer separation models on packed-capillary electrochromatography (CEC). (i) 75 μm I.D. capillaries were packed with 5 μm β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) chiral stationary phase (CSP). Effects of voltage, pH and concentration of organic modifier on electroosmotic flow (EOF) and chiral separations were investigated systematically. Enantiomers of a neutral compound (benzoin) and a neutral drug (mephenytoin) were separated within a short time with high efficiency. Efficiency of 32 000 theoretical plates per meter and resolution (R_s) of 1.42 were achieved for enantiomers of benzoin using a βCD packed column with 6.2 cm packed length. Efficiency of 45 000 theoretical plates per meter and R_s of 3.40 were obtained for enantiomers of mephenytoin. Especially, the enantiomer separation of mephenytion was performed in just 3.4 min with R_s of 2.60. (ⅱ) 75 μm I.D. capillary was packed with octadecylsilica particles (ODS). Chiral separat     

Regioselectivity of olefin oxidation by iodosobenzene catalyzed by metalloporphyrins : control by the catalyst

The regioselectivity of the oxidation of three monosubstituted olefins, 6-phenoxyhex-1-ene, hex-1-ene and styrene, by iodosobenzene in the presence of various Fe-, Mn- or Cr-tetraaryl-porphyrins, was studied. It was found that, besides epoxides, known products from such systems, allylic alcohols and aldehydes were formed, the latter not being derived from the corresponding epoxides. The relative importance of these reactions greatly depends upon both the metal and porphyrin constituents of the catalyst. More particularly, the competition between epoxidation and allylic hydroxylation can be efficiently controlled by non-bonded interactions between the olefin and porphyrin substituents. No hydroxylation of the aromatic rings and no oxidative dealkylation of the ether function was detected.     

Glycosidase inhibition by macrolide antibiotics elucidated by STD-NMR spectroscopy

A glycosynthase approach was attempted to glycodiversify macrolide antibiotics, using DesR, a family-3 retaining beta-glucosidase involved in the self-resistance mechanism of methymycin production. STD-NMR was used to probe enzyme-substrate interactions. Analysis of competitive STD-NMR experiments between erythromycin A and a chromogenic substrate (pNP-beta-d-glucose) with the hydrolytically inactive nucleophile mutants led us to discover a family of unprecedented glycosidase inhibitors. Analysis of kinetic data with wild-type DesR determined that erythromycin is a competitive inhibitor of the glucosidase (IC50 = 2.8 +/- 0.3 microM and Ki = 2 +/- 0.2 microM) with respect to the hydrolysis of pNP-beta-d-glucose. Comparable inhibitory data was obtained for clarithromycin; however, the inhibitory effect of azithromycin was weak and no significant inhibition was observed with methymycin or d-desosamine. This report documents significant inhibition of glycosidases by macrolide antibiotics and provides insight into the design of novel glycosidase inhibitors based on the macrolactone ring of macrolide antibiotics.     

Membrane solubilization by detergent: resistance conferred by thickness

The commonly held model for membrane dissolution by detergents/surfactants requires lipid transport from the inner to the outer bilayer leaflet ('flip-flop'). Although applicable to many systems, it fails in cases where cross-bilayer transport of membrane components is suppressed. In this paper we investigate the mechanism for surfactant-induced solubilization of polymeric bilayers. To that end, we examine the dissolution of a series of increasingly thick, polymer-based vesicles (polymersomes) by a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, using dynamic light scattering. We find that increasing the bilayer thickness imparts better resistance to dissolution, so that the concentration required for solubilization, after a fixed amount of time, increases nearly linearly with membrane thickness. Combining our experimental data with a theoretical model, we show that the dominant mechanism for the surfactant-induced dissolution of polymeric vesicles, where polymer flip-flop across the membrane is suppressed, is the surfactant transport through the bilayer. This mechanism is different both qualitatively and quantitatively from the mechanisms by which surfactants dissolve pure lipid vesicles.     

Antibiotic recognition by binuclear metallo-beta-lactamases revealed by X-ray crystallography

Metallo-beta-lactamases are zinc-dependent enzymes responsible for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in a variety of host bacteria, usually Gram-negative species that act as opportunist pathogens. They hydrolyze all classes of beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, and escape the action of available beta-lactamase inhibitors. Efforts to develop effective inhibitors have been hampered by the lack of structural information regarding how these enzymes recognize and turn over beta-lactam substrates. We report here the crystal structure of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia L1 enzyme in complex with the hydrolysis product of the 7alpha-methoxyoxacephem, moxalactam. The on-enzyme complex is a 3'-exo-methylene species generated by elimination of the 1-methyltetrazolyl-5-thiolate anion from the 3'-methyl group. Moxalactam binding to L1 involves direct interaction of the two active site zinc ions with the beta-lactam amide and C4 carboxylate, groups that are common to all beta-lactam substrates. The 7beta-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)malonyl]-amino substituent makes limited hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding contacts with the active site groove. The mode of binding provides strong evidence that a water molecule situated between the two metal ions is the most likely nucleophile in the hydrolytic reaction. These data suggest a reaction mechanism for metallo-beta-lactamases in which both metal ions contribute to catalysis by activating the bridging water/hydroxide nucleophile, polarizing the substrate amide bond for attack and stabilizing anionic nitrogen intermediates. The structure illustrates how a binuclear zinc site confers upon metallo-beta-lactamases the ability both to recognize and efficiently hydrolyze a wide variety of beta-lactam substrates.