凝胶渗透色谱测定涤纶分子量分布

<正> 凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)是测定高聚物分子量分布的一种重要工具.GPC用于涤纶(PET)分子量分布的测定,所见报导不多,例如Sham以135—110℃,用间甲酚为淋洗液进行涤纶分子量分布测定.由于PET在高温的极性溶剂中易产生水解和酯交换反应,因此在样品的溶解和GPC的分析过程中必须采用氮气保护等措施,否则不能反映其真实分子量分布.Paschke等发展的溶剂体系,在室温,以硝基苯-四氯乙烷混合溶剂为淋洗液,此法虽可避免PET的降解,但在样品的配制过程中需用高温过滤设备和示差折射计操作比较麻烦.国内以苯酚-四氯乙烷为淋洗液,检测浊度.本文采用常温,新溶剂体系,以单一氯仿为淋洗液,测定涤纶的分子量分布.     

稀土异戊橡胶热老化研究

对未添加防老剂的稀土异戊橡胶进行了150℃热氧老化,利用GPC和1 H-NMR分别考查了其分子量、分子量分布和化学结构的变化,发现老化初期发生降解反应,分子量逐步下降,分子量分布逐渐变宽,化学结构没有明显的变化;老化后期发生交联反应,但交联反应的程度低于降解反应,有醛类或者羧酸类、端双键类化合物和醇类化合物生成。利用TG对未添加防老剂的稀土异戊橡胶的氮气气氛下的热重动力学进行了考察,结果表明随着失重比例的增加,活化能有所增大。     

凝胶渗透色谱分析的精度和准确性

凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)是一种表征高聚物分子最和分子量分布等特征的物理化学方法。近年来,由于仪器的不断改进,包括高效填料的使用、多种检测器的联用及与计算机的联用、仪器操作和数据处理的自动化等,使其在高聚物领域中的应用范围不断扩大。当使用高灵敏度的浓度和分子量检测器时,GPC不但可以测定线性高聚物平均分子量及其分布,还可提供高聚物的支化情况、共聚物的分子量和化学组成等多种信息。但是不论用GPC进行哪一项研究,欲想得到定量数据,必然对GPC分析的精度和准确性提出要求。     

应用GPC法测定醋酸纤维素的分子量和分子量分布

使用ALC/GPC/244仪测定了醋酸纤维素的分子量和分子量分布。首先对试样CA398—(3)、CA394—(60)、CA_1分别进行GPC测定,并以waters公司的聚苯乙烯为标样,根据普适校准曲线和GPC谱图求出试样的重均分子量_w和数均分子量_n、分子量分布宽度和峰值分子量。     

GPC曲线的逼近及定量计算

为了计算高聚物真实分子量及分子量分布,六十年代末,Grubisic和Tung分别提出普适标定曲线和GPC谱图改正的基本方程,但GPC曲线的数据快速处理仍是一个待解决的问题。国外已生产联有微机的GPC仪,国产GPC仪所得谱图仍需人工计算。本文对标定曲线的拟合及GPC曲线的模拟进行了研究,试图进行脱机计算,以求出平均分子量及分子量的分布。     

H2O2氧化降解海藻酸钠的研究

低分子量海藻酸钠在生物医学领域显示出越来越多的优势,以H2O2为氧化剂对海藻酸钠进行了降解研究。结果表明：随着溶液pH值的降低、反应温度的升高及H2O2用量的增加,氧化产物的表观粘度下降,降解速度加快,Cu2+和Fe2+等金属离子的存在加快了海藻酸钠的降解。GPC结果表明海藻酸钠被氧化降解后,分子量下降,分布变宽。FTIR显示,降解前后海藻酸钠的糖环结构没有改变,主要是开裂海藻酸钠的β-(1,4)糖苷键。     

H2O2氧化降解海藻酸钠

研究了清洁高效的氧化剂H2O2对海藻酸钠的降解,探讨了溶液pH值、反应温度、H2O2用量及金属离子浓度对降解速度的影响. 结果表明,随着溶液pH值的降低、反应温度的升高及H2O2用量的增加,降解速度加快. 当反应pH=5.3、反应温度50 ℃、H2O2用量0.5%时,反应2 h即可降低海藻酸钠的分子量. 4 mg/L的Cu2+或Fe2+可明显加快降解速度,反应30 min的粘度变化相当于不加Cu2+或Fe2+时300 min的变化. GPC结果表明,海藻酸钠被氧化降解后,分子量下降,分布变宽;FTIR显示降解前后海藻酸钠的糖环结构没有改变,主要是糖苷键的断裂.     

醇酸树脂热炼过程中分子量分布的研究

<正> 涂料工业中醇酸树脂基料分子量分布的研究,通常采用萃取分级法和沉淀分级法,近年来发展了高速凝胶色谱法。我们曾报道了高效GPC法测定醇酸树脂的分子量分布的方法。本文就醇酸树脂热炼过程产物作了物性表征和研究。 实验所测试样系取自5吨反应釜热炼生产中酯化过程各阶段和反应终点的产物。各品种醇酸树脂的配方见表1。     

简易法测定涤纶树脂分子量及分子量分布

凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)是测定高聚物分子量及分子量分布的一种相对方法,因此在测试样前必须对GPC柱子标定。通常采用“普适校正”和窄分布标样直接标定法来确定待测试样的分子量和淋出体积之间的关系,其结果的误差一般为±10～20％。近年来,有人借助电子计算器采用宽分布校正法标定GPC柱,但报道不多。     

聚丙烯分子量分布的一种简易流变性质表征法

<正> 分子量分布是聚丙烯的一个重要参数,它对纺丝过程中的织构形成、卷绕丝的不均匀性和牵伸性能都有很大的影响,但是它的表征和测量却不容易。目前最常见的方法是用凝胶透过色谱法(GPC)测量试样的分子量分布曲线,并用其重均与数均分子量之比(D=(?)_w/(?)_n)作为分子量分布宽窄的表征量。可是聚丙烯的高温GPC测定需要昂贵的设备和细致的实验技巧,由于难于精确测量高分子量尾端的含量等实验技术上的原因,     

有机/无机复合载体负载复合催化剂用于乙烯聚合时有机载体的作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法,将苯乙烯-丙烯酸(P(S-co-AA))共聚物包覆在以硅胶/MgCl2为载体的TiCl3催化剂(M-1催化剂)上,负载(n-BuCp)2ZrCl2后制得TiCl3/(n-BuCp)2ZrCl2复合催化剂,研究聚合物载体P(S-co-AA)在复合催化剂乙烯聚合中的作用.前期实验结果表明有机载体P(S-c...     

Preparation of P4VP-g-PSt Copolymer Microspheres with Controllable Size by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Synthesized Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Macromonomer

Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) macromonomer (St‐P4VP) with a styryl end group was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 4‐vinylpyridine using p‐(chloromethyl)styrene (CMSt) as functional initiator, CuCl as catalyst and tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN) as ligand in 2‐propanol. The structure of St‐P4VP macromonomer was identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR). The result of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) illustrated that the number‐average molecular weight of St‐P4VP could be controlled by adjusting polymerization conditions. Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) grafted polystyrene microspheres (P4VP‐g‐PSt) were then prepared by dispersion copolymerization of styrene with St‐P4VP macromonomers. The effects of polymerization reaction parameters such as medium polarity, concentration of St‐P4VP macromonomer and polymerization temperature on the sizes and size distribution of P4VP‐g‐PSt microspheres were investigated. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser light scattering (LLS) indicated that mono‐dispersed P4VP‐g‐PSt microspheres with average diameters of 100–200 nm could be obtained when the molar ratio of St to St‐P4VP was 0.25:100 in ethanol/water mixed solvents (V/V=80:20) at 60°C. Such kind of graft copolymer microspheres was expected to be applied to many fields such as drug delivery system and protein adsorption/separation system due to their particular structure.     

Mechanical properties and enzymatic degradation of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] fibers stretched after isothermal crystallization near Tg

Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (P(3HB)) fibers with high tensile strength were prepared by stretching the fibers after isothermal crystallization near the glass transition temperature. Two samples with different molecular weights (M_w = 0.7 × 10⁶ and 4.3 × 10⁶) were used to investigate the effect on tensile strength. Increasing the time for isothermal crystallization of P(3HB) fibers resulted in a decrease in the maximum draw ratio. But, the tensile strength of P(3HB) fibers increased remarkably when the isothermal crystallization time was prolonged to more than 24 h. The tensile strength of low-molecular-weight drawn fibers was higher than that of high-molecular-weight fibers. Therefore, it can be concluded that this procedure does not increase the tensile strength of the high-molecular-weight drawn fibers. This is because, in this drawing method, small crystal nuclei grow initially during the isothermal crystallization process. Then, the molecular chains between the small crystal nuclei that acted as the entanglement points are oriented by stretching. In the case of the high-molecular-weight fibers, because the molecular length between the entanglement points of the small crystal nuclei is too long, the molecular chains are not sufficiently oriented by the stretching process. However, in the case of the low-molecular-weight fibers, the molecular length is suitable for generating the extended chains. Based on the result of X-ray analysis of P(3HB) fibers stretched after isothermal crystallization, fibers have the oriented α-form crystal with 2₁ helix conformation and β-form with planar zigzag conformation. The enzymatic degradation of the stretched P(3HB) fibers was performed by using an extracellular PHB depolymerase purified from Ralstonia pickettii T1. The enzymatic erosion rate of β-form was faster than that of α-form in the P(3HB) fibers stretched after isothermal crystallization.     

SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF LADDER-LIKE POLYMER POLYPHENYLSILSESQUIOXANES

Solution properties of ladder-like polymer polyphenylsilsesquioxane (PPS) were studied by measurement of intrinsic viscosity, small angle laser light scattering and gel permeation chromatography. It was found that PPS can be modeled with a wormlike continuous cylinder rather than a wormlike coil. A plot of (M~2/[η])~(1/3) vs. M~(1/2) was employed in obtaining the persistence length (2λ)~(-1) and effective hydrodynamic diameter. When MW≤5×10~5, Mark-Houwink equation is adequate in describing the relationship between MW and [η] with αabout unity. This implies that PPS chain is semi-stiff. For GPC experiments, it was shown that universal calibration can be applied in PPS. When molecular weights of PPS are sufficiently high, their molecular weight distributions are often very broad.     

Towards high molecular weight poly(bisphenol a carbonate) with excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties by solid-state polymerization

Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (BPA-PC) was post-polymerized by solid-state polymerization (SSP) after supercritical CO₂-induced crystallization in low molecular weight particles prepolymerized via melt transesterification reaction. The effects of the crystallization conditions on melting behavior and SSP of BPA-PC were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Ubbelohde viscosity method and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The reaction kinetics of the SSP of crystallized prepolymers was studied as a function of reaction temperatures for various reaction periods. As a result, the viscosity average molecular weight of BPA-PC particles (2 mm) increased from 1.9 × 10⁴ g/mol to 2.8 × 10⁴ g/mol after SSP. More importantly, the significantly enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties of solid-state polymerized BPA-PC, compared with those of melt transesterification polymerized BPA-PC with the same molecular weight, can be ascribed to the substantial avoidance of undergoing high temperature during polymerization. Our work provides a useful method to obtain practical product of BPA-PC with high quality and high molecular weight.     

Degradation of epoxidized polyenes in the presence of phthalic acid

Viscometry was used to follow the epoxidation of polybutadiene and styrene–butadiene triblock copolymers (SBS) with monoperoxyphthalic acid (MPPA). Long reaction periods lead to an abnormal increase and then drop in reduced viscosity. The increasing viscosity is due to repulsion between oxirane group and its ring-opening product with phthalic acid, while the viscosity drop can be correlated with a decrease of molecular weight. Long-term storage of the epoxidized polyenes in the reaction solution containing phthalic acid, which is the derived product from MPPA, also leads to the dramatic decrease in molecular weights. The occurrence of degradation was confirmed by GPC analysis of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Chloroform accelerated the degradation reaction, possibly through the generation of hydrochloric acid. The degraded products were isolated and analyzed by GPC and NMR. A free radical mechanism was proposed for the oxidative degradation of epoxidized polyenes after excessive reaction.     

四臂星型聚苯乙烯-聚4-乙烯基吡啶嵌段共聚物纤维状胶束及负载金纳米粒子的研究

通过两步原子转移自由基聚合,制备了4种不同嵌段长度的四臂星型嵌段共聚物苯乙烯-聚4-乙烯基吡啶嵌段共聚物(PS-b-P4VP)4.在选择性溶剂甲苯中,随着嵌段长度的变化,自组装胶束的形态从球型到短棒状和纤维状的转变,其中(PS25-b-P4VP90)4自组装形成的以P4VP为核,以PS为花瓣型壳的纤维状胶束.以这种纤维状胶束作为模板,制备了金纳米粒子均匀分布的一维纳米材料     

聚环氧乙烷大单体与丙烯酸乙酯的共聚及其规整接枝共聚物的表征

 本工作研完了末端为甲基丙烯酸酯型的聚环氧乙烷大单体与丙烯酸乙酯的溶液自由基共聚。结果表明,大单体接枝效率和共聚物分子量受单体总浓度、投料比、大单体分子量及引发剂等的影响,接枝效率最高可达90％以上,分子量可在5-15×10⁴范围内变化。丙烯酸乙酯与大单体共聚的竞聚率为0.83。共聚物用萃取法精制后,用IR、¹H-NMR、裂解色谱、GPC和膜渗透压计等进行了表征。证实产物有预期的规整接枝共聚物结构。平均接枝数为2—11。     

Fractionation of polyethylene by gel permeation chromatography

The performance of the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique was studied with several commercial samples of linear high density polyethylene. A comparison of these data was made with those obtained from the elution column technique based on fractional dissolution. GPC gave reproducible fractionation data in the molecular weight range of 10³–10⁶. These data were obtained from two columns in series with nominal capacity of 1–10⁴ and 1–10⁶A. Polyethylene fractions of known molecular weights are required as calibration standards and for many commercial polyethylenes it is necessary to increase sensitivity at molecular weight higher than 10⁶.     

Synthesis of poly(4-vinylpyridine) and block copoly (4-vinylpyridine-b-styrene) by atom transfer radical polymerization using 5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazamacrocyclotetradecane as ligand

Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and block copolymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine-b-styrene) (P4VP-b-PSt) were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using 1-phenylethyl chloride as initiator, CuCl and 5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazamacrocyclotetradecane (Me₆[14]aneN₄) as catalyst and ligand. The polymerization of 4VP was carried out in 2-propanol at 40 °C. GPC and NMR studies show that the plot of ln([4VP]₀/[4VP]) against the reaction time is linear, and the molecular weight of the resulting P4VP increased linearly with the conversion. Within 3 h, the conversion can reach almost 90%. P4VP-b-PSt amphiphilic block copolymer with low polydispersity index (M_w/M_n ≈ 1.2) is also obtained by ATRP of St in DMF at 110 °C using P4VP-Cl as macroinitiator, CuCl/ Me₆[14]aneN₄ as catalyst.