对皮尔斯电子枪综合法的改进

 在低压缩比、低导流系数情况下，对Vaughan迭代综合法因阴极半锥角初始值取得不合理而失效的原因进行了分析，并对其中的迭代公式进行了合理修正。采用Vaughan迭代综合法和修正后的迭代综合法验算了13支不同性能的电子枪，结果表明：采用修正迭代法，阴极半锥角初始值即使在0°~70°取值，都能得出正确的计算结果。在原来Vaughan法适应的情况下，修正法与原方法的阴极半锥角结果之间差值小于1°；在原来Vaughan法失效的情况下(如低导流系数、低压缩比小于7)，改进后的方法也能得到接近实测值的合理结果。     

皮尔斯电子枪非迭代综合法的修正

 对Tiwary非迭代综合法进行了整理分析，根据阴极半锥角大小的不同范围对其计算公式做出了相应修正，使得计算结果与Vaughan迭代综合法的计算结果相吻合，二者之间相差可以实现小于1°；对阳极半径公式也做了合理的修正，使阳极与阴极之间的间隙及电子枪射程的计算精度也与迭代综合法相当。采用非迭代法的修正方法计算精度受阴极半锥角大小的影响大大减小，扩大了其应用范围。     

基于综合法的用于灭菌加速器的电子枪设计

 从优于传统的图解法和缩尺法的角度，简要介绍了用于设计收敛型皮尔斯电子枪的“综合法”。采用综合法重新设计了现有的用于灭菌加速器的热阴极电子枪，并对应用综合法的合理性进行了讨论。依据综合法给出电子枪的主要参数初值，由EGUN程序进行电子枪模拟计算，完成了聚焦极和阳极形状的设计。最终设计了出口束流强度1A，电流密度较均匀，归一化发射度小于4mm·mrad的电子枪，符合实际工程需要。     

W波段扩展互作用速调管电子光学系统

W波段扩展互作用速调管电子光学系统由皮尔斯电子枪与均匀永磁聚焦系统组成,用于电子注的产生与传输。利用Vaughan迭代综合法及数值模拟优化设计了皮尔斯电子枪,并按照电子注传输特性要求研制了均匀永磁聚焦结构。根据电子光学系统的三维模拟,导流系数0.21μP,注电流大于0.5A,注平均半径小于0.3mm,射程大于11mm。永磁聚焦磁场约0.33T,传输距离大于50mm,电子注通过率达到100%。电子枪与聚焦系统已加工完毕并通过测试,技术指标满足要求。     

1THz回旋管双阳极磁控注入电子枪的分析及设计

基于电子光学理论,通过编程进行大量的数值计算,设计了一支用于1THz回旋管的双阳极磁控注入式电子枪.对双阳极磁控注入电子枪的计算及设计进行了阐述,并对1 THz回旋管电子枪中高磁压缩比(f_m=125)可能导致电子反转的问题进行了详细的分析和模拟.通过对电子枪进行了仿真和优化,最后计算和设计了一支速度比适中(α=1.3),速度零散较小(Δβ<8%) 的电子枪.     

一种新型周期永磁聚焦系统过渡区的设计

 分析了过渡区中电子注调节的基本原理，设计了一种渐变式的过渡区结构，其注腰半径为0.8 mm，周期均匀磁场峰值为0.29 T，周期为4.5 mm，压缩比为22。该结构能够在减小电子枪压缩比的情况下对电子注进行再压缩，得到符合互作用要求的电子注。将采用渐变式过渡区结构的电子注匹配与采用传统方法的电子注匹配进行了比较，模拟结果表明：采用渐变式过渡区结构匹配电子注不仅能有效改善电子注的层流性（波动性为8%），还能够提高电子光学系统的稳定性。根据此方法对Ku波段6 kW行波管的电子光学系统进行了模拟计算，得到了良好的设计结果。     

TE01-TE11模式变换器的迭代设计方法

 对模式变换器的迭代设计方法做了改进：给出了合理的迭代步长初始值取值方式;在迭代时只考虑了贡献较大的几条耦合线,而忽略了贡献小的耦合线,从而改善带宽。利用改进的迭代设计方法设计了波导直径与自由空间波长比值为2.765 5的TE₀₁-TE₁₁模式变换器,总长度为600 mm,相对带宽为6%,中心频率转换效率为99.14%,总计算时间为40 s。利用CST软件进行了仿真验证,结果吻合较好。     

W波段扩展互作用器件均匀磁聚焦电子光学系统

扩展互作用器件,采用三个线圈和一个磁极实现均匀磁场分布。根据理论计算采用有限元法磁学(FEMM)仿真软件对所求磁场进行了建模分析,依据FEMM计算的磁场结合静电电子枪,采用CST仿真软件对高电流密度、高压缩比的电子注在均匀聚焦磁场的作用下传输进行优化。经过计算得出,在工作电压为17 kV、阴极发射电流密度小于10 A/cm2的条件下,由皮尔斯电子枪发射的电子注在均匀磁场的聚焦作用下传输良好,通过率为100%,得到了导流系数为0.175μP的电子枪,在均匀磁场区形成了高电流密度、高压缩比的电子注,平均电流密度达到343.17 A/cm2,压缩比为32,电子注横纵速度比为7.2%。     

行波管电子枪阴极组件的热计算

 使用ANSYS软件对行波管电子枪阴极组件进行了热分析和结构分析，计算了阴极组件的简化模型的温度和热形变。同时将热分析结果引入行波管设计软件TWTCAD中计算热形变前后电子束的射程、注腰半径、导流系数和面积压缩比的变化，使TWTCAD的计算结果与实验值更为接近。热形变导致电子束各项指标的变化对实际行波管的设计有参考价值。     

回旋管单阳极电子枪计算机辅助设计

 根据回旋管对电子枪的要求，采用综合法和分析法设计了该单阳极磁控注入电子枪。编制了一套大型的计算程序，利用计算机辅助设计，给出了电极形状、电子轨迹与电子注参量。计算表明，这种电子枪具有速度零散小、层流性较好、体积小等特点。该枪已用于制管实验中。由热测实验表明，它具有明显的优点，并获得了127kW的峰值功率和超过10%的效率。     

A new approach for evaluating the current and charge density distributions in electron guns and beams

Current and space-charge density distribution calculation is of great significance for numerical analysis and design of high-current electron guns and beams. When the electrons’ thermal initial velocities are taken into account, though there have been some numerical methods published, the calculation is very complicated. By introducing equivalent meridional potential and projection trajectory theory, the curvilinear axis trajectory equation for electrons neighboring to a central curved trajectory in rotationally symmetric electro-magnetic fields is derived in first- and second-order approximations. The evolution equation of the current density distribution of toroidal electron sub-beams is derived and it can be used to calculate the current and charge density distribution in electron beams and guns in iteration calculation. A compact numerical algorithm for calculating round high-current electron guns and beams was developed and related program was written as well. As examples, the evolution of the current density distribution of a Pierce gun and a periodic magnetic focusing high-current electron beam is simulated. This proves that this method is effective and practical.     

高效率行波管电子枪设计及其优化

 利用综合迭代法初步确定了用于高效率行波管的电子枪几何尺寸参数，考虑电子枪设计对导流系数、注腰半径、层流性等参数提出的要求，通过建立评价电子注性能优劣的目标函数以量化设计结果;应用EGUN软件和步长加速直接求优的方法对目标函数进行了优化，优化结果满足了设计要求。该电子枪已经用于制管实验，电子注静态通过率99.7%,动态通过率98.0%,电子效率达到34%，实验结果进一步验证了该电子枪设计的合理性。     

补偿脉冲发电机放电波形优化方法

基于一台两相四极空心补偿脉冲发电机,研究了多相脉冲电机放电波形调节的最优化问题。对补偿脉冲发电机的三种典型负载:电磁轨道炮、脉冲激光器和电热化学炮的基本特性进行了阐述,针对这三种负载分别提出了相应的优化指标,分析了量化脉冲波形对负载的适用程度,并将波形优化问题转化为函数优化问题。在建立了脉冲电机放电数学模型的基础上,使用差分进化算法对优化问题进行求解,找到最优点火角组合。对电磁轨道炮,优化指标为弹丸加速度比。将加速度比的概念进行拓展,可得到适用于脉冲激光器的尖顶脉冲。对电热化学炮,提出了“形状方差”的概念,消除了电流幅值的影响,能够较好地衡量脉冲形状的适用性。仿真结果表明,提出的脉冲波形优化指标是有效的,在智能优化算法的帮助下,能够通过控制量的组合得到不同类型负载的最优波形。     

Application of pulsed gas vents for plasma opening switches

Experimental results concerning the application of coaxial plasma guns with fast pulsed gas vents to provide the plasma for the microsecond plasma opening switch (MPOS) are reported. Various gases were used for the plasma production. Using the lightest gases (H₂ , D₂) yielded the best MPOS performance and resulted in the highest voltage and impedance levels as the switch opened. The importance of the role of secondary plasma production is demonstrated. Analyses of MPOS parameters as a function of different types of plasma are shown     

The Dryden flow in a weakly inhomogeneous magnetic field

A procedure of taking account of magnetic field inhomogeneity in the synthesis of axisymmetric magnetron-injector guns which produce the Dryden flow is described. The systems of self-consistent equations in the T and modes of cathode emission are given. The results of solving numerically the inside and outside synthesis problems are compared with the earlier results for a homogeneous magnetic field.SALYUT Research and Production Enterprise, Nizhny Novgorod. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol 38, No. 6, pp. 596–603, June, 1995.     

Simulation of the External Magnetic Field Effect on Fusion Plasma

Issues of numerical simulation of an experiment on compression and heating of a target in a magnetic field are discussed. It is found that the applied magnetic field predominantly increases the plasma lifetime and plasma jet characteristics (velocity, Mach number, density, etc.). An analysis of the effects of the application of an external magnetic field on the behavior of plasma-driven guns (plasma jets) and laser-driven systems (laser beams) is carried out. Thermodynamic questions in simulation of experiments on magnetic inertial synthesis are touched upon.     

Numerical simulation and experimental study of magnetron injection guns of high-power shortwave gyrotrons

The results of numerical simulation and experimental study of magnetron injection guns for high-power gyrotrons that form intense helical electron beams are compared. Three types of beams are studied: those with regularly intersecting trajectories, laminar, and mixed (with irregularly intersecting trajectories). The corresponding guns differ in the angle of inclination of the emitting surface to the axis of axial symmetry. Numerical simulation was performed using the ÉPOS program, which takes into account the effect of the space-charge field on the velocity distribution. The experimental studies of the latter were performed by the retarding-field method. It is established that with allowance for temperature deformations of the electrode systems, the experimental data are in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical. It is shown that for a maximal beam current, the best velocity-distribution characteristics (velocity spread and pitch factor) are provided by guns that form laminar and boundary beams (an intermediate case between laminar and regularly intersecting beams).