利用电光相位调制和交叉相位调制制作时间透镜的实验及仿真分析

对时间成像理论进行简要研究. 利用电光相位调制器进行光脉冲压缩实验,并分别对基于电光相位调制和交叉相位调制的时间透镜组成的时间成像系统进行了仿真和讨论. 实验结果表明,基于电光相位调制的时间透镜组成的时间成像系统可以有效压缩光脉冲,但是该系统受到了孔径限制,压缩系数较小,分辨率较低. 进一步的仿真分析结果表明,基于交叉相位调制的时间透镜组成的时间成像系统不受孔径限制,能够获得更大的压缩系数和更高的分辨率,但是该系统的实现难度较大. 关键词： 光脉冲压缩 时间透镜 电光相位调制 交叉相位调制     

Temporal filtering using time lenses for optical transmission systems

An optical signal processing scheme using time lenses in a 4-f configuration for optical communication systems is proposed. The first time-lens combined with a dispersive element such as an optical fiber produces the Fourier transform of the input signal and the second time lens combined with an optical fiber placed after the temporal filter produces the inverse Fourier transformation. Typically, in an optical signal processing scheme based on space/time-lens, the signal at the output is space/time-reversed because of the direct Fourier transformation after the spatial/temporal filter, which is undesirable for a practical optical communication system. Here, we propose a technique to implement both direct and inverse Fourier transformation using time lenses which has no spatial analogue. As a result, the bit sequence at the output is not time-reversed. Two applications of the proposed scheme, a demultiplexer for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems and a higher-order dispersion compensator, have been discussed and numerically implemented.     

Simplified system configuration for real-time Fourier transformation of optical pulses in amplitude and phase

Real-time Fourier transformation (RTFT) of optical waveforms in amplitude and phase (i.e. transform-limited RTFT) is a fundamental operation that enables the realization of many interesting ultrafast signal processing applications, including wavelength-tunable optical pulse filtering, all-optical temporal correlations and convolutions and temporal imaging, among others. In this paper, we demonstrate that under certain conditions, a single time lens (quadratic-phase temporal modulator) followed by a suitable dispersive delay line can be used to implement transform-limited RTFT of optical pulses. The design specifications and constraints of the proposed transform-limited RTFT systems are derived and discussed. As compared with the conventional methods, the proposed design does not require the use of an input dispersive device preceding the time lens or a second time lens after dispersion, thus resulting in a simpler and more practical alternative for implementing TL-RTFT of optical signals. The feasibility of our proposal to operate on picosecond optical waveforms using electro-optic time lenses has been confirmed by numerical simulations.     

Multiwavelength pulse generator using time-lens compression

We demonstrate a novel method of generating a multiwavelength pulse train by use of time-lens compression. In addition to pulse compression, this time lens simultaneously displaces the pulses according to their center wavelengths, resulting in a temporally evenly spaced multiwavelength pulse train. We further demonstrate a new aberration-correction technique based on the temporal analog of a spatial correction lens to improve the quality of the compressed pulses. Through the use of cw distributed-feedback lasers and electro-optic phase modulators, the all-fiber system allows complete tunability of temporal spacing, spectral profile, and repetition rate.     

用于激光驱动飞片诊断的线成像速度干涉仪

设计并建立了一套完整的线成像激光干涉测速系统,用于激光驱动技术中小尺寸飞片或样品一条线上所有点的速度测量。它将激光压缩为线状照射到靶面,用成像物镜收集靶面的漫反射光并传递到广角迈克尔逊干涉腔中形成干涉,产生的梳妆干涉条纹作为信号载体,用变像管扫描相机记录条纹随时间的变化,用不同位置的条纹移动量反推出不同位置的速度分布,实现空间分辨。系统具有50 ps响应时间和20μm空间分辨能力。用该系统测量了激光驱动飞片的速度场,清晰的扫描干涉图像直观显示了飞片的运动过程和各点的速度差异。用傅里叶变换方法对干涉图像进行处理,得到了靶面一条线的速度和位移分布。     

Transient thermal lensing measurement in a laser diode pumped NdxY1−xAl3(BO3)4 laser using a holographic shearing interferometer

A new technique for measuring a thermal lens, using a holographic shearing interferometer is presented. This technique was used to measure transient thermal lensing in a laser diode pumped NYAB laser. The measured thermal lensing power was proportional to the pumping laser diode intensity, with a gradient of 1.1 × 10⁻¹ m⁻¹ mm²/W. The transient response time of the thermal lens was 1.5 s, this value being consistent with the temporal decline of the second harmonic power.     

Complete temporal pulse characterization based on phase reconstruction using optical ultrafast differentiation (PROUD)

A simple and general technique for recovering the phase profile of a given optical waveform from temporal intensity measurements is introduced and experimentally demonstrated. The proposed method involves the measurement of the temporal intensity profiles at the input and output of a linear optical time differentiator. The signal phase profile can be unambiguously recovered from these intensity measurements using a direct and noniterative algorithm. Given that ultrafast optical differentiators can be readily implemented in all-fiber or free-space platforms, the proposed technique could be applied over time waveforms with durations ranging from the subpicosecond to the nanosecond regime.     

Research on improving the transverse resolution of binary optical element by digital-division-mask technique

We present the digital-division-mask technique for the first time to solve the problem of decline in transverse resolution, which is caused by using digital micro-mirror device (DMD) to make binary optical elements (BOEs). One high-frequency gray-tone mask can be divided into several low-frequency masks by fixed or variable low-frequency period sampling. And the superimposed lithography effect of these low-frequency masks in the spatial or temporal domain is the same as that of the original high-frequency gray-tone mask. The paper firstly analyzes the digital-division-mask technique in theory and describes the feasibility and advantages. Then taking the diffractive surface fabrication of refractive-diffractive hybrid lens as an example, we conclude that the digital-division-mask technique improves the edge sharpness of lithography pattern, and enhances the diffractive efficiency of BOEs by experiment.     

Aberration invariant optical/digital incoherent systems

We have developed a fundamental technique for control of important known and unknown lens aberrations. Control of lens aberrations through traditional means is very difficult in high-performance optical systems. Minimizing aberrations caused by deterministic design errors as well as statistical fabrication errors has often led to costly systems and fabrication techniques. By employing a special-purpose optical phase mask and digital signal processing we can form imaging systems that are invariant, or substantially insensitive, to a number of important lens aberrations.     

High spatiotemporal resolution in multifocal processing with femtosecond laser pulses

We report spatial and temporal dispersion compensation for fan-out of femtosecond pulses with a low-frequency diffraction grating by means of a hybrid diffractive-refractive lens triplet. In this way, we achieve a multifocal light structure with nearly diffraction-limited light spots even for 20 fs pulse duration. The spatial chromatic compensation, which drastically reduces the lateral walk-off of the various spectral components, also allows us to improve the available bandwidth at the dispersion-compensated diffraction orders. In fact, the temporal width of the output pulse is essentially limited by the group-delay dispersion term, which is shown to be small. The high spatiotemporal resolution provided by our proposal permits parallel multifocal processing of materials with femtosecond pulses.     

基于低相干光的阵列透镜束匀滑技术研究

基于激光加载的材料状态方程的实验研究对靶面光强分布的均匀性及稳定性提出了极高的要求,靶面光强的上述两大特性在很大程度上决定了实验结果的精度和可重复性.本文针对传统窄带高相干激光装置在激光加载材料状态方程实验中表现出的靶面光强均匀性和光强分布稳定性两方面可能存在的问题,提出了基于宽带低相干激光,利用消衍射阵列透镜联合诱导非相干技术的束匀滑方案,并重点分析了波前相位畸变对靶面不均匀性及稳定性的影响.模拟结果表明,该方法明显降低了靶面不均匀性,提高了对波前相位畸变的包容度,获得了均匀、稳定的光强分布.统计分析显示,焦斑强度分布极差和不均匀性与波前相位畸变均方根梯度相关性较强.因此,可以根据统计结果以及实验对焦斑强度分布的要求,给出波前相位畸变的容差范围,对状态方程实验中激光驱动器参数的设计与优化具有指导意义.     

Holographic Femtosecond Laser Processing with Multiplexed Phase Fresnel Lenses Displayed on a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator

Parallel femtosecond laser processing with a computer-generated hologram displayed on a spatial light modulator (SLM) is demonstrated. Use of the SLM enables performance of an arbitrary and variable patterning in laser processing. The hologram uses multiplexed phase Fresnel lenses (MPFLs) with features of independent tunability, three-dimensional (3D) parallelism of the diffraction peaks, optimization of the hologram with low computational costs, and low contribution of zero-order light to the processing. To make uniform the reconstructed diffraction peaks, an MPFL is optimized by changing the center phase and size of each phase Fresnel lens while taking account of the intensity distribution of the irradiated laser pulse and the spatial frequency response of an SLM. Using the holographic technique, two-dimensional parallel processing with a single-pulse irradiation of glass is demonstrated and the processing performance is analyzed.     

Achromatic doublets using group indices of refraction

One main function of short pulses is to concentrate energy in time and space [1]. The use of refractive lenses allows us to concentrate energy in a small volume of focusing around the focal point of the lens. When using refractive lenses, there are three effects that affect the concentration of energy around the focal point of the lens. These are the group velocity dispersion (GVD), the propagation time difference (PTD), and the aberrations of the lens. In this paper, we study lenses which are diffraction limited so that the monochromatic aberrations are negligible; the group velocity dispersion and the propagation time difference are the main effects affecting the spreading of the pulse at the focus. We will show that for 100-fs pulses the spatial spreading is larger than the temporal spreading of the pulse. It is already known that the effect of spatial spreading of the pulse due to PTD can be reduced by using achromatic optics. We use the theory proposed by A. Vaughan to analyze simple lenses and normal achromatic doublets, where normal means doublets that we can buy from catalogs. We then use the Vaughan theory to design achromatic doublets in phase and group, which produce no spatial spreading of the pulse, i.e., PTD = 0, when the doublet is designed for the carrier of the pulse. We compare these phase and group achromatic doublets with normal achromatic doublets. Finally, we show that apochromatic optics can give a much better correction of PTD than using normal achromatic doublets.     

A study on spatially extended phase objects using speckle photography

We present an application of an improved speckle photography technique for spatially extended phase objects. A contour mapping of a thin lens displaying its phase variation is presented. A theoretical analysis is investigated followed by the experimental presentation. Reasonable interference fringes are obtained and compared with the fringes obtained for hot air. The phase information of the object is extracted using the point-by-point technique.     

Wave optics analysis by phase-shifting real-time holographic interferometry

The purpose of this work is to study the potentialities in the phase-shifting real-time holographic interferometry using photorefractive crystals as the recording medium for wave-optics analysis in optical elements and non-linear optical materials. This technique was used for obtaining quantitative measurements from the phase distributions of the wave front of lens and lens systems along the propagation direction with in situ visualization, monitoring and analysis in real time.     

The Pulse Displacement Technique — a single particle counter with a size range larger than 1000: 1

This paper describes the pulse displacement technique(PDT) to simultaneously measure particle size and velocity in applications characterized by a large size range and high particle concentration. PDT is based on the detection of scattered refraction and reflection pulses which sweep past a detector at different times as a particle traverses a narrow probe volume. Basic analytical relationships are presented which allow the calculation of the spatial and temporal widths and separations of the reflection and refraction pulse as a function of particle diameter and velocity. Two implementations of PDT are discussed using one or two receivers with two laser sheets having the same or different wavelengths. This paper also discusses several methods to measure particle velocity with PDT, discusses the limitations associated with signal broadening in practical systems, and briefly presents experimental results which show that the temporal separation between the refraction and reflection and reflection pulse maxima is independent of collecting lens f-number from f/3 to f/20 for particle sizes ranging from 250 to 2000 μm.     

利用交叉相位调制和四波混频制作的时间透镜的仿真分析

利用高非线性光纤中的交叉相位调制和四波混频分别在仿真中实现了时间透镜. 对基于交叉相位调制的时间透镜中的高非线性光纤中的非线性过程进行了仿真分析. 仿真结果表明, 该时间透镜的主要影响因素为色散、自相位调制与四波混频; 通过采用带有一定色散斜率的高非线性光纤可同时消除色散、自相位调制和四波混频的影响; 另外, 该高非线性光纤的色散零点最好选在信号脉冲和抽运脉冲波长的中心附近. 然后对基于四波混频的时间透镜的实现进行了仿真分析. 仿真结果表明, 该时间透镜的主要影响因素为色散、 自相位调制和其他的四波混频; 通过设定合适大小的信号脉冲和抽运脉冲的功率可消除自相位调制和其他的四波混频的影响; 另外, 通过在高非线性光纤中引入一定的色散可进一步提高信号脉冲和抽运脉冲的功率, 从而获得更高功率的输出脉冲. 最后对两种时间透镜系统做出了比较. 关键词： 光脉冲压缩 时间透镜 交叉相位调制 四波混频     

Multiplexing and demodulation of fiber optic-based interferometric sensors using an integrated-optic amplitude /phase modulator

An integrated-optic amplitude and phase modulator is used in a network of interferometric sensors to create both a phase carrier and the pulses for multiplexing using time division. A time sampling technique is successfully used to account for the optical crosstalk in TDM processing and a very high frequency phase carrier is demonstrated.     

渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法

利用波前传感器测量自由曲面镜片时,由于自由曲面镜片的直径通常大于波前传感器的接收孔径,主要采用子孔径拼接技术测量镜片的波前像差。针对子孔径拼接技术测量中存在着操作繁琐、数据处理量大等问题,提出渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法,得到渐进多焦点镜片中央直径为22 mm圆形区域内的波前像差。为了验证试验的可靠性,将测量得到的波前像差泽尼克表述中的离焦项转换为球镜度,与条纹偏折法测量得到镜片的球镜度进行对比实验,实验结果证明了渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法可以用于渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的检测。     

基于螺旋相位调制的非相干全息点扩散函数研究

分析了菲涅耳非相干相关全息(Fresnel incoherent correlation holography,FINCH)系统中纯相位空间光调制器(spatial light modulator,SLM)加载螺旋相位掩模时的点扩散函数.以氙灯为照明光源搭建了FINCH系统,电荷耦合器记录的点源全息图与点扩散函数模拟结果一致.采用该系统分别在SLM上加载双透镜掩模和螺旋相位调制双透镜掩模两种情况下对分辨率板和非染色洋葱细胞成像,给出了成像对比结果.结果表明:采用螺旋相位调制的FINCH系统可以在几乎不牺牲分辨率的情况下提高图像的边缘对比度;同样,对相位物体也可以实现图像的边缘提取和识别.该方法在实时监测活细胞的分裂、形变等方面具有重要应用前景.