用AFM研究阳极氧化铝的不稳定生长

用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)模板的不稳定生长. 结果表明:AAO模板的不稳定生长导致了纳米孔道结构有序度的降低.在H₃PO₄溶液中生长的AAO模板孔道结构稳定性较差;而在H₂C₂O₄溶液中生长的AAO模板稳定性依赖于氧化电压和电流密度,在低电压和电流密度下稳定性较好,高电压和电流密度下稳定性较差. 充分利用这种不稳定生长特性,通过控制AAO模板的阳极氧化条件,可得到具有分枝孔道结构的特殊模板,这为利用模板法制备各种Y形或T形纳米线、管提供了新的发展空间.     

介电力显微术：一种观察纳米材料中电荷行为的新方法

功能纳米器件中组成材料间的电荷转移输运过程对于器件中的物理化学过程以及由此引发的器件功能会有重大影响,因此,深入理解器件工作过程中的电子／离子行为机理对于优化器件功能以及进一步开发纳米材料的应用潜力具有重要意义．传统场效应晶体管对于纳米材料的电输运测量表征反映了载流子在整个器件中的统计行为,但难以检测电荷具体的转移输运过程．同时,由于纳米材料的尺寸和分散性,基于纳米材料的场效应晶体管面临着制备困难、电极／纳米材料接触复杂和制作成本高等问题．因此,本课题组发展了介电力显微术（dielectricforcemicroscopy,DFM）方法并实现了对纳米材料电学性质的无接触、高空间分辨率和快速表征．本文介绍了介电力显微术的基本原理,列举了其在探究一维纳米材料、纳米颗粒以及有机半导体薄膜电学性质上的一些应用实例．这些实例验证了介电力显微术对纳米材料电学性质的表征能力,并展现了这一技术在纳米材料物理化学性质和纳米器件功能研究上的广阔前景．     

碳纳米管原子力显微镜针尖对脱氧核糖核酸高分辨率成像研究

运用自制的碳纳米管原子力显微镜针尖,在液体中观察了脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）分子的精细结构。结果表明,运用碳纳米管针尖获得的DNA分子的高度与电子显微镜的结果非常接近,且没有造成样品的变形损伤;碳纳米管针尖得到的DNA分子的宽度与真实值相近,减小了原子力显微镜成像的增宽效应,这是用传统的硅针尖无法获得的。DNA分子精细结构的高分辨率图像的获得为研究其功能提供了有价值的信息。     

Observation of microcontaminants on pure chromium surface by AFM and their removal by UV light illumination

Microcontaminants on a pure chromium surface were observed and confirmed by atomic force microscope (AFM). On the basis of surface observation, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and wettability measurement, the removal of microcontaminants by ultraviolet (UV) light illumination was investigated. Particle‐ and film‐like microcontaminants on the specimen surface were observed. With an increase in air exposure time, particle‐like contaminants increased in size, and then film‐like contaminants almost covered the entire surface. Most organic substance in the contaminants was removed by UV light illumination in a sealed chamber, except water in the contaminants. The re‐adhesion of contaminants on the UV‐light‐illuminated surface seemed slower after compared to before UV light illumination. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

运用功能化修饰的碳纳米管针尖测量配体-受体的作用力

电弧法自制碳纳米管原子力显微镜针尖,对其末端进行功能化修饰,然后测量配体-受体之间的作用力。运用没有功能化修饰的碳纳米管针尖与修饰有亲和素分子的基底进行接触测量时,没有粘滞力出现;而运用末端修饰生物素分子的碳纳米管针尖测量时,有粘滞力产生。功能化的碳纳米管针尖直接测得的粘滞力均大约200pN,此值符合一对配体生物素和受体亲和素之间的作用力。这一结果很难用传统的针尖获得,功能化修饰的碳纳米管针尖能够克服传统针尖在力测量中的局限,在生物学和化学领域有着广泛的应用前景。     

AFM image processing for estimating the number and volume of nanoparticles on a rough surface

This article presents the method of computer automatic recognition and measurement of the number and volume of nanoparticles formed on a rough surface by smoothing, enhancement and segmentation of image processing. The grafted grains (nanoparticles) on polyethylene surface are taken as the example. This method uses shock filter enhancement and globally convex segmentation to separate the nanoparticles from the polymer substrate surface. Then the nanoparticles are extracted from the rough surface, and the number and volume of nanoparticles on the rough surface are determined. By applying this method to analyze the surfaces irradiated for different time, the number and volume of grafted grains are obtained and they are consistent with the results obtained manually. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

失效原子力显微镜硅针尖再生

原子力显微镜的传统商品硅针尖在使用过程中极易因磨损而失效，本文研究了一种在实验室条件下简易可行的回收利用失效硅针尖的方法。在原子力显微镜的敲击模式下使用曲率半径大于100 nm的失效硅针尖对生长单壁碳纳米管的样品表面进行扫描，把样品表面的单壁碳纳米管管束粘接到硅针尖上，可制得直径在5～20 nm的碳纳米管针尖。实验对碳纳米管针尖和新的商品硅针尖进行了成像对比，所制备的碳纳米管针尖不仅在成像分辨率而且在成像稳定性上都优于新的商品硅针尖。     

原子力显微镜对中性粒细胞与K562细胞超微结构及机械性能的探测

采用原子力显微镜在纳米尺度下对正常中性粒细胞与白血病细胞株K562细胞的表面形貌及细胞的硬度、粘附力进行定性定量分析.结果表明,相比正常中性粒细胞的平均粗糙度(Ra=5.31±1.52 nm),K562细胞的超微结构更为复杂,细胞表面平均粗糙度显著升高(Ra=26.54±8.01 nm).此外,细胞的生物机械特性也有显著差别:中性粒细胞的硬度为9.5±1.3 kPa,AFM针尖与中性粒细胞的非特异性粘附力为135±23.4 pN;K562细胞的硬度为3.0±0.8 kPa,AFM针尖与K562细胞的非特异性粘附力为95±15.6 pN.AFM在单细胞水平上的探测表明,中性粒细胞和K562细胞的超微结构和机械特性均有明显差异.通过对细胞表面超微结构和力学特性的探测可以诊断慢性粒细胞白血病,原子力显微镜有望成为临床肿瘤诊断的工具.     

利用原子力显微镜探测人正常与慢性淋巴白血病外周血B淋巴细胞

采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法得到人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),并结合磁珠分选的方法进一步纯化得到正常B淋巴细胞,探索了正常和肿瘤B淋巴细胞之间的差异。通过应用具有高分辨率的原子力显微镜(AFM)对正常人和慢性淋巴白血病人外周血B淋巴细胞进行成像,并对这两种B淋巴细胞的高度、直径、体积及膜表面的颗粒平均高度、平均粗糙度和颗粒分布进行测量,对比观察两组细胞膜表面宏观和纳米结构的变化。结果表明,慢性淋巴白血病B淋巴细胞比正常的B淋巴细胞高大,细胞膜表面颗粒更大且细胞膜粗糙。此外,对这两组淋巴细胞进行了机械性质方面的测量和统计,结果发现慢性淋巴白血病B淋巴细胞粘附力(524.1±160.0)pN比正常B淋巴细胞粘附力(1091±260)pN约小1倍,且癌变的B淋巴细胞硬度明显比正常的小。当正常细胞癌变时,细胞的形貌、超微结构及骨架会发生一定的改变。实验证明应用AFM可在形态学和机械性质上明显区别正常和慢性淋巴白血病B淋巴细胞,为临床诊断慢性淋巴白血病提供新的技术手段。     

Investigation of Electrical Conductivity Properties and Electro Transport of a Novel Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Electro Membrane under Constant Current

This study used multi‐walled carbon nanotube in electro‐membrane extraction studies under direct constant current for the first time for the electro transport of cypermethrin (CYP) from aqueous to acceptor phase. A novel and developed membrane exhibits visible and remarkable recovery values (82.76 %) for the removal of CYP under 0.3 A constant current at 60 V in 30 minutes. It is demonstrated that regenerating electro membrane by multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) increased the electrical conductivity, thermal Ea values of a novel membrane (750 meV) and stability, and it resulted in better and higher kinetic results on the transport process. This study presents a potential solution for the limited use of electro‐membrane extraction at higher current values. Regenerating of the electro membrane by MWCNTs not only allows us to work even at high current values, it prevents the formation of electrolysis up to a certain current value in donor and acceptor phases. Thermogravimetric analysis of the novel membrane also confirms successful regeneration of the electro membrane by MWCNTs. Electro‐membrane extraction studies have gained a new perspective and innovation by the use of MWCNTs in electro‐membrane process.     

脱乙酰基对天然魔芋葡甘聚糖分子形貌的影响

通过原子力显微镜直接观察魔芋葡甘聚糖（KGM）分子的三维结构形貌，KGM水溶液铺展在经Ca^2 处理的云母片上，干燥固定后，可获得稳定，重复的图像，实验结果表明，稀溶液中KGM分子具有伸展的螺旋链状结构，单股的长度达200－400nm，厚度为1．0nm，宽度为35．0－35．2nm，脱乙酰后分子链卷曲成直径约40－50nm,厚3．5－5．0nm的弹性圆台状。     

利用AFM和SNOM对淋巴细胞膜表面超微结构及其光学性质的初步研究

利用原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscopy，AFM)对淋巴细胞表面形貌进行了形态学的初步研究，观察到了其膜表面其他显微技术所不能发现的超微结构．同时也运用扫描近场光学显微镜(Scanning Near field Optical Microscopy，SNOM)对淋巴细胞进行成像，观察了其对光的透射、吸收等光学性质，并对两种成像方法进行了比较．研究发现：淋巴细胞膜表面凹凸不平，分布着大量直径几十到几百纳米不等的小颗粒；淋巴细胞中央部位有自发荧光现象．结果表明，AFM和SNOM可作为进一步探讨淋巴细胞的结构与功能关系的有力工具．     

ＧＳＨ-Ｃｄ（Ⅱ）、Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）配合物在硅片表面形貌的ＡＦＭ 分析

用原子力显微镜观察了谷胱甘肽-镉、铜配合物在硅片表面的形貌。低浓度时,谷胱甘肽-镉配合物主要以类球体颗粒无序地分散在基底表面,其表观高度和长度分别为(3.6±0.1) nm 和(60±10) nm 。随着浓度的增加,出现由小颗粒聚集而成的簇体。不同的缓冲溶液体系对谷胱甘肽-镉配合物的形貌无明显影响。谷胱甘肽-铜配合物首先由均匀的球体颗粒聚集成长链,然后岁链延伸方向的不同,形成类似于网状和线团状 2 种表面形貌,显示良好的方向性和均匀性。     

原子力显微镜的基本原理及应用

先进的测试表征技术是认识微观世界的重要手段，对于尺度和维度观的培养具有重要意义。不同于传统光学显微镜和电子显微镜，原子力显微镜是通过其探针原子与样品的表面原子的作用力来实现对样品表面形貌观测的。简述了原子力显微镜的基本原理和基本构造，阐释了其核心部件及功能。原子力显微镜主要有4种工作模式，比较了它们的优劣及应用范围。最后对原子力显微镜在分析测试中的实际应用进行了简述，展现了原子力显微镜的优越性与广阔的应用前景。     

反渗透过程中双壁碳纳米管通水阻盐性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法, 探究了非常规双壁碳纳米管(DWCNT)在反渗透过程中, 不同内外管间距对管道内水分子与盐离子运动行为的影响. 本文采用0.5 mol·L^-1氯化钠水溶液模拟海水, 内管始终采用CNT(8,8)型, 并对盐水层施加恒力模拟反渗透压. 重点考察盐离子数量分布与通水情况, 计算水分子平均力势, 并分析水分子氢键寿命与偶极矩分布. 结果表明, 管间距不仅影响上述各项性质, 还会改变盐离子与水分子在碳管中的渗透特性. 模拟结果显示, 小尺寸DWCNT可以有效实现盐水分离但水通量较小, 大尺寸DWCNT的水容量较大但阻盐效率不高, 而中尺寸DWCNT (即: 管间距为0.815 nm)则具有最佳的通水阻盐性能. 本文试图从分子层面揭示了DWCNT通水阻盐机理, 并为人们设计新型海水淡化渗透膜提供理论指导.     

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable hydrophobic–hydrophilic hydrogel networks with a controlled swelling property

A biodegradable polymer network hydrogel system with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components was synthesized and characterized. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic components were dextran and poly(D,L )lactic acid (PDLLA), respectively. These two polymers were chemically modified for incorporating unsaturated groups for subsequent UV crosslinking to generate a hydrogel with a three‐dimensional network structure. The effects of the reaction conditions on the synthesis of a dextran derivative of allyl isocyanate (dex‐AI) were studied. All newly synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and NMR. The swelling property of the hydrogels was studied in buffer solutions of different pHs. The results of this study showed that a wide‐range swelling property was obtained by changes in the dex‐AI/PDLLA composition ratio, the type and degree of unsaturated groups incorporated into dextran, and the UV photocrosslinking time. The solvent extraction effect on the swelling property of the hydrogels was also studied. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2392–2404, 2000     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) bottlebrush networks via ring-opening metathesis polymerization

Herein it is reported how the overlap concentration (C*) can be used to overcome crosslinking due to diol impurities in commercial poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), allowing for the synthesize of bottlebrush polymers with good control over molecular weight. Additionally, PEG-based bottlebrush networks are synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization, attaining high conversions with minimal sol fractions (<2%). The crystallinity and mechanical properties of these networks are then further altered by solvent swelling with phosphate buffer solution and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate/dichloromethane cosolvents. The syntheses reported here highlight the potential of the bottlebrush network architecture for use in the rational design of new materials.     

Synthesis and applications of a novel supramolecular polymer network with multiple H‐bonded melamine pendants and uracil crosslinkers

A conjugated main‐chain copolymer ( PBT ) consisting of bithiazole, dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrroles (DTP), and pendent melamine units was synthesized by Stille polymerization, which can be hydrogen‐bonded (H‐bonded) with proper molar amounts of bi‐functional π‐conjugated crosslinker F (i.e., two uracil motifs covalently attached to a fluorene core through triple bonds symmetrically) to develop a novel supramolecular polymer network ( PBT/F ). The effects of multiple H‐bonds on light harvesting capabilities, HOMO levels, and photovoltaic properties of polymer PBT and H‐bonded polymer network PBT/F are investigated. The formation of supramolecular polymer network ( PBT/F ) between PBT and F was confirmed by FTIR and XRD measurements. Because of the stronger light absorption, lower HOMO level, and higher crystallinity of H‐bonded polymer network PBT/F , the solar cell device containing PBT/F showed better photovoltaic properties than that containing polymer PBT . The preliminary results show that the solar cell device containing 1:1 weight ratio of PBT/F and [6,6]‐phenyl C₇₁ butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) offers the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 0.86% with a short‐circuit current density (J_sc) of 4.97 mA/cm², an open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.55 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 31.5%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Effect of chain structure on the glass transition temperature and viscoelastic property of cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene via molecular simulation

In this work, by adopting the united atom model of cis‐1,4‐poly(butadiene) (PB), we systemically investigate the effect of the chain structure on the glass transition temperature (T_g) and the viscoelastic property of PB system. First, we analyze the atom translational mobility, bond reorientation dynamics, torsional dynamics, conformational transition rate, and dynamic heterogeneity of the PB chains with different chain structures in detail by determining the corresponding T_g. In addition, our results clearly indicate that with the decrease of the amount of the free end atoms of PB via the end‐linking method, the mobility of the PB chains quickly decreases. As a result, the T_g of the PB chains gradually increases. Depending on the chain structure and the calculation method, the T_g of the PB chains varies from 154 to 240 K. In addition, the temperature dependence of the dynamic properties has different Arrhenius behaviors above and below T_g. The calculated activation energy varies from 7.37 to 16.37 KJ/mol for different chain structures above T_g, which can be compared with those for other polymers. In addition, through the end‐linking approach the strong interaction between the PB chains improves the storage modulus G′ and the loss modulus . Meanwhile, the immobility of the free end atoms effectively reduces the friction loss of the chains under the shear field, which is reflected by the low loss factor . In summary, this work can further help to understand the effect of the chain structure on the dynamic properties of the PB chains. Meanwhile, it provides an effective approach to reduce the energy loss during the dynamic periodic deformation, which can cut the fuel consumption via the end‐linking method. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55, 1005–1016