利用荧光CT实现生物医学样品内元素分布的无损成像

荧光CT是一种可无损重建元素空间分布的发射型断层成像技术,对生物医学研究具有重要意义.同步辐射的高通量、高准直和能量可调等特性使荧光CT的生物医学应用成为可能.文章通过优化设计,在上海同步辐射光源建立了一套用于生物医学样品微量元素分析的荧光CT成像系统.通过对实验装置的优化,提高了系统的数据采集速度和空间分辨率.将极大...     

Review of in situ X-ray fluorescence analysis technology in China

In the past two decades, the in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology has been developed rapidly in China, which is mainly due to the rapid development of China's economy and the great demand for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in geological exploration, environmental protection, and industrial process analysis. In this article, the development of in situ XRF analysis technology in China is reviewed from three aspects, namely in situ XRF analyzers, in situ XRF analysis technology, and applications of in situ XRF analysis technology. The in situ XRF analyzers are divided into four generations, and the technical characteristics of each generation of analyzers are discussed from the perspectives of X-ray excitation source, detector, electronic circuit unit, and digital signal processing. The progress of X-ray spectrum analysis, matrix effect correction, and correction of uneven effect and humidity effect is reviewed. The representative applications of XRF analysis technology in geological and mineral survey, environmental pollution investigation, cultural relic identification, and alloy analysis are introduced.     

原位活体骨铅X射线荧光光谱分析

报道了应用X射线荧光光谱技术在中国本土获得的普通人群原位人体活体骨铅数据,发表了中国大陆普通居民的胫骨和根骨活体骨铅浓度及其研究结果。采用Pb的K系谱线进行了原位活体分析人胫骨和根骨骨铅含量。普通人群样本中所测骨铅含量加权平均值在0.4～22.7μg.(g骨矿物质)-1之间,不确定度在7.0～12.5μg.(g骨矿物质)-1之间,平均最小检出限20.3μg.(g骨矿物质)-1。在污染调查区居民中发现骨铅最高可达73.9μg.(g骨矿物质)-1。     

晶粒尺寸和应变的X射线粉末衍射法测定

文章介绍了根据X射线粉末衍射线形测定试样晶粒度和点阵畸变（应变）的主要方法,并以Co3O4纳米材料晶粒度和应变的测量为例加以说明.通过与扫描电镜观察的统计结果进行比较,分析了各种方法计算晶粒尺寸的可靠性和适用性.     

Source identification of individual P M2.5 particles in Shanghai air in the winter of 2007 with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe

In order to further understand the sources of PM2.5 in Shanghai air, the synchrotron X-ray fluores- cence microprobe at the BL-4A Beamline of Photon Factory of High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan, was applied to analyze the individual PM2.5 particles collected from Shanghai air in the winter of 2007. Eight categories of emission sources were recognized in these individual particles. The source identification shows that most of the analyzed PM2.5 particles are derived from vehicle exhaust and metallurgical emissions. This suggests that the important emission sources of PM2.5 in Shanghai air would be vehicle exhaust and metallurgical activities.     

The determination of calcium concentrations in human milk with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

This work reports on an alternative method for the determination of element concentrations in human milk. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer with an annular Am²⁴¹ and Fe⁵⁵ sources was applied for the analysis of human milk samples. A sample preparation method suitable for the EDXRF analysis was described. The results were presented in Table 1. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique has been successfully used for the determination of calcium and other elements in human milk. For this reason, the experimental approach and the analytical method used in this study appear adequate for the purpose and can therefore be exploited for similar investigations.     

X-ray fluorescence in some rare earth and high Z elements excited by 661.6 keV γ-rays

The K-shell X-ray fluorescence cross sections are determined experimentally for 10 elements such as Pb, Hg, Ir, W, Lu, Tm, Dy, Tb, Gd and Nd at excitation energy of 661.6 keV associated with γ-rays of ¹³⁷Cs radioisotope. The technique employed involves the measurement of total intensity of fluorescent K X-rays that follow the photoeffect absorption of a known flux of γ-rays using a well type Nal(Tl) detector. The obtained results are compared with the available theoretical values and other measured values.     

Review of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence on food elements detection

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a physical rapid detection method to analyze the types of elements through the energy characteristics of fluorescent X-ray particles. When applied to the detection of food element content, it not only needs simple sample pretreatment but also the element measurement time generally does not exceed 10 min to have the accuracy of μg/g, which can greatly reduce the time and cost of detection. Due to the limitations of the EDXRF instrument and measurement mechanism, it has low sensitivity to light elements in food, and the detection sensitivity varies with elements in food element analysis. For example, the detection sensitivity of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and other elements concerned by people is not high when the content is low, and the measurement accuracy is extremely dependent on the detector resolution. However, with the improvement of detector performance and algorithm optimization of EDXRF, the detection limit of this technology can reach 0.1 μg/g, the detection of trace elements has also been improved, which has made a new breakthrough in the field of food element detection. Therefore, this paper reviews that in recent 20 years, in order to overcome the various difficulties of EDXRF in food detection, the hardware optimization of EDXRF (For example, the development of an analyzer without sample preparation can greatly reduce the time required for the detection of food elements, and a series of instruments combined with EDXRF and cluster capillary technology can greatly improve the excitation efficiency of lighter elements in food. The spectrometer with a high-resolution detector can improve the detection accuracy of target elements with low content in food) and in order to solve the problem of spectrum resolution in food detection, (For example, the wavelet transform method which has good performance in spectrum smoothing, identifying weak peaks and maintaining peak shape is applied to EDXRF spectrum resolution, which can better solve the problem that the X-ray characteristic peaks of elements with a low atomic number in food are submerged) the reform and innovation of spectrum resolution methods are introduced. This paper summarizes and analyzes the representative application examples of EDXRF in food safety detection, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of EDXRF compared with other rapid detection or food detection methods in different situations, concludes its application conditions, and discusses the application prospect of EDXRF technology in the field of food detection.     

X荧光分析法测定地表灰尘和空调灰中重金属含量

使用X荧光分析法对地表灰尘和空调滤网灰中所含金属元素(Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Pb)做了定量分析.结果表明,5种元素在空调灰中的含量都大于其在地表灰尘中的含量,其中Cu,Zn,Pb 3种元素在地表灰尘和空调灰中的含量远远大于四川省表层土壤中对应的平均含量.通过对不同粒径组地表灰尘中重金属含量的分析表明,地表灰尘中五种元素的含量在测量范围内随灰尘直径的变化规律大致相同.     

能量色散X荧光分析中元素间效应的蒙特卡罗模拟

针对能量色散X荧光分析(EDXRF)技术中元素间效应实验研究的难点问题,采用蒙特卡罗方法对基于Si（PIN）探测器的EDXRF系统建立模拟模型,并对模拟微束软X射线注量谱建立了高斯展宽算法。对Fe-Ni样品进行模拟计算,表明经该算法展宽后的注量谱与实测K系特征X射线谱吻合度较高,并得到了各元素特征X射线归一计数与元素含量关系曲线,结果表明该方法可自行校正EDXRF中元素间效应,获得准确的元素K系特征X射线谱理论强度。     

能量色散X荧光分析中元素间效应的蒙特卡罗模拟

针对能量色散X荧光分析(EDXRF)技术中元素间效应实验研究的难点问题,采用蒙特卡罗方法对基于Si（PIN）探测器的EDXRF系统建立模拟模型,并对模拟微束软X射线注量谱建立了高斯展宽算法。对Fe-Ni样品进行模拟计算,表明经该算法展宽后的注量谱与实测K系特征X射线谱吻合度较高,并得到了各元素特征X射线归一计数与元素含量关系曲线,结果表明该方法可自行校正EDXRF中元素间效应,获得准确的元素K系特征X射线谱理论强度。     

粉晶X射线衍射在矿物岩石学研究中的应用

文章简单介绍了粉晶Ｘ射线衍射在岩石矿物学研究中的主要应用.指出粉晶Ｘ射线衍射不仅在矿物的定性/定量分析、晶胞参数测定、类质同像研究、多型研究、有序/无序结构研究、岩组学研究等传统领域继续发挥着重要作用,在矿物结晶过程和相转变研究、矿物表面物相研究、矿物缺陷研究和矿物晶体结构测定等新领域也展现出广阔的应用前景.     

粉晶X射线衍射在矿物岩石学研究中的应用

文章简单介绍了粉晶X射线衍射在岩石矿物学研究中的主要应用.指出粉晶X射线衍射不仅在矿物的定性/定量分析、晶胞参数测定、类质同像研究、多型研究、有序/无序结构研究、岩组学研究等传统领域继续发挥着重要作用,在矿物结晶过程和相转变研究、矿物表面物相研究、矿物缺陷研究和矿物晶体结构测定等新领域也展现出广阔的应用前景.     

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of Fe in solid powder samples: A quality improvement perspective

The various factors affecting energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of iron in solid powder samples were evaluated, to improve the quality of these measurements. Influence of samples/standards preparation and instrumental parameters such as applied voltage to the X-ray tube, tube output current, and duration of acquisition were assessed, and the optimized instrumental parameters were 12 kV, 200 μA, and 200 s, respectively. Linear dynamic range of the spectrometer was found to be 0.0052 to 5.042 g kg⁻¹. Detection limits of iron in various organic/inorganic samples were found to be 2.5 to 21.9 mg kg⁻¹. The values obtained during the present method were evaluated with neutron activation analysis.     

基本参数法在地面验证实验中的的应用

As the nearest celestial body to the earth, the moon has become a hot spot again in astronomy field recently. The element analysis is a much important subject in many lunar projects. Remote X-ray spectrometry plays an important role in the geochemical exploration of the solar bodies. Because of the quasi-vacuum atmosphere on the moon, which has no absorption of X-ray, the X-ray fluorescence analysis is an effective way to determine the elemental abundance of lunar surface. The CE-1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer （CE-1/XFS） aims to map the major elemental compositions on the lunar surface. This paper describes a method for quantitative analysis of elemental compositions. A series of ground base experiments are done to examine the capability of XFS. The obtained results, which show a reasonable agreement with the certified values at a 30% uncertainty level for major elements, are presented.     

改进型M-P神经网络在能量色散X荧光分析测定铅锌矿元素含量的应用研究

以新疆西天山铅锌矿样品的Cu,Fe,Pb等元素X荧光测量数据做训练样本,McCulloch-Pitts神经网络(M-P神经网络)为基础,基体效应为依据,建立新的神经网络模型对Zn进行定量预测。结果预测值与测量值的相对误差在<5%。此方法可较准确,快速的应用于现场X荧光测定,为X荧光光谱信息修正提供一种新方法。     

X荧光光谱分析法测定含铬不定形耐火材料

含铬耐火材料中的SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,TiO2,CaO,MgO和Cr2O3等直接影响着产品质量,属于需控制成分。文章用市售耐火材料标准品和基准试剂配制出适当含量范围且有一定梯度的系列标准样,以四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂(质量比67∶33)作熔剂、熔样过程中添加碘化铵固体脱模剂的方法制备样品玻璃熔片,通过X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定元素的荧光强度,并以理论α系数基体校正法消除吸收与增强效应,从而得到测量上述组分的定量校正曲线。该方法应用于耐火材料标准品的测定,所得结果与标准值吻合。应用于实际样品的测定并和化学法比较,结果准确,精密度好,操作简单、快速,具有良好的实用性。     

X射线荧光全息术中消除光源偏振效应和孪生像的重构新算法

以27个铁原子成立方排列的晶体结构为模型,通过数值模拟和重构,讨论了入射光源的偏振性对原子像的影响.结果表明,入射光源的偏振性对原子像的可观测性有非常重要的影响.为此,提出了一种能同时消除光源偏振性影响和全息成像所固有的孪生像的数字重构新算法,并通过数字模拟及重构,结果证明了这是一种有效的数字重构算法,能够解决实验过程中光源偏振性和孪生像对原子像的影响. 关键词： X射线荧光全息术 同步辐射 偏振性