2-Oxobenzo[h]chromene: a novel entry for the synthesis of functionalized angular polycyclic azaarenes

An efficient and short synthesis of (5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-2-ylidene)acetonitriles, (5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazolin-2-ylidene)acetonitriles and (5,6-dihydrobenzimidazo[1,2-b]benzo[f]isoquinolin-7-yl)acetonitriles in good yields is delineated through base catalyzed ring transformation of 4-(piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-5,6-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitriles with 2-amino-pyridine, 2-aminopyrazine and (imidazo-2-yl)acetonitrile.     

Versatility of 2-oxobenzo[h]chromene for the synthesis of oxabenzo[c]chrysenes

An innovative and concise synthesis of (7,8-dihydro-5-oxabenzo[c]chrysene-6-ylidene)acetonitriles is described through base catalyzed ring transformation of 2-oxo-4-piperidin-1-yl-5,6-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitriles with 1-tetralone in very good yields.     

Expected and unexpected reactions of 1,3-benzothiazine derivatives, II. Formation of isomeric 5,6-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazocines

A method for the synthesis of medium-sized 1,5-benzothiazocines by ring enlargement of 1,3-benzothiazines has been developed. When N-alkyl-1,3-benzothiazines were reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in acetonitrile at room temperature, regioisomeric 5,6-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzothiazocines and 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,5-benzothiazocines were obtained as novel ring systems. Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate could attack either the nitrogen or the sulfur atom of the thiazines. NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic investigations confirmed the structures of the products.     

An efficient and novel approach to the synthesis of tetrahydrophenanthro[4,3-b]thiophenes

An elegant approach to the synthesis of 2,3,6,7-tetrahydrophenanthro[4,3-b]thiophenes has been described through base catalyzed ring transformation of 4-sec-amino-2-oxo-5,6-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitriles with tetrahydrothiophen-3-one in very good yields.     

Isomerization and ring-closing metathesis for the synthesis of 6-, 7- and 8-membered benzo- and pyrido-fused N,N-, N,O- and N,S-heterocycles

An isomerization-ring-closing metathesis (RCM) strategy afforded N-substituted 4H-1,4-benzoxazines from the protected N-allyl-2-(allyloxy)anilines. In addition, RCM was used to synthesize the N-substituted, 8-membered benzo-fused heterocycles from the respective diallyl compounds: 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,6-benzodiazocine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-1,6-benzoxazocine, 5,6,9,10-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b][1,4]diazocine and 5,6-dihydro-2H-1,6-benzothiazocine 1,1-dioxide. The isomerization-RCM approach also afforded the 7-membered ring system, 2,5-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine 1,1-dioxide, from the protected N-allyl-2-(allylsulfonyl)aniline. Furthermore, the structure of 1,6-bis[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,6-benzodiazocine was confirmed by a single crystal X-ray determination.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

2-Oxobenzo[h]chromene: a novel entry for the concise and efficient synthesis of indeno[1,2-c]phenanthrenes

An efficient and concise synthesis of 7-sec-amino-5,13-dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-c]phenanthrene-8-carbonitriles is described through base catalyzed ring transformation of 4-sec-amino-2-oxo-5,6-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitriles with 1-indanone in moderate to good yields.     

Acetyltrimethylsilane mediated synthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes

An easy and efficient synthesis of phenanthrene derivatives through base catalyzed ring transformation of 4-sec-amino-2-oxo-5,6-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitriles with acetyltrimethylsilane is described in good yields. The advantage of this reaction is the direct transformation of 2-oxobenzo[h]chromene into phenanthrene via C-C insertion from acetyltrimethylsilane.     

An unusual synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[f]isoquinolines

A facile and short synthesis of 2-oxo-4-sec-amino-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[f]isoquinoline-1-carbonitriles has been delineated through base catalyzed ring transformation of 5,6-dihydro-2-oxo-4-sec-amino-2H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitrile by cyanoacetamide in excellent yields.     

Synthesis of methyl substituted [5,6]- and [7,8]-fused pyridocoumarins via the iodine-catalyzed reaction of aminocoumarins with n-butyl vinyl ether

2-Methyl substituted [5,6]- or [7,8]-fused pyridocoumarins are prepared from the Povarov-type, three-component reactions of 6- or 7-aminocoumarins with n-butyl vinyl ether, catalyzed by iodine in refluxing acetonitrile, through the aza-Diels–Alder reaction of the initially formed N-iminoaminocoumarins with a second equivalent of the vinyl ether.     

Synthesis, structure, and transformations of N-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-endo-2-ylmethyl)-N-[(oxiran-2-yl) methyl]-arenesulfonamides

Reaction of N-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-endo-2-ylmethyl)arenesulfonamides with epichlorohydrin in the presence of tetramethylammonium iodide afforded a group of framework N-[(oxiran-2-yl)methyl]sulfonamides and also a series of new dioxiranes, N-(oxiran-2-yl)methyl-N-(exo-5,6-epoxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-endo-2-ylmethyl)arenesulfonamides. The aminolysis of N-(oxiran-2-yl)methyl]arenesulfonamides with benzylamine and benzylpiperazine led to the chemo- and regioselective opening of the epoxy ring according to Krasusky rule. The structure of compounds was established by spectral methods and the XRD analysis.     

An efficient synthesis of furyl sulfonamides from the reaction of furan with in situ generated N-tosyl imines

Treatment of an aldehyde and furan with N-sulfinyl-p-toluenesulfonamide/zinc chloride leads to the formation of furyl sulfonamides via an in situ generated N-tosyl imine intermediate. In one case, a novel 4-tosylamino-5,6-dihydro-4H-3-oxa-benz[e]azulene was obtained by intramolecular aromatic substitution of the activated imine at the 3-position of the furan ring.     

Synthesis of 5,6-dihydrobenz[c]acridines: a comparative study

5,6-Dihydrobenz[c]acridines were synthesized by the reaction of 1-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde with aromatic amines under three different conditions:

a.

Thermolysis of 1-chlorovinyl-(N-aryl)imines prepared from 1-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde.

b.

Acid catalyzed cyclization of 1-(N-aryl)amino-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehydes.

c.

Thermolysis of N-arylenaminoimine hydrochlorides derived from 1-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde in DMF medium.

All the three approaches exclusively yielded only 5,6-dihydrobenz[c]acridines and not the isomeric 7,8-dihydrobenzo[k]phenanthridines.The structures of these products have been unambiguously established by detailed NMR spectral study and by independent synthesis as well as by single crystal XRD study.     

Practical synthesis of 3-bromo-5,6-dihydropyridin-2-ones via β,γ-unsaturated α-bromo-ketene/imine cycloaddition

An approach to 3-bromo-4-alkyl-6-aryl-5,6-dihydropyridin-2-ones and 3-bromo-5-ethyl-6-aryl-5,6-dihydropyridin-2-ones starting from β,γ-unsaturated α-bromoketenes and imines is reported. The presence of a bromine atom on the double bond allows performing aziridination or bromine displacement with an amine. The reaction gave fused bicyclic N-allyl-aziridines or 3-amino-substituted 5,6-dihydropyridin-2-ones, depending on the substituents on the six-membered ring.     

Benzacridines VI.. Functional derivatives of 5,6-dimethylbenz[c]acridine

5,5-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenz[c]acridone has been synthesized by three different routes: a, from a condensation of anthranilic acid with 4,4-dimethyl-1-tetraIone; b, by a catalytic hydrogenation of 2-(o-nitrobenzal)-4,4-dimethyl-1-tetralone oxide followed by an acid catalyzed cleavage of the oxide ring and closure of the nitrogen heterocyclic ring; c, a multi-step process starting with 7-carboxy-5,5-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenz[c]acridine. Several new functional derivatives of both 5,5-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenz[c]acridine and of 5,6-dimethylbenz[c]acridine were also produced for biological study by others.     

A new and effective route to (±)-botryodiplodin and (±)-epi-botryodiplodin acetates using a halogen atom transfer Ueno-Stork cyclization

(±)-Botryodiplodin and (±)-epi-botryodiplodin acetates were prepared in good yields following a practical four step route. The method, for the construction of the strategic tetrahydrofuran ring, hinged on an unprecedented halogen atom transfer Ueno-Stork cyclization of an O-allyl α,α-dihalohemiacetal acetate, catalyzed by the redox complex CuCl/N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine.     

Thermal Rearrangement of 5,6-Epimino-5,6-dihydro-β-ionone and Derivatives

Thermolysis of 5,6-epimino-5,6-dihydro-β-ionone ( 1 ) and its N-methyl derivative ( 2 ) leads to their monocyclic isomers 6 and 10 , respectively, presumably due to a direct [1,5]-H shift; on prolonged heating, these isomers are converted easily into pyrrole derivatives. In contrast, the thermoisomer 12 resulting from 5,6-(N-methoxycarbonyl)epimino-5,6-dihydro-β-ionone ( 3 ) by the same mechanism, does not undergo further ring transformation, but equilibrates with its more stable tautomer 13 .     

Synthesis of novel diphosphite ligands derived from d-mannitol and their application in Cu-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organozinc to enones

A series of novel chiral diphosphite ligands have been synthesized from d-mannitol derivatives and chlorophosphoric acid diary ester, and were successfully employed in the copper catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organozinc reagents diethylzinc and dimethylzinc to cyclic and acyclic enones. The stereochemically matched combination of d-mannitol and (R)-H₈-binaphthyl in ligand 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3,4-bis[(R)-1,1′-H₈-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl] phosphite-d-mannitol was essential to afford 93% ee for 3-ethylcyclohexanone, 92% ee for 3-ethylcyclopentanone, and 90% ee for 3-ethylcycloheptanone in toluene, using Cu(OTf)₂ as a catalytic precursor. The results clearly indicated that the chiral organocopper reagent exhibited high enantioselectivies for cyclic enones bearing different ring sizes. As for the backbone of this type of ligand, it has been demonstrated that 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-d-mannitol was more efficient than 1,2:5,6-di-O-cyclohexylidene-d-mannitol. The sense of the enantiodiscrimination was mainly determined by the configuration of the diaryl phosphite moieties in the 1,4-addition of cyclic enones.     

Molecular and crystal structure of 5,6-diamino-1-methyluracil and 5,6-diamino-1,3-dimethyluracil monohydrate. Semiempirical calculations (AM1 and PM3) on 5,6-diaminouracil derivatives

The crystal and molecular structures of 5,6-diamino-1-methyluracil and 5,6-diamino-1,3-dimethyluracil monohydrate have been determined from X-ray diffraction. Both compounds are planar and the two amino groups have two different conformations. The substituent at the 5 position seems to be a true primary amino group with a strongly sp³ nitrogen, whereas the one at the 6 position is nearly coplanar with the uracil ring, displaying a predominant sp² character.Semiempirical calculations were made on 5,6-diaminouracil, 5,6-diamino-2-thiouracil and their endocyclic N-methylated derivatives using the AM1 and PM3 hamiltonians. These indicate that the stability decreases on increasing methylation, the 2-thio compounds always being less stable than the 2-oxo ones.     

Synthesis of functionally diverse bicyclic sulfonamides as constrained proline analogues and application to the design of potential thrombin inhibitors

Bicyclic sulfonamides were synthesized from 4-alkenyl N-alkenylsulfonyl l-prolines using a ring-closure metathesis reaction. Three types of bicyclic sulfonamides varying in the size of the second ring (5,5; 5,6; 5,7) were synthesized. A sulfonamide counterpart of an indolizidinone 2-carboxylic acid was synthesized and evaluated for its activity against the enzyme thrombin.