The dependence of the properties of liquid crystals on the film thickness and surface quality of capillary columns

Summary Glass capillary columns were prepared from non-deactivated and deactivated glass and coated with (2-methyl-4-[trans-4-n-propyl-cyclohexylcarbonyloxy]-benzoic acid-[4-n-heptyloxy-phenylester]) as the liqud phase, in different film thicknesses. The columns were tested using substances of different structures and polarities. It was verified that the capacity factors, retention indices and selectivity significantly depend on the thickness of the liquid crystalline stationary phase film and the quality of the tube, particularly in the case of columns with thin films. Trasition temperatures (melting and clearing point) of the liquid crystal are also dependent on these two factors.Dedicated to Professor J. F. K. Huber on the occasion of the his 60th birthday.     

电厂烟气脱硝催化剂V2O5-WO3/TiO2失活机理研究

分别以某电厂失活和新鲜的烟气选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂为研究对象,模拟测试催化剂的脱硝效率,并采用扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线光谱(SEM-EDX)、X荧光光谱(XRF)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、氮气吸脱附、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)等手段对催化剂的微观结构和表面形态进行表征,探讨了SCR催化剂的失活机制。结果表明,380℃下失活催化剂的脱硝效率(35.0%)和比表面积(1.05 m²/g)明显低于新鲜催化剂(88.2%,72.50 m²/g)。与新鲜催化剂相比,失活催化剂中V⁵⁺的比例由17.4%升高到32.2%,并且表面出现了大量的Al₂(SO₄)₃。另外,SEM和XRD结果表明,失活催化剂出现了烧结。催化剂表面V价态的改变、高温烧结和表面Al₂(SO₄)₃相的大量生成是催化剂失活的主要原因。     

Bromination of deactivated aromatics: a simple and efficient method

Highly deactivated aromatic compounds were smoothly monobrominated by treatment with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in concentrated H2SO4 medium affording the corresponding bromo derivatives in good yields. Mild reaction conditions and simple workup provides a practical and commercially viable route for the synthesis of bromo compounds of deactivated aromatics.     

Metal-like Charge Transport in PEDOT(OH) Films by Post-processing Side Chain Removal from a Soluble Precursor Polymer

Herein, a route to produce highly electrically conductive doped hydroxymethyl functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films, termed PEDOT(OH) with metal-like charge transport properties using a fully solution processable precursor polymer is reported. This is achieved via an ester-functionalized PEDOT derivative [PEDOT(EHE)] that is soluble in a range of solvents with excellent film-forming ability. PEDOT(EHE) demonstrates moderate electrical conductivities of 20–60 S cm⁻¹ and hopping-like (i.e., thermally activated) transport when doped with ferric tosylate (FeTos₃). Upon basic hydrolysis of PEDOT(EHE) films, the electrically insulative side chains are cleaved and washed from the polymer film, leaving a densified film of PEDOT(OH). These films, when optimally doped, reach electrical conductivities of ≈1200 S cm⁻¹ and demonstrate metal-like (i.e., thermally deactivated and band-like) transport properties and high stability at comparable doping levels.     

Unsymmetric pyrrole, thiophene, and furan-conjugated comonomers prepared using azomethine connections: potential new monomers for alternating homocoupled products

Unsymmetric comonomers consisting of thiophene, pyrrole, and furan heterocycles were prepared using azomethine bonds. Photophysical investigation of the novel pi-donor-donor-donor segmented compounds revealed that their singlet excited state is only partially deactivated by internal conversion unlike their all-thiophene azomethine analogues. Temperature-dependent steady-state and time-resolved emission studies demonstrated that the unsymmetric compounds deactivated efficiently their singlet excited state by intersystem crossing to populate the triplet manifold. This lower energy state is rapidly deactivated by nonradiative self-quenching. The comonomers and their anodically prepared conjugated homocoupled products are both electrochemically active, resulting in new compounds that can be mutually oxidized and reduced. Meanwhile, the oxidation potentials of the coupled products are shifted by up to 400 mV to more cathodic potentials relative to their corresponding comonomers, confirming their increased degree of conjugation.     

METHANE REFORMING WITH CARBON DIOXIDE TO PRODUCE SYNGAS?a?aCATALYST REGENERATION

The regeneration conditions of the deactivated catalyst 18wt%NiO/a-A12O3 used in methane reforming with carbon dioxide were studied by using a fix-bed flow reactor and TPR technique. When the deactivated catalyst was reduced at 1 123 K in a conventional regeneration process, the activity increased a little, but was still much lower than that of the fresh catalyst. When the deactivated catalyst was reduced, then treated in site With an activity-rejuvenating agent of 5-10 vo1% C (aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution) and reduced again at 1123K, the activity was renewed to approach that of the fresh one.     

钝化芳环的溴化反应研究

研究了钝化芳环的溴化方法，对三氟甲基苯等一系列含有不同钝化基团的芳环 化合物用KBrO3-H2SO4直接溴化，取得了良好的结果。对影响该反应的因素，如硫 酸的浓度和用量、反应温度和不同钝化基团的影响等进行了分析。     

Photosensitized oxidation through stearate monomolecular films

Abstract— The photosensitized oxidations of rubrene by methylene blue and of diphenylan-thracene by eosin have been studied where the sensitizer and the oxidizable substrate are separated by oxygen permeable layers of barium or cadmium stearate monomolecular films. The rate of the photosensitized oxidation reaction was followed by measurements of the hydrocarbon fluorescence, as a function of the stearate layer thickness. It has been found that the sensitized reaction is observable for thickness up to 500 Å and depends only on the deactivation process of the excited species (singlet oxygen) diffusing through the layers. It has been found also that half of the excited oxygen molecules are deactivated after a diffusion path of 115 A. The starting hydrocarbon can be regenerated by heating the sample after the photoreaction to approximately 120°C showing the transannular peroxide nature of the oxidation product.     

Approaches for the coating of capillary columns with highly phenylated stationary phases for high-temperature GC

Two highly phenylated tetramethyl-p-silphenylene-diphenylsiloxane copolymers were coated on fused silica capillary columns and used as stationary phases in GC. The copolymers offered new insights into the coating process and column preparation due to their physicochemical properties. The fused silica capillary surface had to be pretreated in various ways to achieve a homogeneous film and a well deactivated surface: etching with ammonium bifluoride; leaching with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid; silylation with tetraphenyldimethyldisilazane and triphenylsilylamine. Droplet formation was observed on tetraphenyldimethyldisilazane silylated surfaces leading to capillary columns with low separation efficiency. The topology of inhomogeneous films was investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. It became apparent that the stationary phase did not form droplets but islands, which are connected by a wetting layer according to the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. Both copolymers are potential stationary phases for high-temperature GC with promising properties. They offer a higher overall polarity than 75% phenyl, 25% methyl-polysiloxanes in combination with increased thermal stability and reduced bleed levels.     

Study on deactivation and regeneration of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in hydrogen peroxide production by the anthraquinone process

Deactivated palladium catalysts in the hydrogenation of anthraquinione were regenerated with ethanol, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, boiling water and steam, respectively. The deactivated and regenerated catalysts were characterized by XPS, ICP, TG, FTIR, TPD, XRD, etc., and studied in the hydrogenation of anthraquinone. The results showed that the main cause of catalyst deactivation is the coverage of the active component by deposits. The treatments by hydrogen peroxide and boiling water can effectively regenerate the deactivated catalysts. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of electronically and sterically deactivated substrates

The aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (azaMBH) reaction has been studied for electronically and sterically deactivated Michael acceptors. It is found that electronically deactivated systems can be converted with electron-rich phosphanes and pyridines as catalysts equally well. For sterically deactivated systems clearly better catalytic turnover can be achieved with pyridine catalysts. This is in accordance with the calculated affinities of the catalysts towards different Michael-acceptors.     

丁烯烷基化固体酸催化剂再生方法的研究进展

综述了固体酸烷基化催化剂的失活原因和失活形式,总结了异丁烷/丁烯烷基化固体酸催化剂的再生方法研究进展,包含金属临氢再生、超临界流体再生、氧化煅烧再生等.对比了各类再生方法的再生效果,发现这些再生方法都可以在一定条件下将催化剂再生至不同程度,但还存在着操作条件过于严苛,成本过高等问题阻碍其工业化.因而探索操作简单、低成本且高效的再生方法将是未来研究的重点和挑战.     

Resonance effect in solvolysis of 1-methylbenzyl chlorides

Substituent effects of p-MeO and p-MeS groups deactivated by additional m-substituents in cumyl and α-phenylethyl solvolyses were studied to provide evidence for the higher resonance demand in the α-phenylethyl system.     

钯催化气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯

通过催化剂反应性能和反应前后XPS谱图对比，分析了负载型钯催化剂在甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯过程中的失活原因，研究了HCl在维持催化剂活性及失活催化剂再生中的作用．结果表明，氯离子的流失是负载型钯碳催化剂失活的主要原因．由于氯离子的流失，对于PdCl2／AC催化剂，钯很容易从二价变为零价：对于PdCl2-CuCl2／AC催化剂，CuCl2发生变化，失去使钯保持二价氯化物状态的功能．在反应过程中补充HCl可以延长催化剂的寿命，也可以利用HCl对失活催化剂进行再生，但采用HCl不能从根本上解决催化剂失活的问题．     

加压条件下MgO/BaCO_3催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应性能及失活 Ⅰ.压力对催化剂表面结构的影响

考察了ＭｇＯ／ＢａＣＯ３催化剂上加压条件下甲烷氧化偶联反应的性能．结果表明，加压下甲烷转化率及Ｃ２选择性都明显下降，且当压力再恢复至常压后，其性能仍不能恢复，说明催化剂已经失活．ＸＲＤ谱表明，加压失活催化剂表面有部分ＭｇＣＯ３生成．但是，活性相ＭｇＯ部分碳酸化转变为ＭｇＣＯ３不是导致催化剂失活的主要原因，因为ＭｇＣＯ３的分解温度远低于反应温度，常压下其性能应当恢复．ＳＥＭ结果表明，加压失活催化剂的颗粒增大．ＸＰＳ表征结果表明，加压失活催化剂中的ＢａＣＯ３向表面富积，致使催化剂表面活性相ＭｇＯ的浓度和催化剂比表面积降低．根据以上结果可以认为，催化剂中的ＢａＣＯ３向表面富积的过程中会部分覆盖活性相ＭｇＯ，从而会使催化剂中ＭｇＯ与ＢａＣＯ３之间的协同作用遭到破坏，导致催化剂失活．     

低温NH_3-SCR催化剂MnO_x-CeO_x/ACF的SO_2中毒机理(英文)

在二氧化硫(SO2)气氛下,对Fe、Cu和V改性的催化剂MnOx-CeOx/ACF(活性碳纤维)的氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)一氧化氮的低温活性进行研究.实验结果表明:以Cu和V改性催化剂未提高MnOx-CeOx/ACF的低温抗SO2性能;Fe改性MnOx-CeOx/ACF在初始6h内提高了催化剂的抗SO2性能,但较长时间仍然失活.以N2吸附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱以及热重分析(TGA)等手段对中毒催化剂进行分析.在SO2存在下,催化剂中毒归因于两个方面:一是覆盖于催化剂表面的铵盐类物质,二是SO2与催化剂中的金属氧化物反应生成的金属硫酸盐及亚硫酸盐.在中毒催化剂中硫元素主要以金属硫酸盐及亚硫酸盐的形式存在,其在中毒的MnOx-CeOx/ACF、Fe-MnOx-CeOx/ACF、Cu-MnOx-CeOx/ACF和V-MnOx-CeOx/ACF催化剂中所占比例分别为70.4%、68.9%、86.3%和71.4%(w).进一步揭示了MnOx-CeOx/ACF催化剂在低温SCR条件下的SO2中毒机理.     

Applications of deactivated GC columns for analysis of nitrogen-containing chemicals related to the chemical weapons convention

Nitrogen-containing chemicals are one of the important families of compounds relevant to the purposes of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Several applications, using various injection modes, of new deactivated columns specially designed for basic compounds are presented. These columns prove remarkably well-suited to the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of the chemicals of interest, even to underivatized amino-alcohols, whose analysis on conventional GC columns is often difficult and hindered by poor resolution and high detection limits. Such a deactivated phase can even replace the typical GC phases used for CWC verification purposes.     

负载型金属催化剂上合成气制甲醇反应体系的耐硫性能

研究了共沉淀法制备的系列金属负载型催化剂合成气制甲醇反应性能,重点考察了催化剂上合成甲醇反应体系的耐硫性能。结果表明,Cu/ZnO催化剂显示了较好的甲醇合成反应性能,但该反应在含硫气氛下迅速失活;Pd/CeO₂催化剂体现了良好的甲醇合成反应性能和该反应体系的高耐硫性能。结合多种物理化学表征手段分析得出, Cu/ZnO催化剂在含硫气氛下因活性组分形成金属硫化物而失活;Pd/CeO₂催化剂中的载体CeO₂可优先与硫作用而保护金属活性组分,进而保持了Pd/CeO₂反应体系的高抗硫性能。     

Formation of salts from acetyl- and formylpyrroles,and pyrrole ring reactivity

With 2-acetyl- and 2-formylpyrrole, salt formation is via proton addition to the carbonyl oxygen. In salt formation with pyrrole derivatives having an acetyl or formyl group at position 2, position 5 is deactivated for electrophilic substitution. With salts of 3-acetyl- and 3-formylpyrroles, position 2 is also deactivated, while position 5 is activated.     

丙烷脱氢PtSn/Al_2O_3催化剂积炭行为研究

通过HRTEM、XRD、FT-IR、Raman、~(13)C NM R、NH_3-TPD、DTG及元素分析等表征手段,研究了丙烷脱氢PtSn催化剂积炭性质及其对催化剂结构的影响,分析了催化剂的积炭失活过程。结果表明,积炭覆盖活性位并堵塞催化剂孔道是催化剂失活主要因素;与新鲜催化剂相比,催化剂积炭完全失活后,Pt颗粒粒径并没有明显变化;完全失活时,XRD谱图出现了无定形石墨炭的衍射峰;随着积炭量的增加,焦的石墨化程度越高,芳构化程度加深,难以消除的炭增多,再生难度加大。提出丙烷在Pt活性位深度脱氢形成积炭并向载体转移的历程,认为更为稳定的C_(24)H_(12)是积炭前驱体。