“胶体”的随堂分组实验设计

正1活动设计1.1目标知道区分透明胶体和溶液的简单方法,了解使胶体聚沉的方法。1.2用品CuSO4溶液、Fe(OH)3胶体、Fe(OH)3悬浊液;饱和Na2SiO3溶液、酚酞溶液、稀盐酸、6.0mL豆浆、0.1g石膏、0.1g蔗糖;带塞10mL青霉素小瓶(3个),10mL滴瓶(3个),激光灯、小试管(7支)。1.3步骤(1)将实验结果与现象填入表1。表1胶体的性质实验     

磁场对氢氧化铁胶体ζ电位的影响

本文研究了磁场对氢氧化铁胶体ζ电位的影响。实验表明在磁场作用下,胶体的ζ电位、电导率和聚沉值都发生变化,其值与磁场强度、磁化时间及胶体浓度有关。同时用电镜观察了磁作用前后的胶体颗粒,并对实验结果进行了讨论。     

结构与制备条件对两亲性偶氮聚合物胶体球尺寸和光响应性的影响

合成了3种具有不同官能团或官能化度的双亲性多分散偶氮聚合物.系统研究了它们在选择性溶剂中形成聚合物胶体球时,各种因素对胶体球尺寸和光响应性能的影响规律.结果表明,不仅官能团和官能化度对胶体球的尺寸与光响应性有明显影响,具体的制备条件(如初始浓度、沉淀剂加入速率等)对胶体球尺寸和光响应性能也有重要影响.聚合物胶体球的粒径随官能化度的增加而增大;随初始浓度的增加和沉淀剂加入速率的减小而增大.聚合物PEAPE胶体球的光致异构化速率快于PCNPE胶体球的光致异构化速率.聚合物胶体球的光致异构化速率随官能化度的增加而减小;随初始浓度的增加和沉淀剂加入速率的减小而减小.这些影响表现出了明显的规律性.从双亲性聚合物在选择性溶剂中自组装形成胶体球的热力学与动力学因素出发,讨论了上述现象产生的原因.     

TiO_2胶体对菁染料荧光的影响

用紫外 -可见光谱及荧光光谱研究了吸附在TiO2 胶体表面上的两种典型菁染料的光物理性质。吸收光谱表明染料基态分子存在着两种异构体;荧光实验表明TiO2 胶体对菁染料荧光发射强度有增强作用。这是由于染料分子被TiO2 胶体吸附后 ,其分子内的扭转运动受阻 ,从而单重激发态染料分子内扭转运动无辐射跃迁量子效率减少所致。文中还讨论了染料结构对染料 -TiO2 体系荧光发射的影响。     

环状高分子对胶体稳定性影响的理论研究

将改进的基本度量理论与热力学微扰理论相结合,提出了胶体/高分子系统排空相互作用的IRDFT理论。该理论解释了在实际胶体系统中起重要作用的排斥体积效应和高分子链内相关性的竞争机制。应用该IRDFT,分别以线性链状和环状结构的高分子及其单体为排空元,计算了不同排空元条件下的胶体间排空相互作用。研究表明:对于絮凝破坏,自由环状高分子具有更大的优势。     

TiO2胶体对菁染料荧光的影响

用紫外－可见光谱及荧光光谱了吸附在ＴｉＯ２胶体表面上的两种典型菁染料的光物理性质。吸收光谱表明染料基态分子存在着两种异构体;荧光实验表明ＴｉＯ２胶体对菁染料荧光发射强度增强作用。这是出于染料分子被ＴｉＯ２胶体吸附后,其分子内的扭转运动受阻。从而单重激发态染料分子内扭转运动无辐射跃迁量子效率减少所致。文中还讨论了染料结构对染料－ＴｉＯ２胶有附后,其分子内的扭转运动受阻,从而单重激发态染料分子内扭转运     

溶剂对煤液化影响的研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了煤液化过程中溶剂的作用,结果表明,用大分子直链脂肪烃、单环苯系列化合物作溶剂,煤转化率较低。比较不同环数化合物作溶剂对应的煤转化率可得,单环苯系列< 两环萘系列<三环蒽、菲。使用芘溶剂和萘溶剂转化率相近;酚类化合物不适合作煤液化的溶剂;同系列物相比,煤转化率次序为,部分氢化芳香化合物作溶剂>带侧链的芳香化合物作溶剂>芳香化合物作溶剂>完全氢化芳香化合物(环烷烃)作溶剂。气氛对煤转化率的影响与所用溶剂的种类有关,用十氢萘和甲基萘做溶剂时,气氛的影响很小,使用四氢萘时,气氛的影响很大。     

木质素磺酸钠对铅酸蓄电池胶体性能的影响

采用不同比例的木质素磺酸钠作为胶体电解质添加剂,探讨其添加前后胶体电解质的物理和电化学性能的变化。 粘度测试、老化析水量测试以及循环伏安和交流阻抗分析表明,添加剂能影响胶体粘度,减少老化析水量,提高胶体电化学性能和减少胶体电池内阻。 确定添加剂最佳添加量的质量分数为0.005%~0.01%,胶体电解质中气相二氧化硅的适宜质量分数为3.0%。 采用UV-Vis、FT-IR光谱、TEM和SEM对添加剂和胶体电解质的结构和形貌变化进行了表征。 结果表明,添加木质素磺酸钠的胶体电解质形成更为疏松多孔的结构,更有利于离子的传导和电解液的储存。     

水相中乙醇对胶体泡沫性质的影响

用不同比例的水-乙醇混合物作水相制备了胶体泡沫（CLA）,实验观察并测定了CLA的形态、粒径分布、半衰期、Zeta电位、水相溶液的粘度和水相/油相之间的界面张力等性质.结果表明，水相中加入乙醇会影响CLA的稳定性和粒径大小,但对CLA的Zeta电位影响不大.乙醇对CLA稳定性的影响主要是由于乙醇分子嵌入到界面膜中导致膜的强度变化以及水相粘度发生变化导致CLA粒子间隙的排液过程发生变化.     

Ordering of Colloidal Spheres Floating on the Surface of Glycol Film

The ordering of polystyrene colloidal particles floating on the surface of glycol film, forming a two-dimensional system,was studied via an optical microscope. We have observed that the interfacial colloidal particles crystallized to form a two-dimensional triangular lattice with lots of point defects and grain boundaries. The interactions between the interfacial colloidal particles are also analyzed.     

丙烯酸酯共聚物无皂水溶胶稳定性的研究

用溶液聚合法合成了四种AA含量不同的丙烯酸酯共聚物(MMA/BA/HEMA/AA)，通过中和AA使共聚物带有—COO~-能起自乳化作用分散于水中而成为无皂水溶胶．TEM观察表明水溶胶粒子呈球状，单分散性好，粒径随AA含量增加而变小，在30～90 nm范围．用电导滴定法测定水溶胶粒子中—COOH和—COO~-的分布，表明绝大部分—COO~-处于粒子表面，并且随AA含量增加，粒子表面的—COO~-增多，Zeta电位增大，这是导致水溶胶的抗电解质稳定性(以C.C.C.值反映)和贮存稳定性(以表现粘度反映)随AA含量增加而提高的主要原因。     

接枝环氧树脂水分散液的合成、分离与表征

控制不同的反应条件,采用甲基丙烯酸、苯乙烯与环氧树脂在丙二醇丁醚/正丁醇溶剂中接枝共聚,合成了粒径在87～104nm范围的环氧树脂水分散液。通过环己烷/乙醇和丙酮两步萃取,对接枝共聚产物进行分离,用FTIR表征,并估算了接枝共聚物的组成。实验结果表明,所制备的粒径为纳米级的环氧树脂水分散液,具有良好的机械稳定性、冻融稳定性及贮存稳定性。ξ电位测定表明,产物在pH>8的条件下更为稳定。     

Probing Deuterium Isotope Effect on Structure and Solvation Dynamics of Human Serum Albumin

The deuterium isotopic effect on the structure and solvation dynamics of the protein, human serum albumin (HSA), has been studied by using circular dichroism (CD), femtosecond up‐conversion, FRET, and single‐molecule spectroscopy. The CD spectra suggest that D₂O affects the structure of HSA, leading to a 20 % decrease in the helical structure. The FRET study indicates that the distance of C153 from the lone tryptophan residue of HSA is quite similar (≈21 Å) in H₂O and D₂O, and hence, the location of the probe in the protein remains the same in the two solvents. The single‐molecule study suggests that coumarin 153 (C153) binds almost exclusively (>96 %) to one site of HSA. Solvation dynamics of C153 in HSA is found to be markedly retarded in D₂O compared with H₂O. In H₂O, the solvation of C153 bound to HSA is found to be biexponential with one component of 7 ps (30 %) and a long component of 350 ps (70 %). In D₂O, we detected a short component of 4 ps (41 %) and a long component of 950 ps (59 %). Thus, the ultraslow component of the solvation dynamics of C153 bound to HSA in D₂O (950 ps) is 2.5‐fold slower than that in H₂O (350 ps). The marked deuterium isotope effect has been ascribed to water molecules confined in the protein environment and to a lesser extent to the structural modification of protein by D₂O.     

Evaluation of Huggins' Constant,Kraemer's Constant and Viscosity Concentration Coefficient of Polymer Dextran in Urea,Glycine and Glucose

Abstract

Reduced viscosity (η_sp/c) and Inherent viscosity (In η_rel/c) of dilute solution of water soluble polysaccharide polymer “Dextran” has been calculated by measuring the flow time of the polymer solution in solvents like 6(M) Urea, 2(M) Glycine and 50% Glucosc at three different temperatures ? 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. From extrapolation of curve (η_sp/c) versus (c) and (In η_rel/c) versus (c), thermo viscosity parameters like Huggins' constant (k′_H) Kraemer's constant (k″_H) and viscosity concentration coefficient (a ₂) have been estimated which enable us to know the fate of the polymer molecules in these solvents.     

Experimental Study on Viscosity of Colloidal Silica in Aqueous Electrolytic Solutions

The relative viscosity of colloidal silica dispersion in aqueous electrolytic solutions as the function of volume fraction of dry particles in the solutions has been experimentally determined in this work, in order to study the effects of pH and electrolytes (Na₂SO₄ and AlCl₃) on the hydration of the silica surfaces in the solutions. The results have shown that the maximum relative viscosity of the silica dispersion and the strongest hydration of the silica in aqueous solutions appeared at neutral pH, while the stronger the acidity and the alkalinity of the aqueous solution, the weaker the hydration. In the presence of the electrolytes (Na₂SO₄ and AlCl₃), the relative viscosity of the silica dispersion reduced and the hydration of the silica in aqueous solutions became weak. The higher the concentration of the electrolytes, the weaker the hydration, indicating that the destabilization of the colloidal silica dispersion in aqueous solutions might be realized through adding the high-valence electrolytes to weaken the hydration of the particle surfaces (hydration forces between the particles). Also, it has been shown that the negative zeta potentials of the colloidal silica in aqueous solutions greatly reduced in the presence of the electrolytes. Therefore, the high-valence electrolytes (Na₂SO₄ and AlCl₃) as the coagulant of colloidal silica in aqueous solutions might be originated from that the presence of the electrolytes simultaneously reduces the electrical double layer repulsive force and the hydration repulsive forces between the particles in aqueous solutions.     

表面活性剂对分散体系粘度影响的特殊性

通过液体石蜡的水基化分散对影响分散体系粘度的粒子大小、表面活性剂胶束和界面膜等因素进行了研究.结果表明,表面活性剂胶束对分散体系粘度的影响极为有限,而在分散相粒子界面上由表面活性剂分子所形成的界面膜是导致分散体系粘度产生变化的重要因素.实验数据表明,对于分散体系的稳定性,存在一个表面活性剂浓度变化的临界值,而该临界值所对应的是表面活性剂分子在粒子表面以最紧密和规整的方式形成的界面膜,该种界面膜使分散体系粘度达到最大值,从而最大限度地保证了分散体系的稳定性.     

Effect of the Solute Cavity on the Solvation Energy and its Derivatives within the Framework of the Gaussian Charge Scheme

The treatment of the solvation charges using Gaussian functions in the polarizable continuum model results in a smooth potential energy surface. These charges are placed on top of the surface of the solute cavity. In this article, we study the effect of the solute cavity (van der Waals-type or solvent-excluded surface-type) using the Gaussian charge scheme within the framework of the conductor-like polarizable continuum model on (a) the accuracy and computational cost of the self-consistent field (SCF) energy and its gradient and on (b) the calculation of free energies of solvation. For that purpose, we have considered a large set of systems ranging from few atoms to more than 200 atoms in different solvents. Our results at the DFT level using the B3LYP functional and the def2-TZVP basis set show that the choice of the solute cavity does neither affect the accuracy nor the cost of calculations for small systems (< 100 atoms). For larger systems, the use of a vdW-type cavity is recommended, as it prevents small oscillations in the gradient (present when using a SES-type cavity), which affect the convergence of the SCF energy gradient. Regarding the free energies of solvation, we consider a solvent-dependent probe sphere to construct the solvent-accessible surface area required to calculate the nonelectrostatic contribution to the free energy of solvation. For this part, our results for a large set of organic molecules in different solvents agree with available experimental data with an accuracy lower than 1 kcal/mol for both polar and nonpolar solvents.     

不同类型表面活性剂对纳米SiO2流体粘度的影响

系统地研究了不同类型的表面活性剂对低浓度纳米SiO2流体粘度的影响规律,并在此基础上深入探讨了不同碳链长度的阳离子和非离子表面活性剂对纳米SiO2流体粘度的影响。结果表明,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对纳米流体粘度的影响较小,其相对粘度值维持在1.23左右;而阳离子表面活性剂十四烷基三甲基溴化铵(TTAB)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(OTAB)、十六烷基氯化吡啶(CPC)、非离子表面活性剂OP-8、OP-10和两性离子表面活性剂DXS14、DXS18对纳米流体粘度的变化影响较大,其最大相对粘度值分别能达到3.42、1.82和8.87。同时也发现,阳离子表面活性剂碳链越长,纳米流体最高粘度值越大,且纳米流体最高粘度所对应的表面活性剂浓度均在其临界胶束浓度值附近。     

Dynamic Response Studies on Aggregation and Breakage Dynamics of Colloidal Dispersions in Stirred Tanks

Aggregation and breakage of aggregates of fully destabilized polystyrene latex particles in turbulent flow was studied experimentally in both batch and continuous stirred tanks using small‐angle static light scattering. It was found that the steady‐state values of the root‐mean‐square radius of gyration are fully reversible upon changes of stirring speed as well as solid volume fraction. Steady‐state values of the root‐mean‐square radius of gyration were decreasing with decreasing solid volume fraction as well as with increasing stirring speed. Moreover, it was found that the steady‐state structure and shape of the aggregates is not influenced by the applied stirring speed.