Synthesis and properties of stable 2-metallanaphthalenes of heavier group 14 elements

The first stable neutral stannaaromatic compound, 2-stannanaphthalene , was synthesized by taking advantage of an extremely bulky and efficient steric protection group, 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (Tbt). The molecular structure and aromaticity of were discussed on the basis of X-ray crystallographic analysis, NMR, UV-vis, and Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and theoretical calculations. 2-Germanaphthalene , which has a framework similar to that of , was synthesized for comparison, and systematic elucidation was made for the properties of 2-metallanaphthalene systems containing a heavier group 14 element (Si, Ge, or Sn).     

Accurate ab initio pair potentials between helium and the heavier group 2 elements

Interactions between the heavier Group 2 metals (Ca, Sr, and Ba) and helium were studied using the well-tempered model core potential method. Accurate pair potentials, calculated at the coupled-cluster level of theory with very large basis sets, were used in bound state calculations. Three bound rovibrational states were found for each complex. The pair-potential parameters were used to predict how each of the metal atoms would be solvated by a helium nanodroplet. The Ca atom is not fully solvated by the droplet and the interaction between the helium and the metal decreases from Ca to Ba. This agrees with the experimental observation that the spectra of these atoms in a nanodroplet are intermediate between the spectra of the free atoms and the spectra in liquid helium.     

Furan derivatives of group V elements (review)

Methods of synthesis, physical properties, chemical transformations, and biological activity data for the furan derivatives of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony are reviewed.Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 579–632. May, 1996. Original article submitted February 21, 1996.     

Furan derivatives of group VII elements (review)

Methods for the synthesis of the furan derivatives of manganese and their chemical properties are reviewed.Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 151–153, February, 1997.     

Furan derivatives of group VIII elements (review)

Methods for the synthesis of the furan derivatives of iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum and their physicochemical and chemical properties are reviewed.Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 154–179, February, 1997.     

Furan derivatives of group VI elements (review)

Methods of synthesis and the physical and chemical properties of the furan derivatives of selenium, tellurium, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are reviewed.Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 867–895, July, 1996. Original article submitted March 6, 1996.     

Furan derivatives of group IV elements (review)

Published data and the results of personal investigations on the methods of synthesis, chemical and physical properties, and biological activity of the furan derivatives of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, titanium, and zirconium are summarized.Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia, Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1587–1690, December, 1995 Original article submitted June 3, 1995.     

Furan derivatives of group I elements (review)

Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsikiicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 435–473, April, 1995. Original article submitted February 22, 1995.     

Recent topics of the metallacycles composed of the heavier group 14 elements

This Letter reviews recent advance of metallacycles with chelating Si-, Ge-, and Sn-ligands. Dehydrogenative bond-forming reactions of organosilanes, -germanes, and -stannanes promoted by Pd and Pt complexes afford four- and five-membered metallacycles composed of heavier group 14 elements. It has a couple of advantages such as easier preparation of the starting compounds and reaction procedure than the common metathesis reactions of dianions with transition metal dihalide complexes. These metallacycles are regarded as possible intermediates in catalytic dehydrocoupling polymerizations or as convenient precursors to form discrete oligomers.     

Cyclobutadiene dianions consisting of heavier group 14 elements: synthesis and characterization

The first "heavy" cyclobutadiene dianions (CBD2-), tetrakis(di-tert-butylmethylsilyl)-1,2-disila-3,4-digermacyclobutadiene dianion 22- and tetrakis(di-tert-butylmethylsilyl)tetrasilacyclobutadiene dianion 42-, have been synthesized by the reductive dehalogenation of the corresponding precursors with potassium graphite in THF. Structural characterization of [K+(thf)2]2.22- and [K+(thf)2]2.42- has been achieved by X-ray crystallography, showing that the central four-membered ring is significantly folded and has two eta2-1,3-coordinated potassium cations accommodated above and below the ring. The "heavy" CBD2-'s 22- and 42- were found to be nonaromatic compounds, a conclusion that was supported by nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations showing a lack of diatropic ring current effects.     

Furan derivatives of group III elements

Methods for the synthesis of the furan derivatives of boron, aluminum, and thallium, the results from their physicochemical investigation, and their chemical transformations are summarized.Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 867–881, July, 1995. Original article submitted April 3, 1995.     

Novel class of heterometallic cubane and boride clusters containing heavier group 16 elements

Thermolysis of an in situ generated intermediate, produced from the reaction of [Cp*MoCl(4)] (Cp* = η(5)-C(5)Me(5)) and [LiBH(4).THF], with excess Te powder yielded isomeric [(Cp*Mo)(2)B(4)TeH(5)Cl] (2 and 3), [(Cp*Mo)(2)B(4)(μ(3)-OEt)TeH(3)Cl] (4), and [(Cp*Mo)(4)B(4)H(4)(μ(4)-BH)(3)] (5). Cluster 4 is a notable example of a dimolybdaoxatelluraborane cluster where both oxygen and tellurium are contiguously bound to molybdenum and boron. Cluster 5 represents an unprecedented metal-rich metallaborane cluster with a cubane core. The dimolybdaheteroborane 2 was found to be very reactive toward metal carbonyl compounds, and as a result, mild pyrolysis of 2 with [Fe(2)(CO)(9)] yielded distorted cubane cluster [(Cp*Mo)(2)(BH)(4)(μ(3)-Te){Fe(CO)(3)}] (6) and with [Co(2)(CO)(8)] produced the bicapped pentagonal bipyramid [(Cp*MoCo)(2)B(3)H(2)(μ(3)-Te)(μ-CO){Co(3)(CO)(6)}] (7) and pentacapped trigonal prism [(Cp*MoCo)(2)B(3)H(2)(μ(3)-Te)(μ-CO)(4){Co(6)(CO)(8)}] (8). The geometry of 8 is an example of a heterometallic boride cluster in which five Co and one Mo atom define a trigonal prismatic framework. The resultant trigonal prism core is in turn capped by two boron, one Te, and one Co atom. In the pentacapped trigonal prism unit of 8, one of the boron atoms is completely encapsulated and bonded to one molybdenum, one boron, and five cobalt atoms. All the new compounds have been characterized in solution by IR, (1)H, (11)B, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and the structural types were unambiguously established by crystallographic analysis of 2 and 4-8.     

Bis(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) derivatives of palladium(II)

Summary The organopalladium(II) complexes: Pd(2,4,6-C₆F₃H₂)₂L₂ [L=triphenylphosphine(PPh₃), methyldiphenylphosphine(PPh₂Me), dimethylphenylphosphine-(PPhMe₂) or pyridine(py); L₂=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane(dpe), 2,2-bipyridine(bipy), 1, 10-phenanthroline(phen) or ethylenediamine(en)] have been prepared by addition of the appropriate compound to the THF-dioxane solution resulting from the arylation of potassium tetrachloropalladate(II) with (2,4,6-C₆F₃H₂)MgBr. The i.r. data suggest that the py and PPhMe₂ compounds are thecis-isomers, whereas the PPh₃ and PPh₂Me compounds have thetrans configuration.¹H- and¹⁹F-n.m.r. data for the compounds are reported.     

Visualizing lone pairs in compounds containing heavier congeners of the carbon and nitrogen group elements

In this mini-review, I discuss some recent work on the stereochemistry and bonding of lone pairs of electrons in divalent compounds of the heavier carbon group elements (Sn^II , Pb^II) and in trivalent compounds of the heavier nitrogen group elements (Bi^III). Recently developed methods that permit the real-space visualization of bonding patterns on the basis of density functional calculations of electronic structure, reveal details of the nature of s electron lone pairs in compounds of the heavier main group elements — their stereochemistry and their inertness (or lack thereof). An examination of tetragonalP4/nmm SnO, α-PbO and BiOF, and cubic PbS provides a segue into perovskite phases of technological significance, including ferroelectric PbTiO₃ and antiferroelectric/piezoelectric PbZrO₃, in both of which the lone pairs on Pb atoms play a pivotal r?le.     

Addition of stable nitroxide radical to stable divalent compounds of heavier group 14 elements

The reactions of stable cyclic dialkylgermylene 2 and dialkylstannylene 3 with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) radical (2 equiv) gave the corresponding 1:2 adducts 4 and 5, respectively, which were characterized by NMR, MS, and X-ray analyses. The kinetics of the stepwise addition of two TEMPO molecules to germylene 2 revealed that the initial addition of TEMPO to 2 was 1010 times slower than the second TEMPO addition to the resulting germyl radical. The origin of the rate difference was discussed on the basis of the qualitative perturbation theory. In contrast to the reactions of 2 and 3, the reaction of dialkylsilylene 1 with TEMPO gave an interesting 1,3-dioxadisiletane derivative.     

OCO and NCO chelated derivatives of heavier group 15 elements. Study on possibility of cyclization reaction via intramolecular ether bond cleavage

A set of four pincer ligands, either the OCO type ligands L(1-3) [2,6-(ROCH(2))(2)C(6)H(3)](-), where R = Me (L(1)), mesityl (L(2)), t-Bu (L(3)) or novel NCO ligand [2-(Me(2)NCH(2))-6-(t-BuOCH(2))C(6)H(3)](-) was studied. The reaction of L(4)Li with PCl(3) resulted in isolation of [2-(OCH(2))-6-(Me(2)NCH(2))C(6)H(3)]PCl (1) as a result of intramolecular ether bond cleavage and elimination of t-BuCl. The conversion between the organolithium compounds L(1,2,4)Li and AsCl(3) led to the desired chlorides, i.e. (L(1))(2)AsCl (2), L(2)AsCl(2) (3), L(4)AsCl(2) (5), but an analogous reaction using the L(3)Li compound gave [2-(OCH(2))-6-(t-BuOCH(2))C(6)H(3)]AsCl (4) as a result of intramolecular cyclization. The organoantimony chloride L(3)SbCl(2) was shown to undergo very slow cyclization in CDCl(3) again via elimination of t-BuCl giving [2-(OCH(2))-6-(t-BuOCH(2))C(6)H(3)]SbCl (6) and it was demonstrated that this reaction may be accelerated by preparation of L(3)Sb(Cl)(OTf) (7) with more Lewis acidic central atom. On the contrary, both antimony derivatives of the NCO ligand L(4), not only the chloride L(4)SbCl(2) (8) but also the ionic pair containing highly Lewis acidic cation [L(4)SbCl](+)[CB(11)H(12)](-) (9), are stable without any indication for etheral bond cleavage. The situation is rather similar in the case of organobismuth derivatives of L(4), which allowed isolation of compounds L(4)BiCl(2) (10), L(4)Bi(Cl)(OTf) (11) and [L(4)BiCl](+)[CB(11)H(12)](-) (12). All studied compounds were characterized by the help of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and (except 1) by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Theoretical investigations of the reactivities of saturated five-membered ring N-heterocyclic carbenes with heavier group 14 elements

The potential energy surfaces for the chemical reactions of group 14 carbenes have been studied using density functional theory (B3LYP/LANL2DZ). Five saturated five-membered-ring N-heterocyclic carbene Dipp[upper bond 1 start]N(CH(2))(2)N(Dipp)E[upper bond 1 end]: (five-ring-E:) species, where E = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, have been chosen as model reactants in this work. Also, four kinds of chemical reactions; addition of water, methane insertion, alkene cycloaddition and dimerization, have been used to study the chemical reactivities of these group 14 carbenes. The present theoretical investigations suggest that the relative carbenic reactivity decreases in the order: C > Si > Ge > Sn > Pb. That is, the heavier the group 14 atom (E), the more stable is the carbene towards chemical reactions. This may be the reason that there have been many instances reported of the synthesis and characterization of stable group 14 five-membered-ring N-heterocyclic carbene species with various alkyl protecting substituents at room temperature. Furthermore, the singlet-triplet energy splitting of the five-ring-E:, as described in the configuration mixing model attributed to the work of Pross and Shaik, can be used as a diagnostic tool to predict their reactivities. The results obtained allow a number of predictions to be made.