Small Data Scattering for the One-Dimensional Nonlinear Dirac Equation with Power Nonlinearity

We study scattering problems for the one-dimensional nonlinear Dirac equation (?_t + α?_x + iβ)Φ = λ|Φ|^p?1Φ. We prove that if p > 3 (resp. p > 3 + 1/6), then the wave operator (resp. the scattering operator) is well-defined on some 0-neighborhood of a weighted Sobolev space. In order to prove these results, we use linear operators D(t)xD(?t) and t?_x + x?_t ? α/2, where {D(t)}_t∈? is the free Dirac evolution group. For the reader's convenience, in an appendix we list and prove fundamental properties of D(t)xD(?t) and t?_x + x?_t ? α/2.     

Uniformly continuous superposition operators in the space of bounded variation functions

Let I, J ? ? be intervals. The main result says that if a superposition operator H generated by a function of two variables h: I × J → ?, H (φ)(x) ? h (x, φ (x)), maps the set BV (I, J) of all bounded variation functions, φ: I → J into the Banach space BV (I, ?) and is uniformly continuous with respect to the BV ‐norm, then h (x, y) = a (x)y + b (x), x ∈ I, y ∈ J, for some a, b ∈ BV (I, ?) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A Time-Independent Approach for the Study of the Spectral Shift Function and an Application to Stark Hamiltonians

In this paper we develop a time-independent approach for the study of the spectral shift function (SSF for short). We apply this method for the perturbed Stark Hamiltonian. We obtain a weak and a Weyl-type asymptotics with optimal remainder estimate of the SSF of the operator pair (P = P₀ + V(x), P₀ = ? h²Δ +x₁), x = (x₁,…, x_n) where V(x) ∈ 𝒞^∞(?ⁿ, ?) decays sufficiently fast at infinity, and h is a small positive parameter. Near a non-trapping energy λ, we give a pointwise asymptotic expansions in powers of h of the derivative of the SSF, and we compute explicitly the two leading terms.     

Dynamics of a family of piecewise-linear area-preserving plane maps III. Cantor set spectra

This paper studies the behavior under iteration of the maps T _ab (x,y) = (F _ab (x) ? y, x) of the plane ?², in which F _ab (x) = ax if x ≥ 0 and bx if x < 0. These maps are area-preserving homeomorphisms of ?² that map rays from the origin to rays from the origin. Orbits of the map correspond to solutions of the nonlinear difference equation x _n+2 = 1/2(a ? b)|x _n+1|+1/2(a+b)x _n+1 ? x _n . This difference equation can be rewritten in an eigenvalue form for a nonlinear difference operator of Schrödinger type ? x _n+2+2x _n+1 ? x _n +V _μ(x _n+1)x _n+1 = Ex _n+1, in which μ = (1/2)(a ? b) is fixed, and V _μ(x) = μ(sgn(x)) is an antisymmetric step function potential, and the energy E = 2 ? 1/2(a+b). We study the set Ω _SB of parameter values where the map T _ab has at least one bounded orbit, which correspond to l _∞-eigenfunctions of this difference operator. The paper shows that for transcendental μ the set Spec_∞[μ] of energy values E having a bounded solution is a Cantor set. Numerical simulations suggest the possibility that these Cantor sets have positive (one-dimensional) measure for all real values of μ.     

Rellich type inequalities related to Grushin type operator and Greiner type operator

We prove some sharp Hardy inequality associated with the gradient ? _?? = (? _x ,|x| ^?? ? _y ) by a direct and simple approach. Moreover, similar method is applied to obtain some weighted sharp Rellich inequality related to the Grushin operator in the setting of L ^p . We also get some weighted Hardy and Rellich type inequalities related to a class of Greiner type operators.     

Radicals of Skew Polynomial and Skew Laurent Polynomial Rings Over Skew Armendariz Rings

In this note we study radicals of skew polynomial ring R[x; α] and skew Laurent polynomial ring R[x, x ^?1; α], for a skew-Armendariz ring R. In particular, among the other results, we show that for an skew-Armendariz ring R, J(R[x; α]) = N ₀(R[x; α]) = Ni?_*(R)[x; α] and J(R[x, x ^?1; α]) = N ₀(R[x, x ^?1; α]) = Ni?_*(R)[x, x ^?1; α].     

The Lower Socle and Finite Rank Elementary Operators

Abstract

We define the lower socle of a semiprime algebra 𝒜 as the sum of all minimal left ideals 𝒜e where e is a minimal idempotent such that the division algebra e𝒜e is finite dimensional. We study the connection between the condition that the elements a _k , b _k , 1 ≤ k ≤ n, lie in the lower socle of 𝒜 and the condition that the elementary operator x ? a ₁ xb ₁ + ? + a _n xb _n has finite rank. As an application we obtain some results on derivations certain of whose powers have finite rank.     

Outer Γ-Convexity in Vector Spaces

A subset S of some vector space X is said to be outer Γ-convex w.r.t. some given balanced subset Γ ? X if for all x ₀, x ₁ ? S there exists a closed subset Λ ? [0,1] such that {x _λ | λ ? Λ} ? S and [x ₀, x ₁] ? {x _λ | λ ? Λ} + 0.5 Γ, where x _λ: = (1 ? λ)x ₀ + λ x ₁. A real-valued function f:D → ? defined on some convex D ? X is called outer Γ-convex if for all x ₀, x ₁ ? D there exists a closed subset Λ ? [0,1] such that [x ₀, x ₁] ? {x _λ | λ ? Λ} + 0.5 Γ and f(x _λ) ≤ (1 ? λ)f(x ₀) + λ f(x ₁) holds for all λ ? Λ. Outer Γ-convex functions possess some similar optimization properties as these of convex functions, e.g., lower level sets of outer Γ-convex functions are outer Γ-convex and Γ-local minimizers are global minimizers. Some properties of outer Γ-convex sets and functions are presented, among others a simplex property of outer Γ-convex sets, which is applied for establishing a separation theorem and for proving the existence of modified subgradients of outer Γ-convex functions.     

Deficiency Indices of a Symmetric Ordinary Differential Operator with Infinitely Many Degeneration Points

Let H be the minimal symmetric operator in L ²() generated by the differential expression (-1) ⁿ (c(x)f ⁽ⁿ⁾)⁽ⁿ⁾, n 1, with a real coefficient c(x) that has countably many zeros without finite accumulation points and is infinitely smooth at all points x with c(x) 0. We study the value Def H of the deficiency indices of H. It is shown that DefH=+ if infinitely many zeros of c(x) have multiplicities p satisfying the inequality n – 1/2 < p < 2n – 1/2. Our second result pertains to the case in which the set of zeros of c(x) is bounded neither above nor below. Under this condition, Def H = 0 provided that the multiplicity of each zero is greater than or equal to 2n – 1/2. The multiplicities of zeros of c(x) are understood in the paper in a broader sense than in the standard definition.     

Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems for Second Order Differential Inclusions

In this paper we study two boundary value problems for second order strongly nonlinear differential inclusions involving a maximal monotone term. The first is a vector problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions and a nonlinear differential operator of the form x ↦ a(x, x′)′. In this problem the maximal monotone term is required to be defined everywhere in the state space ℝ^N. The second problem is a scalar problem with periodic boundary conditions and a differential operator of the form x ↦ (a(x)x′)′. In this case the maximal monotone term need not be defined everywhere, incorporating into our framework differential variational inequalities. Using techniques from multivalued analysis and from nonlinear analysis, we prove the existence of solutions for both problems under convexity and nonconvexity conditions on the multivalued right-hand side.     

Pseudo-Differential Operator Rings with Armendariz-Like Condition

For a ring R with a derivation δ, we introduce and investigate a generalization of reduced rings which we call an Armendariz ring of pseudo-differential operator type (or simply 𝒟𝒪-Armendariz ring). Various classes of non-reduced 𝒟𝒪-Armendariz rings is provided and a number of properties of this generalization are established. Radicals of the pseudo-differential operator ring R((x ^?1, δ)), in terms of those of a 𝒟𝒪-Armendariz ring R, is established.     

Zero product determined Jordan algebras,I

We show that the Jordan algebra 𝒮 of symmetric matrices with respect to either transpose or symplectic involution is zero product determined. This means that if a bilinear map {.,?.} from 𝒮?×?𝒮 into a vector space X satisfies {x, y}?=?0 whenever x?○?y?=?0, then there exists a linear map T : 𝒮?→?X such that {x,?y}?=?T(x?○?y) for all x, y?∈?𝒮 (here, x?○?y?=?xy?+?yx).     

Remotality of Closed Bounded Convex Sets in Reflexive Spaces

Let X be a Banach space and E be a closed bounded subset of X. For x ? X, we define D(x, E) = sup{‖ x ? e‖:e ? E}. The set E is said to be remotal (in X) if, for every x ? X, there exists e ? E such that D(x, E) = ‖x ? e‖. The object of this paper is to characterize those reflexive Banach spaces in which every closed bounded convex set is remotal. Such a result enabled us to produce a convex closed and bounded set in a uniformly convex Banach space that is not remotal. Further, we characterize Banach spaces in which every bounded closed set is remotal.     

The Hopf Algebra of Fliess Operators and Its Dual Pre-lie Algebra

We study the Hopf algebra H of Fliess operators coming from Control Theory in the one-dimensional case. We prove that it admits a graded, finite-dimensional, connected grading. Dually, the vector space ? ? x ₀, x ₁ ? is both a pre-Lie algebra for the pre-Lie product dual of the coproduct of H, and an associative, commutative algebra for the shuffle product. These two structures admit a compatibility which makes ? ? x ₀, x ₁ ? a Com-Pre-Lie algebra. We give a presentation of this object as a pre-Lie algebra.     

Multiple positive solutions of boundary value problems for second-order discrete equations on the half-line

In this paper, we study the existence of multiple positive solutions of boundary value problems for second-order discrete equations Δ² x(n ? 1) ? pΔx(n ? 1) ? qx(n ? 1)+f(n, x(n)) = 0, n ∈ {1,2,…}, αx(0) ? βΔx(0) = 0, x(∞) = 0. The proofs are based on the fixed point theorem in Fréchet space (see Agarwal and O'Regan, 2001, Cone compression and expansion and fixed point theorems in Fréchet spaces with application, Journal of Differential Equations, 171, 412–42).     

Partial Skew Polynomial Rings and Goldie Rings

We prove that if R is a semiprime ring and α is a partial action of an infinite cyclic group on R, then R is right Goldie if and only if R[x; α] is right Goldie if and only if R?x; α? is right Goldie, where R[x; α] (R?x; α?) denotes the partial skew (Laurent) polynomial ring over R. In addition, R?x; α? is semiprime while R[x; α] is not necessarily semiprime.     

Group Laws [x,y −1] ≡ u(x,y) and Varietal Properties

Let F = ?x, y? be a free group. It is known that the commutator [x, y ^?1] cannot be expressed in terms of basic commutators, in particular in terms of Engel commutators. We show that the laws imposing such an expression define specific varietal properties. For a property 𝒫 we consider a subset U(𝒫) ? F such that every law of the form [x, y ^?1] ≡ u, u ∈ U(𝒫) provides the varietal property 𝒫. For example, we show that each subnormal subgroup is normal in every group of a variety 𝔙 if and only if 𝔙 satisfies a law of the form [x, y ^?1] ≡ u, where u ∈ [F′, ?x?].