Identification of the Angel-related elements in cyprinid fishes and their phylogenetic implications

Angel-related element belongs to the family of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs). In this paper we report the identification of an Angel-related element in the series Leuciscini of cyprinid fishes, which is located in the second intron of the growth hormone (GH) gene. We have also found that this element is absent in orthologous locus in the series Barbini of cyprinid fishes, that provides new evidence for the monophyly of the series Leuciscini. The insertion of Angel-related element into the GH gene might take place in the common ancestor of the series Leuciscini after its divergence from the series Barbini. The high sequence divergence and relatively broad species distribution of Angel-related elements implies that they might be ancient transposons which appeared about 26 million years ago.     

Sequences of cytochrome b gene for primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia and their phylogenetic concerning

1140 bp of cytochrome b gene were amplified and sequenced from 14 species of primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia. Aligned with other ten cytochrome b gene sequences of cyprinid fish from Europe and North America retrieved from Gene bank, we obtained a matrix of 24 DNA sequences. A cladogram was generated by the method of Maximum likelihood for the primitive cyprinid fishes. The result indicated that subfamily Leuciscinae and Danioninae do not form a monophyletic group. In the subfamily Danioninae, Opsariichthys biden and Zacco platypus are very primitive and form a natural group and located at the root. But the genera in subfamily Danioninae are included in different groups and have not direct relationship. Among them, Aphyocypris chinensis and Yaoshanicus arcus form a monophyletic group. Tanichthys albonubes and Gobiocypris rarus have a close relation to Gobioninae. The genus Danio is far from other genera in Danioninae. In our cladogram, the genera in Leuciscinae were divided into two groups that have no direct relationship. The genera in Leuciscinae distributed in Europe, Sibera and North America, including Leuciscus, Rutilus, Phoxinus, N. crysole, Opsopoeodus emilae, form a monophyletic group. And the Leuciscinae in southern China including Ctenopharyngodon idettus, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Squalibarbus and Ochetobius elongatus have a common origination.     

Sequence variations of theS7 ribosomal protein gene in primitive cyprinid fishes: Implication on phylogenetic analysis

Cyprinidae is the largest fish family in the world and contains about 210 genera and 2010 species. Appropriate DNA markers must be selected for the phylogenetic analyses of Cyprinidae. In present study, the 1st intron of the S7 ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene is first used to examine the relationships among cyprinid fishes. The length of the 1st intron obtained by PCR amplification ranges from 655 to 859 bp in the 16 cyprinid species investigated, and is 602 bp in Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Out of the alignment of 925 nucleotide sites obtained, the parsimony informative sites are 499 and occupy 54% of the total sites. The results indicate that the 1st intron sequences of the S7 r-protein gene in cyprinids are rich in informative sites and vary remarkably in sequence divergence from 2.3% between close species to 66.6% between distant species. The bootstrap values of the interior nodes in the NJ (neighbor-joining) and MP (most- parsimony) trees based on the present S7 r-protein gene data are higher than those based on cytochrome b and the d-loop region respectively. Therefore, the 1st intron sequences of the S7 r-protein gene in cyprinids are sensitive enough for phylogenetic analyses, and the 1st intron is an appropriate genetic marker for the phylogenetic reconstruction of the taxa in different cyprinid subfamilies. However, attempts to discuss whether the present S7 r-protein gene data can be applied to the phylogeny of the taxa at the level of the family or the higher categories in Cypriniformes need further studies.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘羊虎沟组微量元素地球化学特征及沉积环境指示意义

沉积岩中的各种微量元素在测定整个沉积岩的环境和演化过程中都有着很大的灵活性和敏感程度,是记录整个沉积岩演化过程的有效参数。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘羊虎沟组沉积厚度大,有机质含量高,是上石炭统油气所展现出来的新型层系,其中古水体环境和古气候对于恢复该区域历史时期羊虎沟组沉积的格局和成藏性研究有着十分重要的意义。对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘东部羊虎沟组不同层位的47件泥岩样品进行微量元素测试,选取对于泥岩沉积环境较为敏感的元素作为评价和判别的指标,如锶(Sr)、钡(Ba)、铀(U)、钍(Th)、钒(V)、镍(Ni)、钴(Co)等,并结合沉积学标志研究了盆地西缘羊虎沟组古盐度、氧化还原条件、古水深及古气候特征。结果表明:Li、Sr、Ni、Ga以及Sr/Ba数值表明该研究区处于淡水-微咸水环境,偶尔也会注入咸水;δU、U/Th、V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr和Ni/Co数值表明研究区处于弱氧化弱还原-氧化环境,部分深水区可能存在还原环境;综合沉积学标志及生物遗迹化石判断,羊虎沟组沉积期以浅水环境为主;Sr/Cu以及CaO/(MgO×Al_2O_3)值指示研究区在羊虎沟组时期处于北部及中部较炎热干燥、南部较温暖湿润的气候中。     

Phylogenetic studies of Chinese labeonine fishes (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene

The mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene is sequenced from 24 ingroups taxa, including 18 species from Labeoninae grouped in 13 genera. Phylogenetic analyses are subjected to neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Labeoninae is basically a monophyletic assemblage and can be divided into 2 major clades: one comprising the genera Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus and Garra; and the other consisting of the genera Labeo, Sinilabeo, Osteochilus, Pseudoorossocheilus, Parasinilabeo, Ptychidio, Semilabeo, Pseudogyricheilus, Rectori and Discogobio. According to our present analysis,the features such as the presence of the adhesive disc on the chin and the pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows used in the traditional taxonomy of Labeoninae provide scarce information for phylogeny of labeonine fishes.     

采用双弹性元件级联的微小推力测量方法

微小型推进器和推进技术的研究开发迫切要求mN级或更小推力的动态测量.该文提出了一种微小力测量方法,采用双弹性元件级联结构,兼顾实现高刚度和高灵敏度的测量性能,并简化了传感器的设计.在该结构原理的理论分析的基础上,研制了一套高灵敏度的电阻应变片式动态力传感器,达到10 mV/(mN*V)的灵敏度和0.06 mN的分辨率,带宽达到850 Hz. 通过标定其静、动态性能验证了双弹性元件级联式微小力测量方法的可行性.     

Identification and characterization of CACTA transposable elements capturing gene fragments in maize

Transposable elements (TEs)-mediated gene sequence movement is thought to play an important role in genome expansion and origin of genes with novel functions. In this study, a gene, HGGT, involved in vitamin E synthesis was used in a case study to discover and characterize transposons carrying gene fragments in maize. A total of 69 transposons that are distributed across the 10 chromosomes and have an average length of 3689 bp were identified from the maize sequence database by using the BLAST search algori...     

甘肃省区域科技创新要素分析

通过对甘肃省科技创新主体要素、创新资源要素、创新环境要素的深入分析,指出甘肃省科技创新主体要素的创新能力虽有了一定程度的提高,但与全国相比,仍存在创新产出少、科技活动人员不足、科技经费投入增长缓慢、创新环境不佳等问题;提出甘肃省应完善科技创新要素之间的联动机制,充分发挥政府的主导作用,提升科研机构、大学的骨干和引领作用,强化企业在技术创新中的主体地位,完善中介服务体系的“纽带”作用.     

Molecular phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae）,with their implications for the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Molecular phylogeny of three genera containing nine species and subspecies of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are investigated based on the complete nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Meantime relationships between the main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes and the stepwise uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are also conducted using the molecular clock, which is calibrated by geological isolated events between the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Qinghai Lake. Results indicated that the specialized schizothoracine fishes are not a monophyly. Five species and subspecies of Ptychobarbus form a monophyly. But three species of Gymnodiptychus do not form a monophyly. Gd.integrigymnatus is a sister taxon of the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes while Gdo pachycheilus has a close relation with Gd. dybowskii, and both of them are as a sister group of Diptychus maculatus. The specialized schizothoracines fishes might have originated during the Miocene(about 10 MaBP), and then the divergence of three genera happened during late Miocene (about 8 MaBP). Their main specialization occurred during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene (3.54-0.42 MaBP). The main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are mostly correlated with the geological tectonic events and intensive climate shift happened at 8, 3.6, 2.5 and 1.7 MaBP of the late Cenozoic.Molecular clock data do not support the hypothesis that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplifted to near present or even higher elevations during the Oligocene or Miocene, and neither in agreement with the view that the plateau uplifting reached only to an altitude of 2000 m during the late Pliocene(about 2.6 MaBP).     

魏晋南北朝时期日本包装设计中的中国元素

与中国魏晋南北朝同时期的日本包装设计,虽然有着明显的本土特征,但更多地是深受中国包装设计材料、外形和构图等要素的影响,或隐或现地体现着中国宗教、民俗、工艺和书画艺术等民族文化的风采,凸显着交流与融合无国界的现代设计思想。     

ICP -AES测定魔芋粉中微量元素的方法研究

提出魔芋粉中多种微量元素的等离子体原子发射光谱 (ICP -AES)测定的方法 ,采取四种不同的样品消化方法 ,测试了不同样品消化方法下的精密度和回收率等。结果发现采用方法D消化样品具有灵敏 ,准确及多元素同时测定 ,操作简单 ,快速等优点     

Enrichment of heavy metal elements and their adsorption on iron oxides during carbonate rock weathering process

Analysis of trace elements in the Lower Palaeozoic carbonate rock strata of the Beijing area shows that the Cr, Zn, Cd and Pb contents increase from primary carbonate rocks to weathered carbonate rocks and from primary carbonate rocks to the soil coexisting with carbonate rock. Distributions of Cr, Zn, Cd and Pb have the same trends as that of Fe₂O₃. Iron oxides play different roles at different stages of weathering of carbonate rock. The adsorption of Cr, Zn, Cd and Pb on Fe₂O₃ is greater than on FeO in soil. However, FeO, as a main component of clay mineral, is a better adsorbent of Cr, Zn, Cd and Pb than Fe₂O₃ in weathered and primary carbonate rocks. According to R-type clustering analysis, the main components of carbonate rock are divided into marine and continental sediments. Correlation analysis shows that heavy metal elements mainly exist in continental substances.     

Identification of novel SINEs from Cyprinidae and their evolutionary significance

Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are widespread among eukaryotic genomes. They are repetitive DNA sequences that have been amplified by retrotransposition. In this study, a class of SINEs were isolated from the Opsariichthys bidens genome, and named Opsar. Sequence analysis confirmed that Opsar is a new class of typical SINEs derived from tRNA molecules. With the tRNA-derived region of Opsar and through BLASTN search, we further identified Zb-SINEs from the zebrafish genome, which includes two groups: Zb-SINE-A and Zb-SINE-B. The Zb-SINE-A. group comprises subfamilies of -Al--A5, and the Zb-SINE-B group is a dimer of the tRNA -derived region and shares a similar dimeric composition to Alu. Zb-SINEs are composed of three distinct regions: a 5' end tRNA-derived region, a tRNA-unrelated region and a 3' end AT-rich region. The flanking regions are AT rich. The average length of Zb-SINEs elements is about 340 bp. Zb-SINEs account for as much as 0.1 % of the whole zebrafish genome. About 70% of the Zb-SINEs are on chromosomes 11, 18, and 19. These Zb-SINEs were characterized by PCR and dot hybridization. The distribution pattern of Zb-SINEs in genome strongly supports the master genes model. The tRNA-derived regions of Opsar and Zb-SINEs were compared with the tRNAAla gene, and they showed 76% similarity, indicating that Opsar and Zb-SINEs originated from an inactive tRNA sequence or a tRNA -like sequence. In view of the evolutionary status of zebrafish in the Cyprinidae, we deduced that Zb-SINEs were a very old class of interspersed sequences.     

Identification of novel SINEs from Cyprinidae and their evolutionary significance

Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are widespread among eukaryotic genomes. They are repetitive DNA sequences that have been amplified by retrotransposition. In this study, a class of SINEs were isolated from the Opsariichthys bidens genome, and named Opsar. Sequence analysis confirmed that Opsar is a new class of typical SINEs derived from tRNA molecules. With the tRNA-derived region of Opsar and through BLASTN search, we further identified Zb-SINEs from the zebrafish genome, which includes two groups: Zb-SINE-A and Zb-SINE-B. The Zb-SINE-A group comprises subfamilies of -A1—-A5, and the Zb-SINE-B group is a dimer of the tRNA^Ala-derived region and shares a similar dimeric composition to Alu. Zb-SINEs are composed of three distinct regions: a 5′end tRNA-derived region, a tRNA-unrelated region and a 3′end AT-rich region. The flanking regions are AT rich. The average length of Zb-SINEs elements is about 340 bp. Zb-SINEs account for as much as 0.1% of the whole zebrafish genome. About 70% of the Zb-SINEs are on chromosomes 11, 18, and 19. These Zb-SINEs were characterized by PCR and dot hybridization. The distribution pattern of Zb-SINEs in genome strongly supports the master genes model. The tRNA-derived regions of Opsar and Zb-SINEs were compared with the tRNA^Ala gene, and they showed 76% similarity, indicating that Opsar and Zb-SINEs originated from an inactive tRNA^Ala sequence or a tRNA^Ala—like sequence. In view of the evolutionary status of zebrafish in the Cyprinidae, we deduced that Zb-SINEs were a very old class of interspersed sequences.     

长柄扁桃仁的氨基酸和矿质元素分析

研究通过采用氨基酸自动分析仪和原子吸收等方法,研究了长柄扁桃仁中氨基酸和矿质元素的含量,结果表明长柄扁桃仁中含有18种氨基酸,其中具有特殊药理作用的谷氨酸、天冬氨酸及甘氨酸等含量丰富;长柄扁桃仁中含有9种人体所需的矿质元素,含量大小依次为K>Mg>Ca>P>Na>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu,未检出Pb、Cd、Hg、As等有害元素。     

湘西碳沥青若干微量元素地球化学特征

 为分析碳沥青的微量元素地球化学特征, 采用Element XR 等离子体质谱分析仪及对选取的碳沥青样品进行测试。结果显示, 碳沥青的微量元素丰度与页岩、围岩差异明显, 其中V(1039.40 μg/g)、Ni(345.90 μg/g)、Sr(227.67 μg/g)和Mo(64.70μg/g)显著富集。对以上4 种元素的赋存和富集模式进行分析, 结果表明:元素V 和Ni 在碳沥青中富集的主要原因包括, 继承了原油微量元素特征、较强的螯合作用和油气演化3 个方面, 在本身绝对含量不减或微增的情况下, 其他元素和有机质总量的亏损在一定程度上突出了V 和Ni 的相对富集;Mo 与V、Ni 具有相似的赋存和富集机理, Sr 的富集可能与油气运移过程中对地层中Sr的溶解和储层热演化过程中的有机质络合作用有关, 但是也可能与Sr 尚不明确的地球化学行为有关。     

元素性质参数在超导研究中的影响

本文通过分析在超导电性研究中所采用的元素性质参数的影响和所得出的结果。证明微观结构决定宏观性质的规律同样适用于超导电性的研究。进一步研究元素性质参数的实质,揭示出元素的电子构型决定元素的性质,进而决定材料的超导电性性质之间的连锁关系。这对于制备新的超导材料,探索超导机制都是有意义的。     

苦瓜中矿物元素分析及食用方法

采用微波消解法消化样品,并用ICP-AES测定了食用苦瓜、药用苦瓜及煮沸药用苦瓜的提取液中Ge、Mg、Zn、K、Fe、Ca、Na、Se等8种矿物元素的含量,方法回收率在94.0%~103.0%,相对标准偏差小于2.07%。ICP-AES法简单、快速、灵敏度高,准确性好,可多元素同时测定。比较食用苦瓜与药用苦瓜中矿物元素发现,食用苦瓜中矿物元素的含量高于药用苦瓜;药用苦瓜经煮沸后的提取液中含有K、Mg、Ca、Fe等4种矿物元素,其中K元素含量较多,Mg、Ca、Fe元素含量较少,提取液中不含有Ge、Se等2种抗癌元素。因此,食用蔬菜苦瓜比药用苦瓜更有益于人们身体健康。