双相致密透氧膜

混合导体透氧材料由于在高温下具有氧离子导电特性,在纯氧制备、膜反应器及富氧燃烧等方面显示出广阔的应用前景。单相混合导体材料用作透氧材料时存在稳定性不足、机械性能差等问题,限制了其在生产中的实际应用。在离子导体相中掺入电子导体相形成双相导体膜可以提高透氧材料在高温下和高氧浓度梯度下的工作稳定性和化学稳定性。本文详细论述了双相透氧材料的透氧机理和研究进展,包括氧离子导体/贵金属电子导体和氧离子导体/氧化物电子导体和氧离子导体/混合导体等的复合形式。重点分析了材料的组成、结构以及两相之间的化学相容性和混合比例对材料透氧率和工作稳定性的影响。介绍了双相材料在甲烷部分氧化制合成气(POM)膜反应过程及富氧燃烧中的应用,分析了目前有待解决的问题并提出了今后的研究方向。     

混合导体透氧膜反应器

综述了混合导体透氧膜反应器中的催化反应.介绍了混合导体透氧膜的氧渗透原理、膜材料的结构、组成以及无机膜反应器的种类和优势.详细讨论了混合导体透氧膜反应器中的甲烷部分氧化反应以及用于该反应的膜材料的发展历程,总结了甲烷氧化偶联和乙烷氧化脱氢等膜反应器中的催化反应,以及混合导体透氧膜用于水分解和二氧化碳分解等受热力学平衡限制的反应.     

铁掺杂浓度对Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ混合导体膜性质的影响

用湿化学法合成了Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ系列混合导体透氧膜材料,并用XRD,O2-TPD,H2-TPR和透氧测定等手段考察了铁离子掺杂浓度对导体膜相结构及其稳定性、氧脱附性能和透氧能力等的影响.在氧浓度为2.13×104～0.1 Pa的范围内,x=0.2～0.8时材料保持为立方钙钛矿结构.铁含量的增加有利于材料钙钛矿结构在低温的稳定化,并提高了材料的热化学稳定性.然而,导体膜的透氧量却随着铁含量的增加而减小.这可能是由于导体膜表面的氧交换动力学过程在透氧速率控制步骤中的分量随铁含量的增加而变大之故.     

铁掺杂浓度对Bao.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ混合导体膜性质的影响

用湿化学法合成了Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ系列混合导体透氧膜材料,并用XRD,O2-TPD,H2-TPR和透氧测定等手段考察了铁离子掺杂浓度对导体膜相结构及其稳定性、氧脱附性能和透氧能力等的影响.在氧浓度为2.13×104～0.1 Pa的范围内,x=0.2～0.8时材料保持为立方钙钛矿结构.铁含量的增加有利于材料钙钛矿结构在低温的稳定化,并提高了材料的热化学稳定性.然而,导体膜的透氧量却随着铁含量的增加而减小.这可能是由于导体膜表面的氧交换动力学过程在透氧速率控制步骤中的分量随铁含量的增加而变大之故.     

混合导体透氧膜及其在甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中的应用

本文介绍了混合导体透氧膜材料的种类及最新研究进展, 对透氧机理进行了阐述, 对氧透量的理论公式进行了推导, 并对其在甲烷部分氧化制合成气(POM ) 膜反应过程中的应用、材料的要求及膜反应器的构造进行了概述与讨论。     

混合导体透氧膜反应器中水分解反应研究进展

混合导体透氧膜反应器可以将供氧反应、氧分离和耗氧反应耦合在一个单元,实现反应和分离一体化,简化化工过程.水分解反应参与的混合导体透氧膜反应器能够实现氢气的制备和分离,近年来受到越来越多的关注.这篇文章综述了混合导体透氧膜反应器中水分解反应领域的研究进展,总结了包括膜材料、催化剂、操作条件等对透氧膜反应器中水分解反应的影响,分析了目前存在的问题,同时展望了该领域在膜材料、膜结构和催化剂开发等方面的未来发展方向,希望有助于促进膜反应器中水分解反应的研究.     

铁掺杂浓度对Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_xFe(1-x)O(3-δ)混合导体膜性质的影响

用湿化学法合成了Ba0 .5Sr0 .5CoxFe1 xO3 δ系列混合导体透氧膜材料 ,并用XRD ,O2 TPD ,H2 TPR和透氧测定等手段考察了铁离子掺杂浓度对导体膜相结构及其稳定性、氧脱附性能和透氧能力等的影响 .在氧浓度为 2 .13× 10 4 ～ 0 .1Pa的范围内 ,x =0 .2～ 0 .8时材料保持为立方钙钛矿结构 .铁含量的增加有利于材料钙钛矿结构在低温的稳定化 ,并提高了材料的热化学稳定性 .然而 ,导体膜的透氧量却随着铁含量的增加而减小 .这可能是由于导体膜表面的氧交换动力学过程在透氧速率控制步骤中的分量随铁含量的增加而变大之故     

Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ透氧膜反应器在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中的应用

工业上一般采用丙烷热裂解脱氢反应生产丙烯. 该反应通常在高温(＞700 ℃)下进行,催化剂容易积碳. 而且,由于反应受到热力学平衡的限制,丙烯的选择性也不很高. 近年来,以廉价空气和丙烷为原料的丙烷氧化脱氢(PODH)反应为丙烯的生产提供了另外一条途径,且已引起广泛的关注. 在PODH反应中,一般认为晶格氧(O2-)参与丙烷的选择氧化,而其它氧物种(O-,O-2等)导致丙烷的完全氧化[1]. 钙钛矿结构的混合导体透氧膜是同时具有氧离子导电性和电子导电性的一类材料. 在高温下,当膜两侧存在氧浓度梯度时,氧以氧离子的形式通过氧缺陷进行传导,同时以电子的反向传输来完成传输回路[2]. 这种透氧机理使得混合导体透氧膜在理论上对烷烃氧化反应具有一定的催化活性. 作为膜反应器材料,这类混合导体透氧膜已成功地应用于甲烷部分氧化(POM)反应[3]. 但迄今为止,还没有文献报道这种膜反应器在PODH反应中的应用. 组成为Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ的钙钛矿膜材料是本研究组开发的一类具有高透氧量、高稳定性的新型透氧膜材料. 本文尝试将该材料制备的膜反应器用于PODH反应,同时研究了PODH反应对膜透氧量的影响.     

La2NiO4复合氧化物的合成及性能研究

采用Ｐｅｃｈｉｎｉ方法合成了Ｌａ２ＮｉＯ４＋δ粉体，通过ＸＲＤ，Ｏ２－ＴＰＤ，ＴＧ和ＸＰＳ等对其物相、氧非计量以及表面状态进行了表征；制备了Ｌａ２ＮｉＯ４＋δ致密透氧膜并考察了其透氧性能。发现其非计量氧的脱出、补充有可逆性；表面吸附氧可转化成Ｏ＾δ－物种，在膜操作状态下，通过体相填隙氧浓差扩散到低氧压侧，以Ｏ２形式脱出，实现连续透氧。     

钙钛矿型SrxBi1-xFeO3-δ混合导体透氧膜

采用固相反应法合成了SrxBi1-xFeO3 -δ系列混合导体透氧膜材料 ,对其透氧性能进行了测定 .应用XRD ,O2 TPD等技术对材料的晶体学结构与性质进行了表征 .解释了SrxBi1-xFeO3 -δ系列材料异常的晶体学规律 ,并将其与透氧规律进行了关联 .通过对关口尺寸、晶胞自由体积及金属 氧平均键能的计算与分析 ,提出了当1 -x≤ 0 .5时 ,透氧量的大小取决于氧在体相中的迁移速率 ;当 1 -x≥ 0 .5时 ,透氧量取决于氧空穴的浓度 .同时对Sr0 .5 Bi0 .5 FeO3 -δ的相稳定性进行了研究 ,指出其高化学稳定性的原因主要归结于稳定的BO6八面体基本骨架形式 .     

高分子富氧膜研究——Ⅲ.有机硅交联共聚物的成膜性及氧氮透过选择性

斋藤等和作者曾先后从聚对羟基苯乙烯之类带有多个活性官能团的齐聚物与端胺基二甲基硅氧烷预聚物合成出一类具有一定结构特点的有机硅交联共聚物,本文报道这类交联共聚物的成膜特性,膜和超薄膜微细结构,以及膜的氧氮选择透过性的研究结果。     

Electrochemical Detection of Superoxide Anion Released by Living Cells by Manganese(III) Tetraphenyl Porphine as Superoxide Dismutase Mimic

Superoxide anion, one of the most active reactive oxygen species, is associated with the development of many diseases. So monitoring superoxide anion in living cells is of great significance for the pathological research of many diseases. In this work, a new non-enzymatic sensor for the detection of superoxide anion(O₂^·-) was developed, which was fabricated by the nanocomposites composed of manganese(III) tetraphenyl porphine(MnTPP) as super-oxide dismutase mimic and electrochemical reduced graphene oxide(ERGO) as electrode support material to modify the glassy carbon electrode(GCE). The electrochemical behavior of the fabricated electrode(MnTPP/ERGO/GCE) was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and cyclic voltammetry(CV), which revealed that MnTPP/ERGO/GCE possessed good catalytic ability to the electrochemical reduction of O₂^·-. The MnTPP/ERGO/GCE showed excellent electroanalysis performance towards O₂^·- using the technique of differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) with a linear relationship in the range of 0.2-110.0 μmol/L, a sensitivity of 445 μA·L·mmol^-1·cm^-2 and a detection limit of 0.039 μmol/L(S/N=3). The real-time monitoring of O₂^·- from MCF-7 breast cancer cells stimulated by zymosan was realized in this work, which indicates that the MnTPP/ERGO/GCE hold potential application for electrochemical quantification of superoxide anions in biological applications.     

BaO∙4B2O3∙5H2O纳米材料的制备及其对聚丙烯阻燃性能的热分解动力学方法评价

Borate is considered one of the most important additives for improving the fire-resistance of combustible polymers because of its smoke suppression, low toxicity, and good thermal stability. However, the size of prepared borate is usually in the micrometer range, which makes it difficult to disperse in a polymer matrix, thus hindering its use as fire-retardant material. The preparation and application of borate nanomaterial as flame retardant is considered an effective method. However, the preparation of barium borate nanomaterials as flame retardant has not been reported. In this paper, nanosheets and nanoribbons with different sizes for a new barium borate BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O are prepared by hydrothermal method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The flame-retardant properties of polypropylene (PP)/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis methods and limited oxygen index (LOI) method. Considering the near TG mass losses and the near LOI values for PP with 10% prepared BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet and nanoribbon, their flame-retardant properties need to be further evaluated by non-isothermal decomposition kinetic method. The apparent activation energy for this decomposition reaction was obtained from the slope by plotting ln(β/T_p²) against 1/T_p according to Kissinger's model. With the reduction of TG mass loss, increased heat absorption in DSC under N₂ atmosphere, increased apparent activation energy E_a for the thermal decomposition of PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O composite as well as increased LOI value, the flame-retardant performance of prepared BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O samples with PP gradually improved from bulk to nanoribbon to nanosheet. This can be attributed to the decrease in the size of BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O samples because the smaller sample size leads to improved dispersion and increased contact area with the polymer. The flame-retardant mechanism is discussed by analyzing the after-flame chars of the PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O composite in SEM images, which show that the char layer is more compact and continuous for the PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet composite. The influence of loading BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanomaterials on the mechanical properties of PP is also tested using a universal material testing machine, in which the PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet composite has higher tensile strength. The PP/BaO·4B₂O₃·5H₂O nanosheet composite has the best flame-retardant and mechanical properties, which is promising to be developed for the application as flame-retardant material.     

固酶氮掺杂碳纳米复合物基燃料电池性能

利用掺杂氮介孔材料(NDMPC)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCH)机械共混的纳米复合物作为固酶载体,以滴涂-干燥法分别制备了固定漆酶(Lac)阴极和固定葡萄糖氧化酶阳极,组装了有Nafion离子交换膜的葡萄糖/O₂酶燃料电池.固定漆酶电极作为燃料电池阴极和氧电化学传感器的性能以结合旋转圆盘电极技术的循环伏安法、线性扫描伏安(LSV)法以及计时电流法进行表征,同时使用紫外-可见分光光度法和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法研究酶分子在电极表面的构型和估算电极表面载体对酶的担载量.测试结果表明:固酶阴极在无电子中介体时可以实现漆酶活性中心T₁与导电基体之间的直接电子迁移(表观电子迁移速率为0.013 s^-1),而且具有较小的氧还原超电势(150 mV).通过进一步定量比较分子内电子传递速率(1000 s^-1)、底物转化速率(0.023 s^-1)以及前述酶-导电基体间电子迁移速率,可以发现此电极催化氧还原循环受制于酶-电极之间的电子迁移过程;这种电极对氧的传感性能良好:低检测限(0.04 μmol·dm^-3)、高灵敏度(12.1 μA·μmol^-1·dm³)和良好的对氧亲和力(K_M = 8.2 μmol·dm^-3),这种固酶阴极还具有良好的重现性、长期使用性、热稳定性和pH耐受性.组装的生物燃料电池的开路电压为0.38 V,最大能量输出密度为19.2 μW·cm^-2,最佳工作条件下使用3周后输出功率密度仍可保持初始值的60%以上.     

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Na0.67Fe0.5Mn0.5O2Cathode with SnO2 Modification

P2-type layered oxide Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is recognized as a very promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to the merits of high capacity, high voltage, low cost, and easy preparation. However, its unsatisfactory cycle and rate performances remain huge obstacles for practical applications. Here, we report a strategy of SnO₂ modification on P2-type Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ to improve the cycle and rate performance. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) images indicate that an insular thin layer SnO₂ is coated on the surface of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ after medication. The coating layer of SnO₂ can protect Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ from corrosion by electrolyte and the cycle performance is well enhanced. After 100 cycles at 1 C rate(1 C=200 mA/g), the capacity of SnO₂ modified Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ retains 83 mA·h/g(64% to the initial capacity), while the capacity for the pristine Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is only 38 mA·h/g(33.5% to the initial capacity). X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the ratio of Mn⁴⁺ increases after SnO₂ modification, leading to less oxygen vacancy and expanded lattice. As a result, the capacity of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ increases from 178 mA·h/g to 197 mA·h/g after SnO₂ modification. Furthermore, the rate performance of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is enhanced with SnO₂ coating, due to high electronic conductivity of SnO₂ and expanded lattice after SnO₂ coating. The capacity of SnO₂ modified Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ at 5 C increases from 21 mA·h/g(pristine Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂) to 35 mA·h/g.     

低温等离子体协同Cu-Mn-Ce-Zr/TiO2催化降解甲苯

以TiO₂为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型Cu_xMn_1-xCe_0.75Zr_0.25/TiO₂(x=1.0、0.75、0.5、0.25、0)负载型催化剂,采用XRD、H₂-TPR、O₂-TPD和XPS等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并通过低温等离子体协同催化剂对大流量的甲苯模拟废气进行了催化降解反应研究。结果表明,Cu和Mn单主金属催化剂的活性优于Cu-Mn双主金属催化剂,其原因是双金属催化剂中Mn的添加减弱了Cu与助剂Ce之间的相互作用,使得催化剂的晶格氧减少,低温还原性能降低。在反应初期,甲苯降解主要依赖于催化剂的活性,具有较好的低温还原性以及丰富的氧空穴和晶格氧含量的CuCe_0.75Zr_0.25/TiO₂的活性最好;Mn具有较强的O₃分解能力,当等离子体比能密度(SED)增加到一定值后,等离子体与催化剂的协同作用增强,从而使得MnCe_0.75Zr_0.25/TiO₂催化剂活性高于CuCe_0.75Zr_0.25/TiO₂,强化了甲苯的脱除。     

Preparation of Novel Ultrathin Co doped MoS2 Nanosheets Piezocatalyst for Fast Simultaneous Decomposition of Cr(Ⅵ) and MB in Dark

Ultrathin Co doped MoS2 nanosheets(NSs) with thickness of 3.2 nm was used to simultaneously decompose Cr(Ⅵ) and MB in dark through ultrasonic vibration-assisted piezocatalytic effect. The significantly enhanced piezocatalytic performance of Co doped MoS2 NSs was found in comparison to the pristine MoS2 NSs. The high piezocatalytic activity of Co doped MoS2 NSs may originate from the large amount of charge carriers due to Co doping. The efficient separation of electron-hole pairs under spontaneous polarization were also investigated ill detail, which is responsible for reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) and oxidation of methylene blue(MB). The active species trapping experiments demonstrate that e and ·O2^- are main active substances for Cr(Ⅵ) reduction, while h+,·OH, and ·O2^- participate in MB degradation.     

一步法合成的FeOOH/黑磷纳米复合材料协同实现体系优异的析氧性能

通过水热法,在黑磷(BP)纳米片表面生长FeOOH纳米材料,制备出FeOOH/BP纳米复合材料。作为电化学析氧反应(OER)催化剂,该复合材料在20 mA·cm^-2时的过电位仅为191 mV,Tafel斜率为49.9 mV·dec^-1;在循环1 000圈后,过电位仅仅增加了3 mV,且循环过程中元素价态不变,表现出优秀的稳定性。纳米FeOOH负载于BP表面,客观上能隔断氧气对BP的氧化,保护BP的载流子传导性能。同时,生长的FeOOH颗粒尺度小,结晶性弱,这有利于丰富其活性位点,增大活性面积。     

焙烧温度对V2O5/CNTs-TiO2催化剂脱氯性能的影响

用浓硝酸纯化改性碳纳米管(CNTs),以钛酸四丁酯为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备碳纳米管-氧化钛(CNTs-TiO₂)复合载体并浸渍制得V₂O₅/CNTs-TiO₂催化剂,重点考察了制备过程中焙烧温度对催化剂催化氧化活性的影响.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)仪和紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光度计等对催化剂材料的结构、形貌和表面化学性质进行了表征分析.结果表明,硝酸处理后的碳纳米管纯度和石墨化程度增加, 450 ℃焙烧温度制备得到的催化剂活性组分分散度好, V₂O₅/CNTs-TiO₂催化剂中钒钛氧均以有利于催化反应的价态存在;催化剂表面活性氧的含量最高,催化剂表现出很好的电子迁移与氧移动的能力,从而提高催化剂的催化活性.实验表明,在250 ℃、催化剂用量为0.2 g、N₂ (80%) + O₂ (20%)下催化降解六氯苯(HCB)的效率可达到94.78%左右,并在24 h内保持很好的稳定性.     

Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4/Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots/TiO2 Ternary Heterojunctions for Ciprofloxacin Degradation with Narrow Band Gap and High Charge Carrier Mobility

Limited visible-light absorption and high recombination rate of photogenerated charges are two main drawbacks in g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts. To solve these problems, g-C₃N₄/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)/TiO₂ ternary heterojunctions were facilely prepared via a one-step calcining method. The morphology, structure, optical and electrochemical properties of g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ were characterized and explored. The optimal g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance of ciprofloxacin (CIP) compared with the as-prepared g-C₃N₄, TiO₂(P25) and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ heterojunction under visible light irradiation. The apparent rate constant of the composite is around 6.43, 4.03 and 2.30 times higher than those of g-C₃N₄, TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency should be mainly attributed to the improvement of light absorption and charge separation and transfer efficiency, originating from the narrow band gap and high charge carrier mobility. The active species trapping experiments results showed that the h⁺ and ^·O₂^- were the main active species in the degradation process. A possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite for the enhanced degradation of CIP under visible light irradiation was also proposed.