Physical geometry: A unified theory of gravitation,electromagnetism and other interactions

An invariant correlation and a variational principle are given for the theory of connections and frames introduced in previous papers. The relation of the resultant gravitation theory to Yang's theory is clarified. The resultant equations of motion, which imply a generalized Dirac equation, are used to understand geometrically certain aspects of relativistic quantum theory. The conjecture is proposed that electrornegnetism is related to anSU(2) subgroup. The possible association of the extra generators with strong and weak nuclear forces is discussed.     

A unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism for charged superfluids

We propose a unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism which can be applied to charged multiply connected superfluids. It extends the conformally invariant Weyl-Dirac theory to complex gauge fields β and recovers flux quantization as the byproduct of a lagrangian constraint. Superconductors are described as multiply connected regions of space- time through the phase of β.     

Some electromagnetic consequences of a geometric unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism

The geometrical unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism discussed in previous publications requires that electromagnetism be represented by an SU(2) subgroup. Electric matter should correspond to irreducible representations of the structure group, SL(4,), induced from its compact subgroup, rotation SU(2)x electromagnetic SU(2). Results predict the quantization of electric charge, magnetic flux and angular momentum without requiring magnetic monopoles. Unexpectedly, the necessary quanta of charge and flux imply fractional quantization of transverse resistance, under certain conditions (Fractional Quantum Hall Effect).     

A coupled theory of electromagnetism and gravitation

A coupling electromagnetism with a previously developed scalar theory of gravitation is presented. The principle features of this coupling are: (1) a slight alteration to the Maxwell equations, (2) the motion of a charged particle satisfies an equation with the Lorentz force-appearing on the right side in place of zero, and (3) the energy density of the electromagnetic field appears in the gravitational field equation in a manner similar to the mass term in the Klein-Gordonequation. The field of a static, spherically symmetric charged particle is computed. The electromagnetic field gives rise to l/r ² terms in the gravitational potential.     

Toward a unified field theory of gravitation and strong interactions

The chiralSU(3) quark model is shown to be a consequence of general relativity for Petrov type Id space-times, in much the same way that the Dirac equation is a consequence of special relativity.     

A gauge-covariant bimetric tetrad theory of gravitation and electromagnetism

In order to get to a geometrically based theory of gravitation and electromagnetism, a gauge covariant bimetric tetrad space-time is introduced. The Weylian connection vector is derived from the tetrads and it is identified with the electromagnetic potential vector. The formalism is simplified by the use of gauge-invariant quantities. The theory contains a contorsion tensor that is connected with spinning properties of matter. The electromagnetic field may be induced by conventional sources and by spinning matter. In absence of spinning matter, the equations are identical with those of the gauge-covariant bimetric theory.⁽²³⁾     

6-Optics and a general theory of gravitation and electromagnetism

It is shown that the equation of motion of material particles in a curved spacetime in the presence of electromagnetic field, known from general relativity, is equivalent to an equation for a geodesic line in a 6-dimensional Riemannian manifold of signature (+----+), at least when a special choice of the 6-metric has been made.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 36–40, December, 1984.     

Strings in a conformally invariant theory of gravitation and electromagnetism

A recently proposed unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetism is studied in the weak field approximation and conformally flat gauge. It requires the photon to have a mass real or imaginary (Meissner effect) depending on the sign of the cosmological constant λ, and proportional to λ^{$\text{1}\text{2}$}. Thus the range of the electromagnetic interaction must be greater than ～2 × 10²⁷ cm. The electromagnetic field is entirely of topological origin, strings are present in the theory and the flux of the electromagnetic field is quantized. A classical normalization condition for the potential makes the flux quantum equal to ± e, while the fine structure constant provides a scale for the rate of change in the length of a vector displaced around a closed path linking the flux.     

On a unified theory of electromagnetism and weak interaction

A unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interaction has been developed on the basis of the assumption that the charge and mass of a lepton is of dynamical origin. According to this model, the spontaneous breakdown of symmetry generates the photon as a Goldstone boson.     

TheB (3) field as a link between gravitation and electromagnetism in the vacuum

The emergence of theB ⁽³⁾ field in vacuo has shown that electromagnetism is non-Abelian and similar in structure to gravitation. In this paper the Christoffel symbol used in general relativity is developed for electromagnetism in curvilinear coordinates: The former becomes describable as the antisymmetric part of the gravitational Ricci tensor. Therefore gravitation and electromagnetism are respectively the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of thesame Ricci tensor within a proportionality factor. Both fields are obtained from the Riemann curvature tensor, both are expressions of curvature in spacetime.     

Systems with outer constraints. Gupta-Bleuler electromagnetism as an algebraic field theory

Since there are some important systems which have constraints not contained in their field algebras, we develop here in aC*-context the algebraic structures of these. The constraints are defined as a groupG acting as outer automorphisms on the field algebra , :G Aut , _G Inn , and we find that the selection ofG-invariant states on is the same as the selection of states onM(G ) by (U _g)=1gG, whereU _g M (G )/ are the canonical elements implementing _g . These states are taken as the physical states, and this specifies the resulting algebraic structure of the physics inM(G ), and in particular the maximal constraint free physical algebra . A nontriviality condition is given for to exist, and we extend the notion of a crossed product to deal with a situation whereG is not locally compact. This is necessary to deal with the field theoretical aspect of the constraints. Next theC*-algebra of the CCR is employed to define the abstract algebraic structure of Gupta-Bleuler electromagnetism in the present framework. The indefinite inner product representation structure is obtained, and this puts Gupta-Bleuler electromagnetism on a rigorous footing. Finally, as a bonus, we find that the algebraic structures just set up, provide a blueprint for constructive quadratic algebraic field theory.     

The nonsymmetric unified field theory

This paper reviews the recent progress in the nonsymmetric unified field theory of Einstein and Straus and its current status as a theory of macrophysics of gravitation and electromagnetism.     

Complementary aspects of gravitation and electromagnetism

A convention with regard to geometry, accepting nonholonomic aether motion and coordinate-dependent units, is always valid as an alternative to Einstein's convention. Choosing flat spacetime, Newtonian gravitation is extended, step by step, until equations closely analogous to those of Einstein's theory are obtained. The first step, demanded by considerations of inertia, is the introduction of a vector potential. Treating the electromagnetic and gravitational fields as real and imaginary components of a complex field (gravitational mass being treated as imaginary charge), the Maxwell stress-momentum-energy tensor for the complex field is then used as the source for both fields. The spherically symmetric solution of these unified field equations describes the electron. Third, effects arising from motion of aether fluid with respect to the artificial reference systems of flat spacetime are included. On the grounds that attraction between likes and repulsion between likes are, a priori, equally possible, it is suggested that gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena should enjoy equal status. This can be achieved on the scale of an infinite cosmos by introducing a hierarchy of isolated systems, each of which is a universe when viewed internally and an elementary particle when viewed externally. A universe (defined by the Hubble radius), an electron, and a neutrino are three consecutive isolated systems of the hierarchy. Implied is the existence of antiuniverses where gravitational mass has opposite sign and antimatter predominates. Remarkable relationships between physical constants emerge.     

Three-dimensional topological field theory and symplectic algebraic geometry I

We study boundary conditions and defects in a three-dimensional topological sigma-model with a complex symplectic target space X (the Rozansky–Witten model). We show that boundary conditions correspond to complex Lagrangian submanifolds in X   equipped with complex fibrations. The set of boundary conditions has the structure of a 2-category; morphisms in this 2-category are interpreted physically as one-dimensional defect lines separating parts of the boundary with different boundary conditions. This 2-category is a categorification of the Z₂${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-graded derived category of X; it is also related to categories of matrix factorizations and a categorification of deformation quantization (quantization of symmetric monoidal categories). In Appendix B we describe a deformation of the B-model and the associated category of branes by forms of arbitrary even degree.     

Variational principle for theP(4) affine theory of gravitation and electromagnetism

We propose a Lagrangian for theP(4) theory of gravitation and electromagnetism which is a straightforward generalization of the Einstein Lagrangian. A constrained Palatini variation of this Lagrangian yields the geometrical Einstein-Maxwell affine field equations. We show that these results can be extended easily to include both electric and magnetic charges. Finally, we consider conservation laws arising from the invariance properties of the Lagrangian.     

Matter and geometry in a unified theory

The prediction of general relativity on the gravitational collapse of matter ending in a point is viewed as an absurdity of the kind to be expected in any consistent physical theory due to ultimate conflicts of the axioms of geometry with the properties of physical objects. The necessity to introduce a probability interpretation for the solution of partial differential equations in space time for quantum theory points to similar roots. It is pointed out that quantum theory in the very small is not going to eliminate the problem, but macroscopic quantum effects in the large, modifying the properties of the horizon, may achieve it. Solutions such as wormholes allow as much empirical evidence as any science fiction. The present approach considers successive modifications of the field equations and equations of motion of gravitational theory by admixture of terms with higher derivatives. The rigorous application of a gauge principle combines Einstein's equations with the tensor analog of Maxwell's equations which are of third order for the metric. It is speculated that the natural presence of torsion in such a gauge theory is related to matter sources.