镧系元素-N,N-二(2-氧吡咯-1-甲基)甘氨酸-邻菲咯啉三元体系的光致变色

采用激发光谱、荧光光谱和紫外 可见光谱研究了镧系元素 N ,N 二 (2 氧吡咯 1 甲基 )甘氨酸 (MPG) 邻菲咯啉 (phen)三元体系的性质。研究了该体系水溶液的光致变色。太阳光或汞灯照射下溶液由黄色转变成绿色 ,而在避光处保存 ,绿色褪去变成黄色溶液。这种光致变色现象与体系的pH值有关     

Rapid ultraviolet monitoring of multiple psychotropic drugs with a renewable microfluidic device

A rapid method for sensitive ultraviolet detection of multiple psychotropic drugs in human plasma was developed on a low-cost and expediently fabricated hybrid microfluidic device. The device was composed of one fused-silica capillary with a sampling fracture, a poly(methyl methacrylate) board with four reservoirs, and a printed circuit board. At the optimal separation and detection conditions, the baseline separation of three kinds of psychotropic drugs including barbiturates (phenobarbital and barbital), benzodiazepines (nitrazepam, clonazepam, chlordiazepoxide, alprazolam and diazepam) and tricyclic antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline) was achieved within 200 s with separation efficiency up to 3.80 × 10(5) plates m(-1). The linear ranges for ultraviolet detection were from 2.0 to 1000.0 μg mL(-1) for chlordiazepoxide and 1.0 to 1000.0 μg mL(-1) for other seven drugs. Combining with solid-phase extraction, this novel protocol could successfully be used to screen naturally existing psychotropic drugs in a known human plasma sample. The minimum detectable concentration was down to 27 ng mL(-1) for phenobarbital spiked in plasma. This work provided a promising way to initially screen different psychotropic drugs with high resolution, rapid separation and low-cost.     

Combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and paper spray mass spectrometry for the identification and confirmation of psychotropic substances in alcoholic beverages

Criminal practices in which an individual becomes vulnerable and prone to sexual assault after ingesting drinks spiked with doping substances have become a social concern globally. As forensic protocols require a multi-tiered strategy for chemical evidentiary analysis, the backlog of evidence has become a significant problem in the community. Herein, a fast, sensible, and complementary dual analytical methodology was developed using a single commercial paper substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) analysis to identify psychotropic substances added to alcoholic beverages irrefutably. To study and investigate this criminal practice, pharmaceutical formulations containing distinct psychotropic substances (zolpidem, clonazepam, diazepam, and ketamine) were added to drinks typically consumed at parties and festivals (Pilsen beer, açaí Catuaba®, gin tonic, and vodka mixed with Coca-Cola Zero®). A simple liquid–liquid extraction with a low-temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP) procedure was applied to the drinks and effectively minimized matrix effects. As a preliminary analysis, SERS spectra combined with Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) provided sufficient information to investigate the samples further. The presence of the protonated species for the psychotropic substances in the spiked drinks was readily verified in the mass spectra and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Finally, the results demonstrate the potential of this methodology to be easily implemented into the routine of forensic laboratories and to be further employed at harm reduction tends at parties and festivals to detect contaminated beverages promptly and irrefutably as an efficient tool to prevent such crimes.     

An LD50 model for predicting psychotropic drug toxicity using biopartitioning micellar chromatography

The LD50 determination is the main way to measure the acute toxicity of all types of substances. At the present time, however, there is increasing opposition to the use of living animals in research and testing activities from animal rights groups as well as some scientists. Nevertheless, the need to have a tool for estimating the potential toxicity of new compounds for human consumption has encouraged the development of alternative methods. Under adequate conditions, the partitioning in micellar liquid chromatography can describe the drug biopartitioning. We have named this chromatographic system biopartitioning micellar chromatography (BMC). In this paper, an LD50 QRAR model developed for psychotropic drugs from their retention data in BMC, is described. The model's ability to predict new psychotropic drug toxicity is statistically proved.     

Screening of psychotropic drugs in human hair based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography and microliquid extraction

The monitoring of the physiological and functional state of personnel from dangerous industries is very important for the ensuring of ecological security. Usually, this involves testing for the consumption of alcohol and drugs of abuse. During the last several years the use of legal psychotropic drugs has increased and the control over these drugs has became an actual problem. As is well known, the long-term history of drugs present in the body is accessible through hair analysis. This is why the aim of our research is to create a screening procedure based on coupling high-performance thin-layer chromatography with microliquid extraction as a psychotropic drug testing method for hair. Some widely distributed antidepressants, neuroleptics, and sedative drugs are chosen for research. The optimal experimental conditions for all of the consequent steps for the screening detection of the model samples are determined. The visual and densitometric detection limits allow for the employment of the proposed technique for a fast and cost-effective analysis of the drugs of abuse.     

Electro‐induced oxidative polymerization of N‐vinylcarbazole

In this study, a novel procedure to increase the yield of the non‐crosslinked, photoconductive, white form of linear poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (LPVCz) is reported. The yield of LPVCz is increased (up to 53%) by the addition of catalytic amounts of ceric ammonium nitrate as an oxidant during the electrochemical polymerization of N‐vinylcarbazole in a divided electrochemical cell. The concentration of Ce(IV) remained constant during the polymerization since Ce(III) is readily oxidized to Ce(IV) electrochemically. Since the electrochemical oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) took place simultaneously at the anode, the deposition of dark green crosslinked polyvinylcarbazole on the electrode surface, which hinders the formation of white LPVCz, can be prevented. The Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectra of white LPVCz showed that the structures of polymers are the same as those produced by conventional polymerization. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inclusion compounds of psychotropic agents and cyclodextrins

Literature data on inclusion compounds of psychotropic agents (hypno-sedative, anticonvulsive and antiepileptic drugs, neuroleptics and anxiolytics) with cyclodextrins and their derivatives are presented. Inclusion compounds of two novel psychotropic agents, gidazepam and cinazepam, with-cyclodextrin (1 : 1 and 1 : 2) were obtained. The structure of these complexes has been established by one- and two-dimensional¹H-NMR (for solutions in DMSO) and IR (for solid state) spectroscopy.Presented at the Sixth International Seminar on Inclusion Compounds, Istanbul, Turkey, 27–31 August, 1995.     

Fractionated illumination after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid on normal skin of hairless mice: the influence of the dark interval

We have previously shown that light fractionation during topical aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) with a dark interval of 2h leads to a significant increase in efficacy in both pre-clinical and clinical PDT. However this fractionated illumination scheme required an extended overall treatment time. Therefore we investigated the relationship between the dark interval and PDT response with the aim of reducing the overall treatment time without reducing the efficacy. Five groups of mice were treated with ALA-PDT using a single light fraction or the two-fold illumination scheme with a dark interval of 30 min, 1, 1.5 and 2h. Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence kinetics were monitored during illumination. Visual skin response was monitored in the first seven days after PDT and assessed as PDT response. The PDT response decreases with decreasing length of the dark interval. Only the dark interval of 2h showed significantly more damage compared to all the other dark intervals investigated (P<0.05 compared to 1.5h and P<0.01 compared to 1h, 30 min and a single illumination). No relationship could be shown between the utilized PpIX fluorescence during the two-fold illumination and the PDT response. The rate of photobleaching was comparable for the first and the second light fraction and not dependent of the length of dark interval used. We conclude that in the skin of the hairless mouse the dark interval cannot be reduced below 2h without a significant reduction in PDT efficacy.     

Preconcentration and determination of bentazepam at C18-modified carbon paste electrodes

Summary A method for the determination of bentazepam by the oxidation wave which originates from the 1 N, using a 50% C18 carbon paste electrode is described. A preconcentration cell at open circuit and a measuring cell have been used. The electroanalytical technique employed was the differential pulse voltammetry. The interferences with different psychotropic drugs have been applied to the determination of bentazepam directly in urine and with previous extraction in ethyl ether.     

Psychotropic Preparations Sydnophen and Sydnocarb as Donors of Nitrogen Monoxide

The metabolic chain of the antihypertensive drug Molsydomin, which belongs to the group of sydnonimine derivatives, was modelled in vitro with the psychotropic drugs Sydnophen and Sydnocarb, which are also derivatives of sydnonimine. Like Molsydomin, Sydnophen and Sydnocarb are hydrolyzed to N-nitroso compounds which liberate nitrogen monoxide, NO, on subsequent oxidation which may be related to the pharmacological effects of these drugs.     

铕-N,N-二(N-亚甲基琥珀酰亚胺)甘氨酸-1,10-二氮杂菲三元配合物的光致变色

合成了N,N-二(N-亚甲基琥珀酰亚胺)甘氨酸,并以元素分析、IR、¹HNMR和质谱进行表征.实验中发现铕(Ⅲ)与N,N-二(N-亚甲基琥珀酰亚胺)甘氨酸和1,10-二氮杂菲形成的配合物具有光致变色的性质.在铕变色物种里,铕离子与N,N-二(N-亚甲基琥珀酰亚胺)甘氨酸中的羧基,1,10-二氮杂菲中的氮原子相结合,同时也可能与水分子和羟基基团结合.     

Reaction of 2,3-dichlorobenzo[b] thiophene 1,1-dioxide with cyclic amines

The corresponding p-amino derivatives, which have psychotropic activity, were obtained by reaction of 2,3-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide with cyclic amines. Their IR and PMR spectra are presented.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 56–57, January, 1977.     

Photochromic behaviour of ozonated and photoirradiated cellulose studied by fluorescence spectroscopy

Samples of ozonated pure cotton cellulose have been subjected to three extended periods of irradiation with monochromatic light at 350 nm, with intervening dark periods. The changes during the treatments were monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy. Photochromic behaviour, comprising a fairly rapid emission intensity decrease during irradiation and a slower recovery of the emission intensity in the dark at ambient temperature, was observed. Starting from the completion of the first irradiation/dark treatment the intervening dark reaction almost completely restored the situation prevailing before irradiation. The photochromism observed for a reference sample of cellulose not pretreated with ozone and for microcrystalline cellulose was similar but differed both in amplitude and in fluorescence recovery during the dark periods. The ozonated sample was also irradiated with the entire spectrum of a medium pressure Hg lamp. This treatment caused a strong increase in the emission intensity and a red-shift of the emission maximum. The changes caused by ozonation and irradiation were also studied by diffuse reflectance FT-IR and UV-visible reflectance spectroscopy.     

RHODOPSIN REGENERATION, CALCIUM, AND THE CONTROL OF THE DARK CURRENT IN VERTEBRATE RODS

Abstract— The dark current of retinal rods is suppressed for an extended period when their rhodopsin is bleached. An 8% bleach completely suppresses the current for 8 min and after 35 min it is fully recovered. The dark current can recover fully from a bleaching flash without any rhodopsin being regenerated. Moreover the recovery can be hastened either by lowering the activity of calcium ions surrounding the rods or by regenerating the rhodopsin. The recovery of the dark current following these bleaches showed zero order kinetics, regardless of whether the recovery was hastened by low calcium, 11- cis retinaldehyde or not. If all the rhodopsin is bleached in the retina, the dark current does not recover; the addition of 11- cis retinaldehyde, but not all- trans retinaldehyde, to the bleached retina causes the dark current to begin its recovery as early as 10 min after the addition with zero order kinetics (1.3% min^-1). In two of three similar experiments, the dark current recovered 100%. When the recovery rate of the dark current from the retina showing the earliest response is compared with the rate of the regeneration of rhodopsin in the plasma and disc membranes, the dark current begins its recovery after the plasma membrane rhodopsin is fully regenerated and the disc rhodopsin is half regenerated. When the disc rhodopsin is fully regenerated, the dark current is recovered 75%, and 20 min later it is completely recovered.     

Attrition‐Enhanced Deracemization of the Antimalaria Drug Mefloquine

Mefloquine is an important drug for prevention and treatment of malaria. It is commercially available as a racemic mixture, wherein only one enantiomer is active against malaria, while the other one causes severe psychotropic effects. By converting the drug into a compound that crystallizes as a racemizable racemic conglomerate, the deracemization of mefloquine into the desired enantiomer was achieved.     

Spectrophotometric Study of Acid-Base Equilibrium of a Thienotriazolodiazepine,Brotizolam, Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Abstract

Brotizolam is a psychotropic drug, derived from the Thieno-triazolodiazepine family, which has sedative and hypnotic properties. In this work, a spectrophotometric study has been carried out to determine the acid-base equilibrium, the pk_a value being obtained, as well as to develop a method for the determination of this compound in pharmaceutical formulations.     

SiO2包覆纳米CaCO3的透射电镜表征

在透射电子显微镜（TEM）电子衍射模式下，用适当孔径的物镜光阑选择非晶态SiO2的衍射区域，拍摄以溶胶一凝胶法制备的SiO2包覆纳米CaCO3的暗场像。与未经包覆SiO2的纳米CaCO3的暗场像作对比，可以看出经过SiO2包覆的纳米CaCO3粒子周围有一白色亮环，从而得到SiO3包覆层的暗场照片。用高分辨方法观察了包覆层与CaCO3粒子间的界面情况。     

Restriction of Access to the Dark State: A New Mechanistic Model for Heteroatom‐Containing AIE Systems

Restriction of intramolecular motion (RIM), as the working mechanism of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), cannot fully explain some heteroatom‐containing systems. Now, two excited states are taken into account and a mechanism, restriction of access to dark state (RADS), is specified to elaborate RIM and complete the picture of AIE mechanism. A nitrogen‐containing molecule named APA is chosen as a model compound; its weak fluorescence in solution is ascribed to the easy access from the bright (π,π*) state to the close‐lying dark (n,π*) state. By either metal complexation or aggregation, the dark state is less accessible due to restriction of the molecular motion leading to the dark state and elevation of the dark state energy, thus the bright state emission is restored. RADS is powerful in elucidating the AIE effect of molecules with excited states favoring non‐radiative decay, including overlap‐forbidden states such as (n,π*) and CT states, spin‐forbidden triplet states, and so on.     

Etude Electrochimique et Differenciation de Derives des Dibenzodiazepines et des Dibenzothiazepines

Abstract

New psychotropic drugs like Clozapin and Clothiapin were separated and differenciated using D.C., A.C. and D.P.P. polarographic techniques. The mechanism of the electrode reaction is elucidated.     

Nutmeg as a narcotic. A contribution to the chemistry and pharmacology of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)

The abuse of nutmeg for narcotic purposes has led to renewed chemical and pharmacological interest in this drug. Several allylbenzene derivatives whose biological transformation products have structures resembling mescaline and amphetamine have been identified as psychotropic constituents. It is suggested that the intensity of the hallucinogenic action of these compounds is due to the possibility of simulation of LSD-like structural elements.