微乳液的热力学性质 I: 芳烃类的侧链链长对微乳液热力学函数影响

本文研究以非离子型表面活性剂-正辛醇-水-芳烃类所组成的微乳液, 探讨醇从油相转移到界面相时的自由能变化, 以及温度对自由能的影响。计算出熵和焓的变化, 发现在实验范围内, 上述热力学函数的对数值与芳烃侧链的碳原子数(n)呈线性关系。这些关系式对微乳液的构成和稳定性的讨论是重要的, 还对几种芳烃异构体所构成的微乳液的热力学函数进行了实验和讨论。     

The effect of the alkyl chain length on the mesomorphic properties of new lactic acid derivatives

New series of lactic acid derivatives with alkyl terminal chain have been synthesised and their mesomorphic properties studied. We have varied the length of chiral and non-chiral terminal alkyl chains and found that prolonging both chains has a strong effect on the SmA*–SmC* phase transition. Most of the new materials exhibit only paraelectric SmA* phase; for homologues with a longer non-chiral chain (m ≥ 10), the ferroelectric (SmC*) phase appears below the SmA* on cooling and persists down to a room temperature. The role of the chiral terminal chain in the molecule is quite opposite – only its short length supports the existence of ferroelectric phase. Additionally, a hexatic phase appeared below the SmA*–SmC* phase sequence for several homologues at low temperatures. All materials have been studied using standard experimental techniques (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), texture observations, polarisation and tilt angle measurements, etc.). Liquid crystalline properties of new materials have been compared with the previously prepared and studied lactic acid derivatives.     

The electrochemical behavior ofortho-nitroanilides in an aprotic medium

Electrochemical reduction ofortho-nitroanilides in an aprotic medium has been studied by polarography and ESR. It has been shown that nitroanilide anion-radicals are formed at the first reduction wave potentials. The transfer of a second electron is accompanied by subsequent reactions (autoprotonation and homogeneous electron transfer), which occur in the bulk of the solution and lead to fairly stable intermediate anion-radicals ofortho-compounds.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1067–1070, June, 1993.     

硫在疏质子介质中电化学还原机理的研究 I: 第一步氧化还原过程的研究

本文用电化学方法研究了硫在DMSO溶剂中第一步氧化还原过程的机理, 发现这个过程不是一个简单的双电子过程, 提出了更为合理的EEC机理, 数字模拟也表明该机理是可能的, 并从2.5次微分谱上发现了S6(II)的氧化峰, 其峰电位为-0.29V(相对于银电极). 还计算了该体系的某些动力学参数值.     

硫在疏质子介质中电化学还原机理的研究 II: 第二步氧化还原过程的研究

用电化学方法研究了硫在DMSO溶剂中的第二步氧化还原过程. 该过程在扫速大于200mV/s时表现为简单的电子转移过程; 扫速小于200mV/s时转化为ECE机理. 发现了S8^4^-, S3^2^-, S4^2^-的氧化峰, 峰电位分别为 -1.50, -0.96, -0.60(相对于银参比电极), 对S8^2^-/S8^4^-电对测定了标准电极电位和标准速率常数, 分别是-1.547±0.002V(相对于银参比电极)和3.3×10^-^3cm/s.     

Synthesis and the effect of alkyl chain length on photochromic properties of diarylethene derivatives

A new class of photochromic diarylethenes bearing pyrrole and thiophene units with different length of alkyl chains at 2-position of thiophene rings have been synthesized. Their characteristics, including photochromism and fatigue resistance were investigated systematically, and each diarylethene derivative showed good photochromic properties whether in solution or in PMMA films. The alkyl group moiety was connected directly to the central cyclopentene ring as a heteroaryl unit and availably participated in photoisomerization reaction. And some properties, for example, the conversion ratio in the photostationary state(PSS) and the absorption coefficient of the ring-closed isomers in acetonitrile were significantly affected by the alkyl chain length. The results revealed that substituents of alkyl chain played an important role in the photoisomerization process of diarylethenes.     

Synthesis and the effect of alkyl chain length on optoelectronic properties of diarylethene derivatives

Photochromic symmetrical diarylethene derivatives 1a-6a bearing different long alkyl chains at 2-position of thiophene rings have been synthesized and their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The effect of alkyl chain length on their optoelectronic properties, such as photochromism in solution as well as in the crystalline phase and electrochemical performance was investigated in detail. These diarylethenes have showed good photochromic behavior both in solution and in the single crystalline phase. Introduction of the long alkyl chains at 2-position of bis(5-formyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene increased the absorption coefficients of both open- and closed-ring isomers and induced bathochromic shifts of the maximal wavelength absorption of the closed-ring isomers. The long alkyl chains can also decrease the cyclization/cycloreversion quantum yields and the oxidation potentials. The cyclic voltammetry indicated that the band gap of these diarylethene derivatives was significantly affected by the alkyl chain length.     

Physicochemical properties and structures of room temperature ionic liquids. 2. Variation of alkyl chain length in imidazolium cation

The alkyl chain length of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([Rmim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N], R = methyl (m), ethyl (e), butyl (b), hexyl (C(6)), and octyl (C(8))) was varied to prepare a series of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), and the thermal behavior, density, viscosity, self-diffusion coefficients of the cation and anion, and ionic conductivity were measured over a wide temperature range. The self-diffusion coefficient, viscosity, ionic conductivity, and molar conductivity change with temperature following the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation, and the density shows a linear decrease. The pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR method reveals a higher self-diffusion coefficient for the cation compared to that for the anion over a wide temperature range, even if the cationic radius is larger than that of the anion. The summation of the cationic and anionic diffusion coefficients for the RTILs follows the order [emim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [mmim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [bmim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [C(6)mim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [C(8)mim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N], which greatly contrasts to the viscosity data. The ratio of molar conductivity obtained from impedance measurements to that calculated by the ionic diffusivity using the Nernst-Einstein equation quantifies the active ions contributing to ionic conduction in the diffusion components, in other words, ionicity of the ionic liquids. The ratio decreases with increasing number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. Finally, a balance between the electrostatic and induction forces has been discussed in terms of the main contribution factor in determining the physicochemical properties.     

Influence of alkyl chain length on phosphate self-assembled monolayers

A series of alkyl phosphates with alkyl chain lengths ranging from C10 to C18 have been synthesized. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of these molecules were prepared on titanium oxide surfaces by immersion of the substrates in alkyl phosphate solutions of 0.5 mM concentration in n-heptane/isopropanol. The SAMs were characterized by means of dynamic water contact angle (dCA) measurements, variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). A higher degree of order and packing density within the monolayers was found for alkyl phosphates with alkyl chain lengths exceeding 15 carbon atoms. This is reflected in a lower dCA hysteresis, as well as a film thickness measured by VASE and XPS close to the expected values for SAMs with an average alkyl chain tilt angle of 30 degrees to the surface normal. Additionally a shift of the symmetric and antisymmetric C-H stretching modes in the PM-IRRAS spectra to lower wave numbers was observed. These findings imply a higher two-dimensional crystallinity of the films derived from alkyl phosphates with a longer alkyl chain length.     

The effect of alkyl chain length on the thermodynamic properties of the half esters of o-phthalic acid

The temperature, heat and entropy of fusion of four half esters of o-phthalic acid have been measured. These values are compared to other aromatic acid properties on the basis of molecular weight. The calorimetric data have an accuracy of ±5% and agree well with values predicted from simple entropy, geometric and electronic considerations.     

Hydrogen isotope effect in primary alkyl chlorides in the presence of aprotic acids

Summary Based on n-butyl, n-propyl, and ethyl chlorides as examples, it was established that these alkyl chlorides, in the absence of tertor sec-alkyl chlorides, do not undergo hydrogen exchange reaction with deuterium chloride in nitrobenzene solution in the presence of aprotic acids. Under these conditions, n-BuCl and n-PrCl are isomerized to secondary alkyl chlorides, which easily undergo the hydrogen exchange reaction.     

The esterolytic activity of poly(N-alkylimidazoles). The effect of ester chain length in the substrate and alkyl chain length in the catalyst on the esterolytic activity of poly(N-alkylimidazoles).

In an effort to exploit the enhancement in catalytic activity which might be derived through hydrophobic interactions between polymeric catalyst and substrate, 1-methyl-5-vinylimidazole (1-Me-5-VIm), 1-methyl-4-vinylimidazole (1-Me-4-VIm), 1-butyl-5-vinylimidazole (1-Bu-5-VIm), and 1-butyl-4-vinylimidazole (1-Bu-4-VIm) have been synthesized and polymerized. In 28.5% ethanol-water, poly(1-alkyl-5-vinylimidazoles)proved to be efficient catalysts for the hydrolysis of various 3-nitro-4-acyloxybenzoic acids (Sn-, where n denotes the acyl chain length). Order of magnitude rate enhancements, as compared to the model compound, 1,5-dimethylimidazole (1,5-DMIm) were observed in the poly(1-alkyl-5-vinylimidazole)-catalyzed solvolysis of S12- and S18-. Poly(1-Me-5-VIm) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S18-88 times faster than does 1,5-DMIm. The poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S18- in ethanol-water was analyzed in terms of a simple Michaelis-Menten type mechanism. Vmax and Km were determined to be 40.2 X 10(-7) M min-1 and 2.20 X 10(-5) M, respectively.     

Effects of alkyl chain length on surface and micellar properties of octaethyleneglycol-n alkyl ethers

Summary Surface and micellar properties of a homologous series of Octaethylene glycol-n-alkyl ethers (C _n E₈;n = 9 to 15) have been studied in aqueous solutions by the surface tension measurements. The effects of the alkyl chain length comprising even and carbon numbers have been examined in order to evaluate the surface free energy G _A-W and the standard free energy G _m for the micellization obtained from their surface tension data. The areas per molecule and the equilibrium surface tension values at the CMC decreased with an increasing carbon number and they showed zigzag curves by the difference in even and odd carbon numbers.These findings may be attributed to the differences in the molecular orientation between the molecules with even carbon number and ones with odd carbon number on the air-water interface at CMC. G _A-W values decreased linearly with an increasing alkyl chain length but did not show a zigzag line by the differences in even and odd carbon numbers. This suggests that the molecular orientation is not influenced by the difference between their even and odd carbon numbers in the alkyl chain on the surface of the very diluted solution, and their molecules form some stable adsorbed films with an increase of the alkyl chain length. A division of G _A-W into the contribution made both by the hydrophilic group G _A-W (-W) and by the hydrophobic group G _A-W (-CH₂-) was attempted as follows; G _A-W (-CH₂-) = – 0.80 kcal/mol and G _a-W (-W) = + 0.15 kcal/mol.The free energy changes G _m of micellization were discussed on the basis of the CMC data obtained from the surface tension measurements by treating the formation of micelles as analogous to phase separation, and the contribution from the each moieties in the molecule were calculated as follows; G _m (-CH₂-) = – 0.68 kcal/mol and G _m (-W) = + 1.54 kcal/mol. The difference between G _A-W and G _m is discussed using their data.     

Hydrophobic hydration and hydrophobic interaction in tetraalkylammonium salt solutions: The cation size effect

The heats of solution of tetrahexylammonium and tetraheptylammonium bromides in water and aqueous solutions of formamide and hexamethylphosphoric triamide have been measured at 318 and 338 K. The standard enthalpies and heat capacities of solution and the enthalpic and heart capacity parameters of amide-electrolyte pair interaction have been determined. It has been confirmed that the standard heat capacities of solution and the amide-electrolyte interaction parameters as a function of the cation size pass through an extremum. The hydrophobic hydration effect is weaker for large tetraalkylammonium cations.     

Electrochemical reduction of pyrylium salts in an aprotic medium

The electrochemical reduction of pyrylium salts in anhydrous acetonitrile is not complicated by adsorption and may serve as a convenient method for the evaluation of the effect of structural factors on the ability of pyrylium cations to undergo conversion to the corresponding pyranyl radicals and the ability of the latter to undergo dimerization. The stepwise two-electron reduction of conjugated dipyrylium salts leads successively to cation radicals and dipyranylidene structures.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 318–321, March, 1977.     

Dependence of the conformational equilibrium of alkyl azidoformates on the length of the carbon chain of the alkyl group

Conclusions An empriical dependence of the conformational equilibrium constant of alkyl azidoformates on the length of the alkyl group carbon chain was derived on the basis of an experimental study.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 452–455, February, 1989.     

Ion-pair effects on the electroreduction and electrochromic properties of ortho-chloranil in dipolar aprotic solvents

The use of ortho-chloranil (o-CA) as an electrochromic material requires three conditions to operate properly: (1) the reversibility of the electronic transfer of the reaction

; (2) the formation of a visible-light absorbing charge-transfer complex between o-Ca⁻ and the counterion M⁺, and (3) the use of an insoluble salt o-CA⁻M⁺ as a film adherent to the electrode surface. The behavior of the redox o-CA/o-CA⁻ couple has been investigated in different solvents and in the presence of several alkaline and alkaline earth cations (M^z+). The reversibility of the electron transfer and the formation of an adhesive salt layer on the electrode are strongly related to the counter ion M^z+. The ion-pair formation depends on the solvent and particularly on its weak electron donor character. The best electrochromic properties of o-CA were obtained in 0.1 M NaClO₄ acetonitrile solutions.