First observation of a resonance ionization signal on242mAm fission isomers

The feasibility of a hyperfine spectroscopy on^242mAm fission isomers has been demonstrated at the low target production rate of 10/s. The experimental method employed is based on resonance ionization spectroscopy in a buffer gas cell with detection of the ionization process by means of the fission decay of the isomers. The resonance ionization has been performed in two steps, utilizing an excimer dye laser combination with a repetition rate of 300 Hz. The first resonant step proceeds through theJ=7/2 term at 21440.35 cm⁻¹, which has been excited with the tuncable dye laser beam of a wavelength of 466.28 nm, the second non-resonant step is achieved with the 351 nm radiation of the excimer laser itself, running with XeF. The frequency scan of the tuneable dye laser exhibits a broad resonance ionization signal, the width of which is most likely explained by the magnetic hyperfine interaction.     

利用聚碳酸酯模板制备的金纳米棒的表面增强Raman散射效应研究

采用聚碳酸酯模板和电化学沉积法制备基于金纳米棒的Raman场增强衬底, 制备的金纳米棒直径大约36 nm, 长约1 μm, 测试结果显示其共振吸收峰的位置约为540 nm. 比较了谐振和非谐振条件下的场增强情况, 并确定了场增益系数, 结果显示谐振激光激发下的增益比非谐振情况下提高了7.36倍. 本研究相对于前人的工作取得了如下进展: 一是讨论了谐振模式与非谐振模式下的金纳米棒的场增益系数, 利用谐振波长的激光激发金纳米棒, 进一步提高了场增益; 二是消除了聚碳酸酯模板分子的荧光背底, 使其在表面增强 Raman 散射方面的应用进一步变得可行. 关键词： 金纳米棒 表面增强Raman散射 聚碳酸酯模板     

Tunneling time correction to the intersubband optical absorption in a THz laser-dressed GaAs/Al<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Ga<Subscript>1-</Subscript><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>As quantum well

Tunneling effect on the intersubband optical absorption in a GaAs/Al _x Ga_{1- x} As quantum well under simultaneous presence of intense non-resonant laser and static electric fields is theoretically investigated. Based on the shooting method the quasi-stationary energy levels and their corresponding linewidths are obtained. By considering the joint action of the two external fields the linear absorption coefficient is calculated by means of Fermi’s golden rule and taking into account the intersubband relaxation. We found that: (i) the linewidth broadening due to the electron tunneling has an appreciable effect on the absorption spectrum; (ii) a constant relaxation time adopted in the previous studies could not be justified even for moderate electric fields, especially in the laser dressed wells. Our model predicts that the number of absorption peaks can be controlled by the external applied fields. While in the high-electric fields the excited states become unbounded due to a significant tunneling of the electrons, for high laser intensities and low/moderate electric fields the absorption spectrum has a richer structure due to the laser-generated resonant states. The possibility of tuning the resonant absorption energies by using the combined effects of the static electric field and the THz coherent radiation field can be useful in designing new optoelectronic devices.     

ps-laser scribing of CIGS films at different wavelengths

Continuous growth of the thin-film electronics market stimulates the development of versatile technologies for large-scale patterning of thin-film materials on rigid and flexible substrates, and laser technologies are a promising method to accomplish the scribing processes. Lasers with picosecond pulse duration were applied in scribing of complex multilayered CuIn _x Ga_(1−x)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cells deposited on a polyimide substrate. The ablative properties of the films were examined as a function of the wavelength of laser radiation, pulse energy, and the irradiation dose. The selective removal of ITO and CIGS layers was achieved with 355 nm irradiation without any significant damage to the underlying layers in the ITO/CIGS/Mo/PI solar cell system. The 355 nm wavelength was also found to be favorable for scribing of absorber layer in a ZnO/CIGS/Mo/PI solar cell system. 266 nm radiation significantly modified the film structure due to high absorption. Extensive melt formation in the CIGS layer was found when 532 nm radiation was applied, though the trenches were smooth and crack-free.     

Electron-related optical responses in triple δ-doped quantum wells

A detailed theoretical study on the electron-related optical responses in triple δ-doped GaAs quantum wells in the presence of non-resonant, monochromatic intense laser field is presented. For this purpose, we first obtained the bound subband energy levels and their corresponding envelope wave functions of the structure for different central doping concentrations within the effective-mass approximation. Then, we calculate the effect of the non-resonant intense laser field on the optical properties of this structure using the compact-density-matrix approach via the iterative method. We found that the optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in the triple δ-doped GaAs quantum well can be modulated by changing the central doping concentration and the intensity of the non-resonant, monochromatic laser field. In addition, it is shown that a sufficiently intense laser field suppresses the multiple quantum well configuration towards a single potential well one and the optical response becomes practically independent of the δ-doping concentration.     

Comparison of the transmission behavior of a triazeno-polymer with a theoretical model

The threshold fluence,F _Th, of ablation of a triazeno-polymer was measured in the low fluence range for thin films using conventional UV-spectroscopy. It was found that there is a clearly definedF _Th for 308 nm irradiation between 20 and 25 mJ cm^–2. In the case of 248 nm irradiation, a threshold fluence range between 16 and 32 MJ cm^–2 was found. The ablation rate for both irradiation wavelengths depends on film-thickness. For the XeCl excimer-laser, the point at which the rate becomes independent of thickness was observed to lie at a value which did not correspond to the calculated laser penetration depth, whereas for the KrF laser the independence was not reached within the applied thickness range (up to 0.35 m). Additional transmission measurements have been performed showing that the target transmission at 248 nm increases only slightly, whereas for 308 nm the transmission increases by a factor of approximately 4. This result shows that dynamic target absorption properties are very important for describing the ablation process. The results derived from the transmission studies and etch rates were analyzed theoretically with a two-level model of chromophore absorption. For 248 nm irradiation this model can describe the transmission behavior and the ablation rate. In the case of 308 nm irradiation, it was only possible to match one data set. A good agreement with the experimental transmission ratio does not match the ablation rate and vice versa.     

NON-RESONANT UPCONVERSION ENERGY TRANSFER OF CRYSTAL ErP5O14

This paper reports the upconversion luminescence phenomenon of crystal ErP₅ O₁₄ in ultraviolet to blue-green wave range induced by red DCM dye laser. The upconversion passage of each upconversion fluorescence is confirmed. It is found that the upconversion mechanism is mainly non-resonant upconversion energy transfers between rare earth ions when laser wavelength is near 650 nm. It is very interesting that the non-resonant upconversion energy transfer is achieved directly through a kind of coupling state of rare earth ion cluster and the ions do not exchange their phonon energy with crystal lattice.     

Two-photon-pumped distributed feedback zirconia waveguide lasers

Distributed feedback laser action of narrow line-width output was demonstrated in zirconia waveguides doped with trans-4-[p-(N-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino) styryl]-N-methylpyridinium p-toluene sulfonate, a compound of strong two-photon up-converted emission near 620 nm. Single-beam pumping at 1.06 m led to intense up-converted amplified spontaneous emission at 620 nm. Transient gratings for coherent scattering were generated in the waveguides by crossing two 1.06-m beams. Narrow line-width distributed feedback laser emission was observed at 627 nm. PACS 42.55.Mv; 42.70.Jk; 42.79.Gn     

Substance separation by the action of a pulsed ir laser radiation on gas-mixture flows through capillaries

New aspects of substance separation by the laser driven diffusion of gaseous mixtures through capillaries are presented. By using the chopped radiation of a low power CO₂ laser, the experimental dependence of the separation coefficient on the pulse frequency in mixtures containing resonant and non-resonant gases was investigated. The induced effects agree with a model in which the number density of adsorbed molecules should be connected to temporal characteristics of the radiation. By avoiding heating effects, a pulsed laser irradiation may provide a new approach related to the practical purposes of substance separation in metal capillaries.     

Bombyx mori silk protein films microprocessing with a nanosecond ultraviolet laser and a femtosecond laser workstation: theory and experiments

Laser microprocessing of several biopolymers from renewable resources is studied. Three proteinic materials were either extracted from the extracellular matrix like Silk Fibroin/Sericin and collagen, or coming from a commercial source like gelatin. All can find future applications in biomedical experimentation, in particular for cell scaffolding. Films of ∼hundred of microns thick were made by aqueous solution drying and laser irradiation. Attention is paid to the properties making them processable with two laser sources: the ultraviolet and nanosecond (ns) KrF (248 nm) excimer and the infrared and femtosecond (fs) Yb:KGW laser. The UV radiation is absorbed in a one-photon resonant process to yield ablation and the surface foaming characteristics of a laser-induced pressure wave. To the contrary, resonant absorption of the IR photons of the fs laser is not possible and does not take place. However, the high field of the intense I>∼10¹² W/cm² femtosecond laser pulse ionizes the film by the multiphoton absorption followed by the electron impact mechanism, yielding a dense plasma capable to further absorb the incident radiation of the end of the pulse. The theoretical model of this absorption is described in detail, and used to discuss the presented experimental effects (cutting, ablation and foaming) of the fs laser. The ultraviolet laser was used to perform simultaneous multiple spots experiments in which energetic foaming yields melt ejection and filament spinning. Airborne nanosize filaments “horizontally suspended by both ends” (0.25 μm diameter and 10 μm length) of silk biopolymer were observed upon irradiation with large fluences.     

Anomalously high raman scattering cross section for carbon-carbon vibrations in trans-nanopolyacetylene

Absolute Raman scattering cross section on the stretching carbon-carbon vibrational modes of trans-nanopolyacetylene (NPA) was measured at an excitation wavelength of 514 nm. It is shown that the carbon-carbon bonds in trans-NPA scatter light more efficiently than in the diamond structure by several orders of magnitude. The role of resonant Raman scattering and the model of coherent vibrations of carbon-carbon bonds are discussed.     

Spectrally broadened excitonic absorption and enhanced optical nonlinearities in Dy<Superscript>3+</Superscript>-doped ZnO nanoparticles

We have synthesized Dy³⁺-doped ZnO nanoparticles at room temperature through the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopic studies confirm the crystalline nature of the particles. Excitonic absorption of ZnO shows three different bands, and we observe that incorporation of Dy³⁺ results in the shifting and broadening of the n=1 absorption band of ZnO. Photoluminescence studies done at the excitation wavelength of 335 nm show broad emission containing five different bands. Open-aperture z-scan studies done at 532 nm using 5 ns laser pulses show an optical limiting behavior, which numerically fits to a three-photon type absorption process. The nonlinearity is essentially resonant, as it is found to increase consistently with Dy³⁺ concentration. This feature makes Dy³⁺-doped ZnO a flexible optical limiter for potential device applications.     

Comparison of the influence of the fictive and the annealing temperature on the UV-transmission properties of synthetic fused silica

′ and NBOH). Samples with high OH content exhibit gradual recovery from the absorption band within several minutes after exposure to the KrF laser radiation. The formation of the KrF laser-induced 210 nm absorption band depends on the fictive temperature and on the OH content. Low fictive temperature, as a measure for the number of intrinsic defects, retards E^′ generation at the beginning of intense KrF excimer laser irradiation when the majority of defects are generated from precursor defects. However, for longer irradiation periods with pulse numbers of the order of 10⁵ pulses, a high OH content is the beneficial parameter. The accompanying atomic hydrogen is essential for the suppression of the 210 nm absorption band. This happens by transformation of the E^′ centers into Si-H defects. In contrast to a generally held view, annealing (decreasing of the fictive temperature) of fused silica does not always reduce UV induced defect generation. For example, annealing of the samples in an argon atmosphere causes a significantly higher 210 nm absorption increase during KrF excimer laser irradiation (240000 pulses) compared to nonannealed samples. Two spectroscopic methods to determine the OH content of fused silica were applied: Raman and infrared spectroscopy, which in this work lead to differing results. The energetics of the 210 nm absorption band generation and bleaching is summarized by a diagram explaining the interaction of the 248 nm laser radiation with fused silica. Received: 2 June 1997/Accepted: 13 June 1997     

Nonlinear absorption and upconversion properties of two-photon absorption dye: ASPI

Two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections of an organic dye, trans-4-[p-(N-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)tyryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide (abbreviated as ASPI), from 720 to 1100 nm have been measured by using nonlinear transmittance method, which reflect the TPA degrees of the dye at different wavelengths. The maximum TPA wavelength is located at 930 nm. The upconversion efficiencies of ASPI in dimethyl formamide and benzyl alcohol at different pump wavelengths have also been measured. There is 90 nm red shift for the highest upconversion wavelength as comparing with the strongest TPA wavelength. The influences of the solvents on the TPA-induced emission spectrum and the conversion efficiencies have also been given.     

Micro patterning of fused silica by laser ablation mediated by solid coating absorption

Precise patterning by laser ablation requires sufficient absorption. For weak absorbers like fused silica indirect methods using external absorbers have been developed. A novel approach using a solid SiO absorber coating is described. Irradiation by an ArF excimer laser (wavelength 193 nm) is leading to ablation of the coating and, at sufficiently high fluence, of the fused silica substrate. The remaining coating in the unexposed areas is removed afterwards by large area irradiation. The fluence threshold for substrate ablation using a 28 nm thick absorber layer is about 1.1 J/cm². Single pulse ablation rates of up to 800 nm and a surface roughness of R _a<5 nm are obtained. High resolution grating patterns with 400 nm period and a modulation depth of 80 nm are possible. The process can be described as controlled plasma mediated ablation.     

1064 nm和532 nm纳秒激光同时辐照熔石英损伤规律的研究

利用Nd: YAG激光器研究基频(1064 nm)与倍频(532 nm)单独辐照和同时辐照下熔石英的损伤规律,对损伤几率进行了测试,获得损伤几率曲线与典型损伤形貌。研究结果表明:双波长同时辐照下的初始损伤阈值总是小于单波长辐照下的初始损伤阈值;基频光中加入定量倍频光后,熔石英对基频光的吸收效率提高;并且双波长同时辐照下,熔石英损伤密度增大;原因主要是熔石英表面缺陷对不同波长吸收机制的差异。     

Nonlinear optical absorption of zinc-phthalocyanines in polymeric matrix

We realized and investigated films of zinc-phtalocyanines into poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) for optical limiting applications. The ratio by weight of the compound to the host polymer was 0.083% and 0.15%. Linear optical characterization of films, performed by spectrophotometry, show a low degree of molecular aggregation of zinc-phtalocyanines in the polymeric matrix.Two different type of nonlinear optical investigation were performed separately on the obtained films. Measurements of nonlinear transmission were carried out using a ns Nd:Yag laser followed by OPO (532 nm) and a nonlinear response was observed. From the experimental data, the nonlinear absorption coefficient β was retrieved and found to be 29 and 43 cm/GW, respectively. The measurements of β was also performed via the z-scan technique on the same films, using 100 fs pulses at 800 nm. At this wavelength, the nonlinear absorption coefficient was evaluated to be 0.40 and 0.23 cm/GW.     

A semiclassical dynamics study of the photoisomerization of methyl-substituted azobenzene

A semiclassical dynamics simulation study is reported for a trans–cis photoisomerization cycle of four azo compounds, including azobenzene, 2-methylazobenzene, 2,6-dimethylazobenzene, and 2,2′-dimethylazobenzene. For both trans?→?cis and cis?→?trans isomerization processes, each compound is excited by a 50?fs (fwhm) laser pulse with a photon energy leading to a ππ* excitation. It is found that the compound in both cases follows a rotational path from reactant to product and that the isomerization dynamics is significantly affected by substitution. The relative times for completing a trans–cis isomerization cycle for four compounds, 2,6-dimethylazobenzene?>?2,2-dimethylazobenzene and 2,6-dimethylazobenzene?>?2-methylazobenzene>?azobenzene, follow the same order as for the photoinduced formation of the surface relief grating of polymers based on these four compounds. The simulation results provide a basis for understanding the surface relief grating formation of azobenzene-based materials upon irradiation with laser beams.     

Laser radiation effects on optical and structural properties of nanostructure CdSe thin film

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films were deposited on a glass substrate using the thermal evaporation method at room temperature. The changes in the optical properties (optical band gap and absorption coefficient) after irradiation by TEA N₂ laser at different energies were measured in the wavelength range 190–800 nm using a spectrophotometer. It was found that the optical band gap is decreased after irradiating the thin films. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the grain size of the CdSe thin film was calculated from XRD data, which was found to be 41.47 nm as-deposited. It was also found that grain size increases with laser exposure. The samples were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and it was found that big clusters were formed after irradiation by TEA N₂ laser.     

Loading rate of Yb<Superscript>+</Superscript> loaded through photoionization in radiofrequency ion trap

We investigate the loading rate of Yb⁺ ions loaded through photoionization in a radiofrequency trap. The absolute or relative number of the loaded trapped ions is measured by use of an electric resonance of the secular motion. This method is applicable even in the presence of anharmonicity. In two-color photoionization, where the first-excitation laser drives the ¹S₀–¹P₁ transition in the Yb atom and the second one ionizes the atom from the ¹P₁ state, the loading rate is at its highest by the excitation of the ionization potential. A similar loading rate is observed at the second-laser wavelength around 369.5 nm, which is the wavelength for the cooling transition of Yb⁺. We estimate the loading cross section to be 40(15) Mb for the two-color excitation of the ionization potential. The excitation of the Yb atoms in the Rydberg states is detected by the enhancement of the loading rate. By irradiation with only the first-excitation laser, Yb⁺ is produced at a rate three orders of magnitude smaller than that when the non-resonant two-photon absorption from the ¹P₁ state is the dominant process. We also measure the charge-exchange rate between Yb⁺ and Yb, and discuss its effect on isotope-selective photoionization loading.