不同电磁脉冲作用下地面有限长电缆外导体感应电流的数值计算

 运用时域有限差分法计算了地面有限长电缆在高功率微波、超宽带和核电磁脉冲作用下的外导体感应电流。计算结果表明：场强相同情况下，核电磁脉冲在电缆上感应的电流最大，持续时间最长，高功率微波和超宽带在几m长和几十m长的电缆上感应的电流相差不大；入射角对电缆感应电流也有影响，电场方向与电缆平行时感应最强；地面电缆的感应电流振荡频率比自由空间中电缆的感应电流振荡频率低；随着大地电导率的增大，感应电流反射波衰减加快；电缆任一端接地后，接地端电缆感应电流都会增大。     

高空电磁脉冲作用下地面电缆屏蔽层感应电流的数值模拟

 用传输线法对高空电磁脉冲作用下地面电缆屏蔽层感应电流进行了数值模拟，得到了电缆皮电流随入射场波形、电缆长度、电缆屏蔽层两端接地状态的变化规律，部分计算结果与时域有限差分法计算结果及实验结果进行了比较，它们间有较好的一致性。     

近地九芯电缆高空电磁脉冲耦合模拟试验

 几个单位联合进行了三轮近地电缆高空电磁脉冲耦合模拟试验。试验得到九芯电缆屏蔽层感应电流（皮电流）、芯线感应电压（芯电压）、芯线感应电流（芯电流）以及环境场之间的关系；分析了皮电流波形随外皮接地状态的变化，芯电压随负载电阻的变化；基于皮电流振荡频率与电磁波传播速度的关系，提出了屏蔽层-大地“传输线”等效相对介电常数概念，给出了等效相对介电常数随电缆高度变化的拟合式；皮电流计算与测量结果在波形、振荡周期、衰减规律等方面有较好的一致性。     

一种计算HEMP环境下电缆感应电流的混合算法北大核心CSCD

对高空核爆电磁脉冲(HEMP)环境下、地面上方电缆的感应电流进行了研究。考虑有耗地面的影响,提出了一种将时域积分方程(TDIE)和时域传输模式法结合求解有耗半空间上方电缆瞬态电流的时域方法。通过电磁波本征模的关联性得到斜入射有耗半空间平面波的时域反射系数,不需计算贝塞尔函数的无穷项和便可以得到时域反射系数的精确解。最后给出了核爆脉冲照射下地面上方电缆感应的电流的仿真结果。结果表明:对于水平放置的电缆,当反射脉冲到达电缆后,反射场总是试图抵消入射场,使得电缆上感应电流小于只考虑入射脉冲时的感应电流;电缆的耦合电流会随架设的高度发生显著变化,相对于铺地的电缆,架空的电缆有更大的感应电流。     

辐照和电流注入下电缆耦合响应的计算

 采用传输线模型，利用时域有限差分方法计算了辐照和电流注入两种试验环境中电缆屏蔽层电流对芯线的耦合响应，并对响应规律进行了研究。计算结果表明：电流注入时近端负载电压峰值最小，辐照时次之，电流注入时远端最大；负载电压峰值、负载能量与屏蔽层电流源幅度等比例变化；相比较前沿的变化而言，改变屏蔽层电流源前沿对负载电压峰值和负载能量的影响不大；屏蔽层电流源半高宽较小时，负载电压峰值、负载能量与半高宽是非线性关系，屏蔽层电流源半高宽较大时，负载电压峰值、负载能量与半高宽成线性关系；电缆较短时，改变电缆长度对负载电压峰值有影响，而电缆较长时，只会影响电缆负载能量。     

110 kV高温超导电缆屏蔽层交流损耗特性研究

基于H方程求解了110 kV/3 kA高温超导电缆在不同工况下运行时的磁场分布和交流损耗,在此基础上分析屏蔽层感应电流的变化情况,并探究导电层和屏蔽层采用组合超导带材的可行性。结果表明,随着传输电流的增大,屏蔽层感应电流发生了畸变,电缆总体的交流损耗显著增加。当导电层采用77 K下临界电流为210 A的超导带材时,电缆可显著降低大约48%的交流损耗。     

雷电在水平导体中产生感应电压的观测及数值模拟研究

对自然雷电的9次回击过程在水平导体上产生的感应电压特征进行了分析,并利用数值模拟分析了各种参量对感应电压的影响.自然雷电9次回击在导体上产生的感应电压的变化范围为4.6—18.6 kV,平均值为11.2 kV.感应电压的半峰值宽度和下降时间的几何平均值分别为0.87和2.9 μs.数值模拟结果表明,回击在导体两端产生的感应电压随回击速度的增加而增大,随导体高度的增加而增大.当导体两端的接地电阻匹配时,感应电压随电阻的增加而增大,但并不满足线性关系.当导体两端的接地电阻不匹配时,高电阻端的感应电压远大于低电 关键词： 感应电压 自然雷电 数值模拟     

接近速度对空气静电放电特性的影响

 通过理论分析和实验测量，研究了导体接近速度对空气放电的影响。理论计算了两导体相互接近时导体的自（互）电容系数、导体电势差、导体电势差随导体间的间隙（放电间隙）的变化率和导体电势差的时间变化率。实验研究了5 kV和10 kV放电电压下放电电流峰值和耦合电压峰-峰值随接近速度的变化关系。接近速度直接决定了空气击穿时导体电势差的时间变化率，同时也就决定了不同速度下的空气放电特性；接近速度影响了火花击穿的时间延迟，从而对空气放电产生了时间效应。     

渐近法高频场线耦合分析中等效短线长度的影响

深入研究了用于高频场线耦合分析的渐近法中等效短线长度取值对渐近法计算精度的影响。首先通过大量计算分析了不同等效短线长度对传输线上感应电流分布计算结果的影响,结果表明当任一等效短线长度为半波长时,渐近法计算结果不再可靠。其次对等效短线长度选择与导线长度的关系进行了分析,发现当传输线长度相对于导线间距较大时,必须适当增加等效短线的长度才能得到较为准确的沿线感应电流分布。这些研究结果为工程应用提供了有益指导。     

电缆X射线辐射感应电导率引起的非线性效应北大核心CSCD

对电缆X射线辐照非线性响应进行了数值模拟。分析了电缆X射线辐照的物理过程,针对同轴电缆和屏蔽多导体电缆,建立了基于有限元方法的二维电缆模型诺顿等效电流源计算方法,着重描述了二维模型下电缆介质辐射感应电导率效应求解方法,模拟了电缆X射线辐照非线性效应,给出了诺顿等效电流源非线性响应规律,并依据物理过程进行了合理性分析。模拟结果显示,由于辐射感应电导率的存在,随着X射线注量的增加,电缆响应幅度会存在明显的饱和现象。对特定类型的电缆,响应电流随着X射线注量增加,依次出现3个时间位置不同的电流峰值。     

Recovery of Electron Sheath Current in Magnetically Self-Insulated Transmission Lines

Magnetically self-insulated lines operating at high electric field stress have a high percentage of the current flow in an electron sheath adjacent to the cathode. Recovery of the current in this sheath is desirable for efficient power transport. The Sandia National Laboratories HydraMITE accelerator has a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) which has a 7.6-? geometric impedance and operates at 4.8 ?, indicating that approximately 40 percent of the current flows in the electron sheath. If this line is terminated in a section of higher impedance line, theory and simulations indicate that the electron sheath current will be lower at the output. This higher impedance section, however, is effectively an inductance across which there is a voltage drop during the rising part of the pulse. An experiment was conducted on the HydraMITE machine in which input and output currents were measured on a section of line which the impedance changed smoothly from 7.6 ? to 20 ?. At the output the electron current was a few percent of the total current. Measurements were made with a range of inductive and resistive loads. The input and output currents were then compared to lumped circuit line simulations to separate losses related to inductance from electron sheath losses. The measurements indicate that a percentage of the electron sheath is recovered which depends on the load impedance and that the recovery is more efficient after the pulse voltage peak where potential drop along the increased impedance line aids retrapping of electrons.     

电磁脉冲作用下自由空间线缆的感应开路电压

 运用时域有限差分法结合基于Kirchhoff积分的近／远场变换，计算了高功率微波（HPM）和超宽带（UWB）电磁脉冲作用下自由空间不同长度线缆上感应的开路电压，分析了感应电压峰值和线缆长度之间的变化关系以及入射波波形参数对其影响。计算结果表明，辐射场电场强度为50 kV·m^-1的HPM和UWB作用在线缆上可以感应出几百V到数十kV的脉冲电压；感应电压的峰值与线缆长度之间并不是单调线性增加的关系；HPM的载频越高，感应电压峰值越小；UWB的脉冲宽度越宽，感应电压峰值越大。     

同轴电缆连续波电磁辐照的终端负载响应

为了揭示设备互连电缆在连续波电磁辐照条件下的耦合响应规律,以典型射频同轴电缆为受试对象,将电缆终端连接的设备（系统）等效为负载,通过对其进行连续波电磁辐照效应试验研究,分析了受试电缆长度、终端负载状态等对同轴电缆终端负载响应规律的影响。结果表明:同轴电缆对电磁辐照响应具有选频特性,终端负载响应电压的峰值出现在电缆相对长度为1/2整数倍的频点;同轴电缆受到连续波电磁辐照后,感应皮电流通过转移阻抗转化为芯线与屏蔽层之间的差模感应电压,而这一感应电压源的内阻就是同轴电缆的特性阻抗;同轴电缆终端负载阻值的变化不会对其连续波辐照响应曲线的变化规律产生影响,终端负载与等效感应电压源内阻上的电压响应满足分压原理; 同轴电缆皮电流处于谐振状态时,两波节之间的分布感应电压同向,可等效为一个感应电压源,对同轴电缆终端负载响应起直接作用的电压源是最靠近终端负载的等效感应电压源。     

Positive discharge from a grounded electrode toward negatively charged particles cloud

In order to understand electrostatic discharges occurring between a grounded electrode and a space charge cloud, the positive discharges were experimentally caused by negatively charged particles cloud. The discharges were initiated by locating a grounded sphere electrode at the inside or outside of the charged powder particles blown by an air flow. The luminous aspect and the discharge current were observed for the grounded sphere electrode with various diameters. Positive streamer corona discharges extended from it. The luminous aspect, peak value of the discharge current and the interval of the discharge significantly depend on the diameter of the grounded sphere electrode as well as its position.     

Analytical solution for capacitive RF sheath

A self-consistent solution for the dynamics of a high voltage, capacitive radio frequency (RF) sheath driven by a sinusoidal current source is obtained under the assumptions of time-independent, collisionless ion motion and inertialess electrons. Expressions are obtained for the time-average ion and electron densities, electric field and potential within the sheath. The nonlinear oscillation motion of the electron sheath boundary and the nonlinear oscillating sheath voltage are also obtained. The effective sheath capacitance and conductance are also determined. It was found that: (1) the ion-sheath thickness S _m is √50/27 larger than a Child's law sheath for the DC voltage and ion current density; (2) the sheath capacitance per unit area for the fundamental voltage harmonic is 2.452 ϵ₀ /S_m, where ϵ₀ is the free space permittivity; (3) the ratio of the DC to peak value of the oscillating voltage is 54/125; (4) the second and third voltage harmonics are, respectively, 12.3 and 4.2% of the fundamental; and (5) the conductance per unit area for stochastic heating by the oscillating sheath is 2.98 (λ_D/S_m)^2/3 (e ²n₀/mu_e), where n ₀ is the ion density, λ_D is the Debye length at the plasma-sheath edge, and u_e is the mean electron speed     

Persistent currents induced in the superconducting surface sheath

The magnetization curves of type 2 superconductors, and type 1 super-conductors, for which H _c3>H _c, show a hysteretic tail in a range of field below H _c3 which corresponds to a persistent current induced in the super-conducting surface layer (the sheath). Existing theories of this magnetization M are based on the hypotheses (a) that departures of the current distribution from uniformity are confined to the ends and may be neglected for long enough cylinders, and (b) that at the persistent (‘critical’) current, the free energy has the same value as it does in the normal state. These are the essential assumptions of what we call the infinite cylinder model. The apparent differences between the results of calculations based on this model made by Fink et al. and those made by Park, are shown to reside in a parameter η which Fink et al. assume to be ～1. Values of η for a number of values of field and Ginzburg-Landau parameter κ are given. In a certain range, η ～ 1 but η deviates markedly from 1 when κ is large (η∝ κ^1/2 then), and at low fields when κ is small. It is shown that according to the model the tail should be symmetrical about the M=0 axis but that in order to show that it should be so, from free energy arguments, one must take into account the magnetization m of the sheath itself (due to its internal currents) even though m makes a negligible contribution to the total magnetic moment. The theory is compared with experiment, and significant discrepancies are found, particularly in the field dependence of M near H _c3, which cannot be explained away as being the result of imperfections in specimen quality.

The problem is then reconsidered on the basis of less arbitrary assumptions. First we consider the thermodynamic stability of the sheath. It is necessary to discuss the problem in terms of the current (per unit length, always) rather than magnetization M, so that we may distinguish between current in some particular region of the cylinder from the current averaged over its whole length. The average current J is directly related to the average magnetization M. Adopting the sign convention that a positive current produces a diamagnetic moment, M = ?J. The continuous sheath will become unstable when the free energy in the presence of a break in the continuity over a small patch of surface is reduced by an increase in the area of the patch. That is our basic assumption. Unlike the homogeneous systems normally considered in thermodynamics, the sheath becomes unstable at an average current J which depends on the shape and position of the patch. If the patch lies in the central region of the cylinder the associated critical current J ₁>>j _c, where j _c is the critical current calculated according to the infinite cylinder model. If it forms a ring of constant width on one end the sheath becomes unstable at J ₂=j _c. Thus the free energy criterion used to calculate j _c corresponds to the assumption that J ₂ is the lowest current at which the sheath becomes unstable. It is shown that the sheath may become unstable to penetration from the end along a large number of narrow slots at a current J ₃?-j _c. Whether or not J ₃<j _c, however, the sheath would always begin to break up at the end if the current reached a value J _u before it became unstable. J _u is the average current at which the current on the rim of the continuous sheath would reach j _u. j _u is the ‘ultimate’ current, the maximum current the sheath can carry under any circumstances. We show that for a high κ superconductor J _u<j _c, and assume the same inequality to hold for low κ superconductors. Thus at a certain current J _p the sheath begins to break up at the end, and at this point, we argue, vortices or ‘flux spots’, of the type whose existence has been proposed by Hart and Swartz, enter the sheath from the ends. J _p equals either J _u or J ₃, whichever is smaller. Only if J _p equals J ₃ does it correspond to a thermodynamic instability. In any case, since J _u<j _c, J _p<j _c, so that j _c does not correspond to any observable phenomena, though it is a function with some heuristic value. Unless there is no pinning of the flux spots at all it will not be until a higher (average) current J_k that the spots move continuously through the sheath, entering it at one end and leaving it by annihilation with spots of opposite sign in the middle. It is this current J_k to which the magnetization tail corresponds. Above J _p there are observable effects due to the non-uniform distribution of current over a large fraction of the cylinder length, which might serve to determine J _p. It is shown, adapting an argument of Hart and Swartz, that J_k should be independent of the size of the cylinder provided the ratio of length to radius is kept constant. Some of the discrepancies between theory and experiment are shown to be resolved. Cylindrical systems such as a toroid, in which the effects of ends have been removed, are briefly considered.     

稀薄空气中圆柱腔体内系统电磁脉冲的混合模拟

系统电磁脉冲广泛存在于强电离辐射环境中,且难以有效屏蔽.为了评估稀薄空气对系统电磁脉冲的影响,本文基于粒子-流体混合模拟方法,建立了三维非稳态模型,计算并分析了稀薄空气等离子体的特性以及其与电磁场响应的相互作用.结果表明,压力越高,光电子发射面附近的次级电子数密度越高,轴向分布的梯度越大,腔体中部的电子数密度在20 Torr(1 Torr=133 Pa)下出现峰值,而电子温度随压力升高单调递减.腔体内的稀薄空气等离子体阻碍了空间电荷层的产生,电场响应峰值比真空条件下的低了一个数量级,电场脉冲宽度也显著降低.光电子运动特性决定了电流响应的峰值,压力升高,到达腔体末端的电流先增加再减小.而等离子体电流会抑制总电流的上升速率,并使电流响应出现拖尾.最后,将数值模拟结果与电子束模拟系统电磁脉冲的实验结果进行比较,验证了本文混合模拟模型的可靠性.本研究所采用的混合模拟方法相比于粒子云网格-蒙特卡罗碰撞方法,大幅减小了计算消耗.