阵形畸变条件下双线阵左右舷分辨性能分析

研究了双线阵在两种阵形畸变(轴向滑移和航向偏差)条件下的左右舷分辨性能,根据双线阵指向性函数的背瓣特性分析了阵形畸变对左右舷分辨性能的影响。理论分析表明,在无阵形畸变的理想阵形情况下,窄带信号的左右舷分辨能力取决于阵间距和信噪比,而对宽带信号,左右舷分辨能力不仅与阵间距和信噪比有关,而且还与接收信号的功率谱密度、处理频段有关。在阵形发生轴向滑移和航向不一致的情况下,在正横方向附近,左右舷分辨性能主要受双线阵的航向差影响,偏离正横方向,较大的轴向滑移会导致左右舷误判。     

基于几何相移模型的双线列阵左右舷分辨技术研究

针对双线列阵克服左右舷模糊问题，将双线列阵认为是由两两阵元为一组的偶极子构成的单线列阵，利用几何相移模型对目标进行左右舷分辨，经过理论分析、仿真实验和湖试实验，指出丁几何相移模型不仅能解决单频情况下的左右舷模糊问题，而且还能解决信号带宽不太宽情况下究竟能到多大相对带宽，取决于所设定的左右舷分辨增益门限)的左右舷模糊问题。该方法经湖试实验得到了很好的验证：在信噪比为5dB时，采用该方法处理时，左右舷分辨差超过7dB。在本文设定的高信噪比条件下，证明了几何相移模型的双线列阵左右舷分辨技术是有效的、可行的。     

矢量水听器线阵和弧线阵抗左右舷模糊性能分析

针对线阵声纳左右舷模糊问题,建立了基于矢量水听器直线阵 和 两种信息处理模式以及标量水听器弧线阵不同布阵方式的抗左右舷模糊性能数学模型,分析了不同布阵方式以及不同信息处理模式的抗左右舷模糊性能,并进行了仿真计算。分析和仿真结果表明,矢量水听器直线阵和标量水听器弧线阵在分辨左右舷性能和观察范围上各有优势。矢量水听器直线阵虽然可分辨左右舷且在作用距离上具有优势,但由于在一定扇面内分辨左右舷是依靠声纳方位历程图的明暗差异,在多目标情况下易造成声纳观察上的干扰;具有一定弧心角的标量水听器弧线阵,可以在更宽的扇面内具有抗左右舷模糊能力,但其以减小观察范围作为代价。     

时延估计与双线阵左右舷分辨

针对双线列阵的左右舷分辨问题，特别是双线阵间距较大时的左右舷分辨问题，文中提出了一种以时延估计为理论基础的左右舷分辨方法，将双线阵的左右舷分辨问题转变成对轴向对称的两路波束信号进行时延估计，然后根据时延值的符号判断出目标所处的左右舷。该方法具有算法简单、对阵形畸变不敏感的优点。经过湖试实验数据分析验证，证明是一种简单、有效、可行的左右舷分辨技术。     

基于线谱特征的三元组拖线阵左右舷分辨

传统的三元组拖线阵在分辨目标左右舷时利用左、右两侧的宽带能量之比,该技术在通常情况下能够较好地完成使命,但在实际应用中可能会遇到一些困难。本文针对两种影响其左右舷分辨结果的情况做了分析:一种是弱信噪比情况,另一种是另一舷侧存在强干扰目标的情况。针对这两种情况,通过对左、右舷频谱特征的分析,提出了利用线谱特征提取结果分辨目标左、右舷的新技术,显著降低了左右舷分辨功能对输入信噪比的要求。仿真和对海上实验数据的处理结果验证了该方法的稳健性和有效性,可望应用于工程实践中。为了使该技术能够适用于更低的信噪比条件,本文还提出了一种简单实用的线谱增强技术。      

结合盲源分离的非直单线阵多目标左右舷分辨

针对单线阵左右舷模糊问题,提出了结合盲源分离的非直单线阵多目标左右舷分辨算法。该算法首先通过离散傅里叶变换将阵列接收信号离散化为若干个窄带频谱分量,之后对每个频点的窄带数据讲行盲源分离,得到每个频点上各个来波信号的导向向量;然后通过常规波束形成对各个导向向量进行方位谱估计,并根据左右舷抑制比进行单目标左右舷分辨,确定各个频点上的来波方向;最后对所有频点上的来波方向进行聚类,得到各个真实目标的方位,从而实现多目标左右舷分辨。仿真实验中,相比常规波束形成方法(CBF)和最小方差无畸变响应算法(MVDR),该算法更准确地估计出了目标数目,且保持了较快的计算速度;海试数据处理中,该算法排除了目标镜像的干扰,准确估计出了船只目标的轨迹。仿真及海试数据处理均表明,该算法可以分辨真实目标与目标镜像,具有比CBF和MVDR算法更好的左右舷分辨能力。      

The port/starboard discrimination based on line-spectrum character in towed line array with hydrophone triplets

The energy ratio of broadband signal is utilized for port/starboard discrimination in towed line array with hydrophone triplets in tradition.It works well in most conditions except for two cases:One is low signal to noise ratio(SNR),and the other is that there is a stronger interference lied on the other side of the line array with approximate bearing angles. A method called line-spectrum character extracting is proposed to discriminate port/starboard for these two cases in this paper,and the SNR needed for port/starboard discrimination is reduced significantly.Simulation and the sea-trial data are analyzed to show that the method is stable and valid,and is expected to be applied in real towed line array sonar.A line-spectrum enhancing technology with lower calculation complexity and stable validity is proposed to ensure the application of this method in lower SNR condition.     

基于阵形畸变补偿的多线阵左右舷分辨研究

多线阵可解决单线阵在目标探测中的左右舷分辨模糊问题,但阵形畸变不利于准确实现对目标的左右舷分辨。本文针对多线阵在拖曳过程中出现的典型阵形畸变,定量地分析了其对目标左右舷分辨的影响,并提出了一种基于阵形畸变实时测量补偿来进行目标左右舷分辨的方法,海上实验数据分析结果表明,该方法可实现阵形畸变下的目标左右舷分辨,对于提高拖曳多线阵声纳性能具有参考价值。     

本舰机动左右舷分辨方法研究

针对传统单根线列阵的左右舷分辩问题，经过深入分析，给出了本舰机动左右舷分辨方法中的一些影响因素，并对机动角度和滞后时间得出了定量结论。文中研究的内容对传统拖曳线列阵声纳的左右舷分辨和战术使用具有参考价值。     

Beamforming using spatial matched filtering with annular arrays (L)

A linear array beamforming method for ultrasonic B-mode imaging using spatial matched filtering (SMF) and a rectangular aperture geometry was recently proposed Kim et al., [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 852-861 (2006)]. This letter extends those results to include circularly symmetric apertures. SMF applied to annular arrays can improve the lateral resolution and echo signal-to-noise ratio as compared with conventional dynamic-receive delay-sum beamforming. At high frequencies, where delay and sum beamforming is problematic, SMF showed greatly improved target contrast over an extended field of view.     

交叉验证多路径匹配追踪水声矢量阵稀疏方位估计

水下运动目标的高分辨DOA估计和目标的左右舷分辨问题一直是水声阵列信号处理中的一个核心问题。矢量阵相比于声压阵具有天然的左右舷分辨能力和更高的处理增益,近年来得到了广泛关注。Capon等一些传统高分辨处理方法存在不能解相干源、需要多快拍处理以及对阵列流行误差敏感等多种问题。针对水声阵列信号处理领域面临的以上问题,利用声呐工作场景中空间目标的稀疏性,本文提出了一种基于交叉验证技术的多路径匹配追踪（Multiplepath Matching Pursuit with Cross Validation,CV-MMP）声矢量阵稀疏DOA估计算法。该算法采用交叉验证技术可以在未知场景中目标个数的条件下实现稀疏DOA的估计,相比于常规的声矢量阵Capon算法而言,可以在小快拍数甚至单快拍数条件下实现多目标的稀疏DOA估计以及高分辨能力。仿真和海试试验数据处理验证了提出的算法的有效性。      

On array design for matched-field processing

Conventional plane-wave beamforming array design guidelines are motivated by the desire to obtain particular beampattern characteristics, such as main lobe width and side lobe levels. These design guidelines are appropriate for arrays employed for beamforming, where a plane-wave signal model is utilized to derive both the array design parameters and the beamforming algorithm. However, matched-field processing utilizes full-field acoustic propagation models to exploit the complexities of ocean acoustic propagation. As a result, there may be more appropriate design guidelines for arrays employed for matched-field processing. In this paper, general guidelines for matched-field processing array design utilizing a normal mode propagation model are proposed. Various line array configurations are evaluated with respect to source localization performance, and the results suggest that arrays designed for matched-field processing should provide a unique representation of each propagating mode along the extent of the array. Further, the empirical analyses support the guidelines suggested by the theoretical analyses and show that arrays which are far from meeting conventional beamforming array design requirements may be more than sufficient for matched-field processing.     

采用分级聚焦波束形成的快速声成像算法

为了减小常规波束形成所需的庞大计算量以实现快速成像,本文提出了一种新的波束形成算法——分级聚焦波束形成。将基阵划分成各级子阵分级进行处理,对较短的子阵进行远场近似处理,逐级合并子阵进行子阵间的近场聚焦波束形成,并逐级进行波束插值。MAT- LAB仿真计算结果表明,分级聚焦法与常规波束形成相比,计算量和数据存储量大幅下降。该方法尤其适用于多焦点近场聚焦的场合。     

Beamforming with a circular microphone array for localization of environmental noise sources

It is often enough to localize environmental sources of noise from different directions in a plane. This can be accomplished with a circular microphone array, which can be designed to have practically the same resolution over 360°. The microphones can be suspended in free space or they can be mounted on a solid cylinder. This investigation examines and compares two techniques based on such arrays, the classical delay-and-sum beamforming and an alternative method called circular harmonics beamforming. The latter is based on decomposing the sound field into a series of circular harmonics. The performance of the two signal processing techniques is examined using computer simulations, and the results are validated experimentally.     

Beamforming with a circular array of microphones mounted on a rigid sphere (L)

Beamforming with uniform circular microphone arrays can be used for localizing sound sources over 360°. Typically, the array microphones are suspended in free space or they are mounted on a solid cylinder. However, the cylinder is often considered to be infinitely long because the scattering problem has no exact solution for a finite cylinder. Alternatively one can use a solid sphere. This investigation compares the performance of a circular array mounded on a rigid sphere with that of such an array in free space and mounted on an infinite cylinder, using computer simulations. The examined techniques are delay-and-sum and circular harmonics beamforming, and the results are validated experimentally.     

Tracking sperm whales with a towed acoustic vector sensor

Passive acoustic towed linear arrays are increasingly used to detect marine mammal sounds during mobile anthropogenic activities. However, these arrays cannot resolve between signals arriving from the port or starboard without vessel course changes or multiple cable deployments, and their performance is degraded by vessel self-noise and non-acoustic mechanical vibration. In principle acoustic vector sensors can resolve these directional ambiguities, as well as flag the presence of non-acoustic contamination, provided that the vibration-sensitive sensors can be successfully integrated into compact tow modules. Here a vector sensor module attached to the end of a 800 m towed array is used to detect and localize 1813 sperm whale "clicks" off the coast of Sitka, AK. Three methods were used to identify frequency regimes relatively free of non-acoustic noise contamination, and then the active intensity (propagating energy) of the signal was computed between 4-10 kHz along three orthogonal directions, providing unambiguous bearing estimates of two sperm whales over time. These bearing estimates are consistent with those obtained via conventional methods, but the standard deviations of the vector sensor bearing estimates are twice those of the conventionally-derived bearings. The resolved ambiguities of the bearings deduced from vessel course changes match the vector sensor predictions.     

圆弧形面阵自适应波束形成快速计算方法

针对圆弧形面阵估计水下目标二维波达方向的问题,提出一种降维处理的自适应波束形成方法。利用圆弧形面阵模型简化阵列内插矩阵的计算,通过垂直和水平两阶段波束加权,降低自适应波束形成维数,从而实现快速估计声源二维波达方向的目的。仿真结果表明,所提改进方法的计算量较传统二维最小方差无失真波束形成方法降低约一个数量级,且在低快拍条件下具有更明显的噪声抑制优势。湖上实验数据处理结果验证,在复杂水声环境下,所提方法具有较好的目标分辨性能。      

Acoustic analysis by spherical microphone array processing of room impulse responses

Spherical microphone arrays have been recently used for room acoustics analysis, to detect the direction-of-arrival of early room reflections, and compute directional room impulse responses and other spatial room acoustics parameters. Previous works presented methods for room acoustics analysis using spherical arrays that are based on beamforming, e.g., delay-and-sum, regular beamforming, and Dolph-Chebyshev beamforming. Although beamforming methods provide useful directional selectivity, optimal array processing methods can provide enhanced performance. However, these algorithms require an array cross-spectrum matrix with a full rank, while array data based on room impulse responses may not satisfy this condition due to the single frame data. This paper presents a smoothing technique for the cross-spectrum matrix in the frequency domain, designed for spherical microphone arrays, that can solve the problem of low rank when using room impulse response data, therefore facilitating the use of optimal array processing methods. Frequency smoothing is shown to be performed effectively using spherical arrays, due to the decoupling of frequency and angular components in the spherical harmonics domain. Experimental study with data measured in a real auditorium illustrates the performance of optimal array processing methods such as MUSIC and MVDR compared to beamforming.     

双线阵左右舷模糊共轭抵消方法研究

左右舷分辨问题是拖曳线列阵研究的一个重要问题。本文通过研究平行双线阵的归一化波束输出函数,得到了一种通过对双线阵常规波束形成的输出进行幅度和相位加权来提高左右舷模糊抑制能力的方法。该方法通过分析双线阵的归一化波束输出函数,获得补偿权值,并利用双阵波束输出的幅度加权和相位补偿来抵消目标共轭(镜像)方向的输出,以达到左右舷抑制比最大的目的。数值仿真和海试结果表明,本方法简单实用,能较好的提高双线阵的左右舷抑制比,特别在宽带条件下效果更加明显。      

Maximization of the directivity ratio with the desired audible gain level for broadband design of near field loudspeaker arrays

This paper mainly addresses design methods for near field loudspeaker arrays. These methods have been studied recently since they can be used to realize a personal audio space without the use of headphones. From a practical view point, they can also be used to form a directional sound beam within a short distance from the sources especially using a linear loudspeaker array. In this regard, we re-analyzed the previous near field beamforming methods in order to obtain a comprehensive near field beamforming formulation. Broadband directivity control is proposed for multi-objective optimization, which maximizes the directivity with the desired gain, where both the directivity and the gain are commonly used array performance measures. This method of control aims to form a directive sound beam within a short distance while widening the frequency range of the beamforming. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that broadband directivity control achieves higher directivity and gain over our whole frequency range of interest compared with previous beamforming methods.