Enhancement of leaf gas exchange and primary metabolites under carbon dioxide enrichment up-regulates the production of secondary metabolites in Labisia pumila seedlings

A split plot 3 by 3 experiment was designed to investigate and distinguish the relationships among production of primary metabolites (soluble sugar and starch), secondary metabolites (total phenolics, TP; total flavonoids, TF) and leaf gas exchange of three varieties of the Malaysian medicinal herb Labisia pumila Blume, namely the varieties alata, pumila and lanceolata, under three levels of CO? enrichment (400, 800 and 1,200 μmol mol?1) for 15 weeks. The treatment effects were solely contributed by CO? enrichment levels; no varietal differences were observed. As CO? levels increased from 400 to 1,200 μmol mol?1, the production of carbohydrates also increased steadily, especially for starch more than soluble sugar (sucrose). TF and TP content, simultaneously, reached their peaks under 1,200 μmol exposure, followed by 800 and 400 μmol mol?1. Net photosynthesis (A) and quantum efficiency of photosystem II (f(v)/f(m)) were also enhanced as CO? increased from 400 to 1,200 μmol mol?1. Leaf gas exchange characteristics displayed a significant positive relationship with the production of secondary metabolites and carbohydrate contents. The increase in production of TP and TFs were manifested by high C/N ratio and low protein content in L. pumila seedlings, and accompanied by reduction in cholorophyll content that exhibited very significant negative relationships with total soluble sugar, starch and total non structural carbohydrate.     

Increased carbon dioxide concentration improves the antioxidative properties of the Malaysian herb kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume)

A randomized complete randomized design (RCBD) 3 by 3 experiment was designed to investigate and distinguish the relationships among production of secondary metabolites (total phenolics, TP; total flavonoids, TF), gluthatione (GSH), oxidized gluthatione (GSSG), soluble carbohydrate and antioxidant activities of the Malaysian medicinal herb Labisia pumila Blume under three levels of CO? enrichment (400, 800 and 1,200 μmol mol?1) for 15 weeks. It was found that the treatment effects were solely contributed by interaction of CO? levels and secondary metabolites distribution in plant parts, GSH, GSHH and antioxidant activities (peroxyl radicals (ROO), superoxide radicals (O?), hydrogen peroxide (H?O?) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). The records of secondary metabolites, glutahione, oxidized gluthathione and antioxidant activities in a descending manner came from the leaf enriched with 1,200 μmol/mol CO? > leaf 800 μmol/mol CO? > leaf 400 μmol/mol CO? > stem 1,200 μmol/mol CO? > stem 800 μmol/mol CO? > stem 400 μmol/mol CO? > root 1,200 μmol/mol CO? > root 800 μmol/mol CO? > root 400 μmol/mol CO?. Correlation analyses revealed strong significant positive coefficients of antioxidant activities with total phenolics, flavonoids, GSH and GSHH indicating that an increase in antioxidative activity of L. pumila under elevated CO? might be up-regulated by the increase in production of total phenolics, total flavonoids, GSH, GSHH and soluble sugar. This study implied that the medicinal potential of herbal plant such as L. pumila can be enhanced under elevated CO?, which had simultaneously improved the antioxidative activity that indicated by the high oxygen radical absorbance activity against ROO, O?, H?O?, and OH radicals.     

Phenolics and flavonoids compounds, phenylanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant activity responses to elevated CO₂ in Labisia pumila (Myrisinaceae)

A split plot 3 × 3 experiment was designed to examine the impact of three concentrations of CO? (400, 800 and 1,200 μmol·mol?1) on the phenolic and flavonoid compound profiles, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and antioxidant activity in three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. (var. alata, pumila and lanceolata) after 15 weeks of exposure. HPLC analysis revealed a strong influence of increased CO? concentration on the modification of phenolic and flavonoid profiles, whose intensity depended on the interaction between CO? levels and L. pumila varieties. Gallic acid and quercetin were the most abundant phenolics and flavonoids commonly present in all the varieties. With elevated CO? (1,200 μmol·mol?1) exposure, gallic acid increased tremendously, especially in var. alata and pumila (101-111%), whilst a large quercetin increase was noted in var. lanceolata (260%), followed closely by alata (201%). Kaempferol, although detected under ambient CO? conditions, was undetected in all varieties after exposure. Instead, caffeic acid was enhanced tremendously in var. alata (338~1,100%) and pumila (298~433%). Meanwhile, pyragallol and rutin were only seen in var. alata (810 μg·g?1 DW) and pumila (25 μg·g?1 DW), respectively, under ambient conditions; but the former compound went undetected in all varieties while rutin continued to increase by 262% after CO? enrichment. Interestingly, naringenin that was present in all varieties under ambient conditions went undetected under enrichment, except for var. pumila where it was enhanced by 1,100%. PAL activity, DPPH and FRAP also increased with increasing CO? levels implying the possible improvement of health-promoting quality of Malaysian L. pumila under high CO? enrichment conditions.     

The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids production with total non structural carbohydrate and photosynthetic rate in Labisia pumila Benth. under high CO2 and nitrogen fertilization

A factorial split plot 4 × 3 experiment was designed to examine and characterize the relationship among production of secondary metabolites (total phenolics, TP; total flavonoids, TF), carbohydrate content and photosynthesis of three varieties of the Malaysian medicinal herb Labisia pumila Benth. namely the varieties alata, pumila and lanceolata under CO(2) enrichment (1,200 μmol mol(-1)) combined with four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha(-1)). No varietal differences were observed, however, as the levels of nitrogen increased from 0 to 270 kg N ha(-1), the production of TP and TF decreased in the order leaves>roots>stems. The production of TP and TF was related to increased total non structural carbohydrate (TNC), where the increase in starch content was larger than that in sugar concentration. Nevertheless, the regression analysis exhibited a higher influence of soluble sugar concentration (r(2) = 0.88) than starch on TP and TF biosynthesis. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, displayed a significant negative relationship with TP and TF production (r(2) = -0.87). A decrease in photosynthetic rate with increasing secondary metabolites might be due to an increase in the shikimic acid pathway that results in enhanced production of TP and TF. Chlorophyll content exhibited very significant negative relationships with total soluble sugar, starch and total non structural carbohydrate.     

Flavonoid and leaf gas exchange responses of Centella asiatica to acute gamma irradiation and carbon dioxide enrichment under controlled environment conditions

The study was couducted to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation and CO? on flavonoid content and leaf gas exchange in C.asiatica. For flavonoid determination, the design was a split split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). For other parameters, the designs were split plots. Statistical tests revealed significant differences in flavonoid contents of Centella asiatica leaves between different growth stages and various CO? treatments. CO? 400, G20 (400 = ambient CO?; G20 = Plants exposed to 20 Gy) showed 82.90% higher total flavonoid content (TFC) in the 5th week than CO? 400 as control at its best harvest time (4th week). Increasing the concentration of CO? from 400 to 800 μmol/mol had significant effects on TFC and harvesting time. In fact, 800 μmol/mol resulted in 171.1% and 66.62% increases in TFC for control and irradiated plants, respectively. Moreover, increasing CO? concentration reduced the harvesting time to three and four weeks for control and irradiated plants, respectively. Enhancing CO? to 800 μmol/mol resulted in a 193.30% (CO? 800) increase in leaf biomass compared to 400 μmol/mol and 226.34% enhancement in irradiated plants (CO? 800, G20) [800 = Ambient CO?; G20 = Plants exposed to 20 Gy] than CO? 400, G20. In addition, the CO? 800, G20 had the highest amount of flavonoid*biomass in the 4th week. The results of this study indicated that all elevated CO? treatments had higher PN than the ambient ones. The findings showed that when CO? level increased from 400 to 800 μmol/mol, stomatal conductance, leaf intercellular CO? and transpiration rate had the tendency to decrease. However, water use efficiency increased in response to elevated CO? concentration. Returning to the findings of this study, it is now possible to state that the proposed method (combined CO? and gamma irradiation) has the potential to increase the product value by reducing the time to harvest, increasing the yield per unit area via boosting photosynthesis capacity, as well as increasing biochemicals (flavonoids) per gram DM.     

Efficient visible-light photocatalytic water splitting by minute amounts of gold supported on nanoparticulate CeO2 obtained by a biopolymer templating method

When irradiated with visible light (λ > 400 nm) 1 wt % gold-supported ceria nanoparticles generate oxygen from water (10.5 μmol·h(-1)) more efficiently than the standard WO(3) (1.7 μmol·h(-1)) even under UV irradiation (9.5 μmol·h(-1)). This remarkable photocatalytic activity arises from a novel preparation method to reduce the particle size of ceria (5 nm) by means of electrostatic binding of Ce(4+) to alginate gel, subsequent supercritical CO(2) drying, and calcination. The low loading of Au is crucial for the observed high catalytic activity.     

Primary, secondary metabolites, H2O2, malondialdehyde and photosynthetic responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. to different irradiance levels

The resource availability hypothesis predicts an increase in the allocation to secondary metabolites when carbon gain is improved relative to nutrient availability, which normally occurs during periods of low irradiance. The present work was carried out to confirm this hypothesis by investigating the effects of decreasing irradiance on the production of plant secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) in the herbal plant Orthosiphon stamineus, and to characterize this production by carbohydrate, H(2)O(2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, net photosynthesis, leaf chlorophyll content and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). Four levels of irradiance (225, 500, 625 and 900 μmol/m(2)/s) were imposed onto two-week old seedlings for 12 weeks in a randomized complete block design experiment. Peak production of total flavonoids, phenolics, soluble sugar, starch and total non-structural carbohydrate ocurred under low irradiance of 225 μmol/m(2)/s, and decreased with increasing irradiance. The up-regulation of secondary metabolites could be explained by the concomitant increases in H(2)O(2) and MDA activities under low irradiance. This condition also resulted in enhanced C/N ratio signifying a reduction in nitrogen levels, which had established significant negative correlations with net photosynthesis, total biomass and total chlorophyll content, indicating the possible existence of a trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism under low irradiance with reduced nitrogen content. The competition between total chlorophyll and secondary metabolites production, as exhibited by the negative correlation coefficient under low irradiance, also suggests a sign of gradual switch of investment from chlorophyll to polyphenols production.     

A silver nanoparticle-based method for determination of antioxidant capacity of rapeseed and its products

A novel silver nanoparticle-based (AgNP) method and two modified procedures, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), were used for determination of antioxidant capacities of the ethanolic, methanolic, methanolic-aqueous (1?:?1 v/v) and aqueous extracts of rapeseed and its products. The AgNP method based on the electron-transfer reaction between silver ions and antioxidants in an optimized ammonium buffer medium (pH = 8.4) and determination of silver nanoparticle formation has been elaborated. The novel AgNP method was validated using sinapic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ascorbic acid and quercetin as standard antioxidant solutions in concentration ranges of 0.03-0.21 μmol mL(-1), 0.02-0.20 μmol mL(-1), 0.01-0.18 μmol mL(-1), 0.03-0.30 μmol mL(-1) and 0.001-0.009 μmol mL(-1). The calculated detection (DL = 0.01, 0.02, 0.009, 0.02 and 0.0004 μmol mL(-1) for sinapic, gallic, caffeic, ascorbic acids and quercetin, respectively) and quantification limits (QL = 0.04, 0.06, 0.03, 0.08 and 0.001 μmol mL(-1) for sinapic, gallic, caffeic, ascorbic acids and quercetin, respectively) confirm linearity concentration ranges for determination of antioxidant capacity by AgNP assay. The average antioxidant capacities of the studied rapeseed samples ranged between 14.7 and 126.2 μmol sinapic acid per gram for the proposed AgNP method, 7.4-112.7 μmol sinapic acid per gram for the FRAP method and 39.1-339.8 μmol sinapic acid per gram for DPPH assay. The methanol-water mixture (1:1 v/v) was the most efficient solvent for extraction of antioxidants from the studied rapeseed samples. There are significant, positive correlations between the novel AgNP and the modified FRAP, DPPH and FC methods for all extracts of the studied rapeseed samples (r = 0.7564-0.8516, p < 0.001). Satisfactory values of precision (RSD = 1.2-4.4%) and accuracy (recovery = 95.6-104.6%, except methanolic extracts) demonstrate the benefit of the proposed AgNP method for analysis of the antioxidant capacity of rapeseed samples. Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that there are differences between the total amounts of antioxidants in rapeseed samples extracted by different solvents.     

Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities in Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) varieties

Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Family Zingiberaceae) is well known in Asia. The plant is widely cultivated in village gardens in the tropics for its medicinal properties and as a marketable spice in Malaysia. Ginger varieties are rich in physiologically active phenolics and flavonoids with a range of pharmacological activities. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing levels of flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, naringenin, fisetin and morin) and phenolic acid (gallic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid), and antioxidant activities in different parts of Malaysian young ginger varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) with CO(2) enrichment in a controlled environment system. Both varieties showed an increase in phenolic compounds and flavonoids in response to CO(2) enrichment from 400 to 800 μmol mol-1 CO(2). These increases were greater in rhizomes compared to leaves. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that quercetin and gallic acid were the most abundant flavonoid and phenolic acid in Malaysian young ginger varieties. Under elevated CO(2) conditions, kaempferol and fisetin were among the flavonoid compounds, and gallic acid and vanillic acid were among the phenolic compounds whose levels increased in both varieties. As CO(2) concentration was increased from 400 to 800 μmol mol-1, free radical scavenging power (DPPH) increased about 30% in Halia Bentong and 21.4% in Halia Bara; and the rhizomes exhibited more enhanced free radical scavenging power, with 44.9% in Halia Bentong and 46.2% in Halia Bara. Leaves of both varieties also displayed good levels of flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced by controlled environment production and CO(2) enrichment.     

Variation of the Antioxidative Defense in Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Facing Bud Rot Disease in the Coastal Area of Ecuador

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has gained a reputation in the food industry as an incredible crop capable of supplying the world’s largest edible oil production. In Ecuador, an important oil palm-producing country, this crop is affected in a high percentage by the bud rot disease, which is responsible for palm death. The main objective of the investigation was dedicated to understanding the palm defense mechanism facing bud rot disease, translated in the induction of reactive oxygen species, activation of defensive machinery comprising enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components, secondary metabolites, carotenoids accumulation in the palm during all stages of disease infection. For this, a survey was conducted in different oil palm plantations in the Esmeraldas province, one of the most representative for its highest incidence of bud rot disease. The survey completed DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and other spectrophotometric analyses to underline the biochemical, biological, and physiological palm response front of bud rot incidence. The palm defense strategy in each disease stage could be represented by the phenolic compound’s involvement, an increment of antioxidant activity, and the high enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The results of the investigation made understandable the palm defense strategy front of this disease, respectively, the antioxidative defense and the palm secondary compounds involved.     

硝普钠对镧胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片碳氮代谢和抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨一氧化氮(NO)对镧胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究了NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对300μmol.L-1LaCl3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、碳氮代谢和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:LaCl3胁迫下,喷施50μmol.L-1SNP能显著缓解幼苗生物量的下降,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,降低超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率及H2O2和丙二醛含量;促进可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质积累,提高二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶、内肽酶和羧肽酶活性。表明NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力,维持碳氮代谢正常运转,从而缓解LaCl3胁迫对黑麦草生长的抑制作用。     

Gamma irradiation induced enhancement of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and antioxidant activity in peach (Prunus persica Bausch,Cv. Elberta)

Effect of medium dose gamma irradiation on PAL and antioxidant activity of peach fruit was investigated. Peach fruit after harvest at commercial maturity was irradiated in the dose range 1.0–2.0 kGy, stored under refrigerated conditions (3±1 °C, RH 80%) and evaluated at intervals of 7 days. The antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH and FRAP methods revealed significant (p≤0.05) increase particularly in the dose range 1.6–2.0 kGy. During storage, maximum increase in both PAL and antioxidant activity was observed after 21 days. Positive correlation (r=0.75) existed between antioxidant activity and total phenols. EC₅₀ values as obtained from DPPH and FRAP experiments were significantly (p≤0.05) lower in irradiated fruits compared to control.     

镧对镉离子胁迫下黑曲霉抗氧化酶活性变化的影响

分别应用含有120μmol·L-1 La3+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2+,100μmol·L-1 Cd2+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+,100μmol·L-1Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+的培养基培养黑曲霉,3 d后测定黑曲霉菌球的生物量及其胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性及脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的变化。结果表明,50和100μmol.L-1Cd2+降低了黑曲霉生物量和五种抗氧化酶活性,并诱导了MDA产物的升高。与Cd2+单一处理比较,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+和100μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+处理组均不同程度上诱导了五种抗氧化酶活性的升高,并降低了MDA的积累水平。其中,120μmol·L-1 La3+对50μmol·L-1 Cd2+氧化胁迫的缓解效应明显高于100μmol·L-1 Cd2+。因此,La对黑曲霉中低剂量Cd胁迫的缓解效应比较显著,而对高剂量Cd的拮抗效应不明显。     

油棕废弃物热解的TG-FTIR分析

利用热重分析(TGA)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)联用技术对油棕废弃物的热解特性及其气体产物的释放特性进行了研究，采用一级反应计算了油棕废弃物的热解动力学参数。研究表明，油棕废弃物较易于热解，失重集中在220℃～400℃，其热解活化能较小，约为60kJ/mol；气体产物的析出与生物质的热解失重有着相似的特性，气体产物主要在200℃～400℃析出，主要成分为H2O、CO2、CO、CH4和有机碳水化合物的混合物, 其中CO2和有机混合物的析出温度较低，而CO和CH4的析出温度相对较高。随着温度的进一步升高(>400℃)，除少量的CO2和CO外，无其他气体产物析出。气体产物的析出量与生物质样品的化学组成和结构有关，CO2和有机混合物的析出与生物质的热解失重曲线(DTG)有着相似的特性，是引起油棕废弃物热解失重的主要原因。     

Evaluation of antioxidants in Dong quai (Angelica sinensis) and its dietary supplements

The antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) in Dong quai (DQ, Angelica sinensis) raw materials and dietary supplements (DS) containing this plant were determined using the CUPRAC, FRAP and fluorescence methods. The antioxidant activity for DQ aqueous extracts revealed by CUPRAC was (1330.45 ± 1.30) μmol Trolox equivalent (TE) per 100 g of dry mass (DM), whereas the antioxidant activity as determined by FRAP was (1813.9 ± 2.0) μmol of TE per 100 g of DM. Lower values were noted for the fluorescence method than for CUPRAC and FRAP (ranging from (35.96 ± 0.3) to (304.6 ± 1.4) μmol of TE per 100 g of DM). The highest TPC values were determined for an aqueous extract of DQ ((3330.3 ± 2.3) μmol of TE per 100 g of DM), while TFC for ethanolic extracts of DQ was ((146.50 ± 0.5) mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) per 100 g of DM). Cinnamic acid, isomers of benzoic acid and derivatives of quercetin were analysed by HPLC-PDA. The ferulic acid concentration in an ethanolic extract of DQ was (21.83 ± 0.07) mg per 100 g of DM. Of the flavonols detected, rutin exhibited the highest concentration in ethanolic extract of DQ ((3.32 ± 0.13) mg of QE per 100 g of DM). Other phytochemicals (alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, steroids, etc.) were identified by phytoscreening colour reaction. The results were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA tests.     

Benzophenones and flavonoids from Hypericum maculatum and their antioxidant activities

The occurrence of three known benzophenones, namely annulatophenonoside, acetylannulatophenonoside and annulatophenone as well as a flavonol O-glycoside guajaverin in the aerial parts of Hypericum maculatum Crantz was established. In addition, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and miquelianin were isolated from this plant, as well. Radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid system by the ferric thiocyanate method. Isoquercitrin demonstrates the highest DPPH radical scavenging (96.6?±?0.3%), FRAP (23.8?±?0.2 Trolox equivalent, TE?mol?1) and antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system. Guajaverin and acetylannulatophenonoside show significantly strong ABTS radical scavenging activity (93.9?±?0.4% and 93.4?±?0.6%, respectively), which is comparable to that of ascorbic acid (96.2?±?0.4%).     

La3+离子对叶绿体CF1-ATPase活力影响研究

为进一步弄清La3+离子对光合磷酸化及Hill反应影响作用机制,采用分光光度法,控制反应液中La3+离子浓度在0～20μmol.L-1范围,对纯化的游离态CF1-ATPase水解ATP活性测定结果表明:La3+离子对CF1-ATPase具有明显的促进作用。而且随La3+离子浓度增大,CF1-ATPase活性动力学曲线明显呈现"S"型。但当La3+离子浓度大于25μmol.L-1之后,La3+离子对游离态CF1-ATPase则表现出一定的抑制作用。而La3+离子浓度在0～30μmol.L-1范围内,受La3+离子作用类囊体膜CF1-ATPase活性动力学曲线则呈现双"S"形曲线。热稳定性实验结果表明:La3+离子可以降低CF1-ATPase活化能,提高CF1-ATPase的热稳定性。La3+离子对CF1-ATPase活性的影响可能与CF1-ATPase分子上别构位点有关,这也可能是La3+离子促进叶绿体Hill反应的关键部位。     

Simple and rapid method for the determination of uric acid-independent antioxidant capacity

Determination of the relative contribution of uric acid level increases to the total measured antioxidative activity could be very useful for testing antioxidative products and their effect on human health. The aim of this report is to present a simple spectrophotometric method that combines the measurement of total antioxidative capacity of a sample by ferric reducing/antioxidative power (FRAP) assay, with the uricase-reaction (specific elimination of uric acid), in order to establish and correct for the contribution of uric acid in FRAP values. We measured FRAP values, with (uric acid-independent antioxidant capacity, TAC-UA) and without (total antioxidant capacity, TAC) uricase treatment, and expressed it as μmol/L of uric acid equivalents. In such way, it was possible to determine both total and uric acid-independent antioxidant capacity, plasma uric acid (UA, as the difference between TAC and TAC-UA), and the ratio of the uric acid in total antioxidant capacity (UA/TAC).     

有机胺表面修饰的一维CdSe0.8S0.2-DETA/二维SnNb2O6S型异质结及其可见光光催化CO2还原性能

近年来,随着人口的增加,汽车尾气的排放和化石燃料的燃烧加剧,大气中的二氧化碳含量持续增加.光催化技术是根本上解决上述问题的有效方法之一.但目前光催化技术存在催化效率低、载流子易复合等缺点.二维SnNb₂O₆纳米片能够有效缩短光生电子从材料内部到材料表面的传输距离,减少电子和空穴在光催化剂中的复合.但SnNb₂O₆的带隙较宽,导致可见光吸收率较低,而且在单一的半导体材料中,强氧化还原能力和高可见光吸收能力难以共存.CdSe_xS_1-x-DETA是一种直接带隙半导体,在可见光范围内可调节带隙.为了提高SnNb₂O₆的光催化活性和光吸收范围,在两种半导体材料之间设计异质结是一种有效的方法.其中,梯型(S型)异质结可以有效促进光生电子-空穴对的分离和转移,并保持强大的氧化和还原能力,在有效降低电子空穴对的复合速率的同时,增强光催化剂的活性和稳定性.本文通过溶剂热法设计制备了S型Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA/SnNb₂O₆异质结构材料,利用X射线衍射(XRD)可以观察到除Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA和SnNb₂O₆物相外,没有其它组分.采用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进一步观察了光催化剂的结构和形貌,结果表明,一维的Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA生长在二维SnNb₂O₆纳米片上;能谱分析也证实该催化剂仅包含Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA和SnNb₂O₆中的元素,无其它杂质;TEM的晶格条纹进一步表明两种物质是复合在一起的,不是机械的混合物.紫外可见光漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)结果表明,Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA和SnNb₂O₆的吸收带边分别为1.71和2.52 e V.随着复合样品中Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA含量的增加,其可见光吸收范围增大.光电流和阻抗响应图谱表明,Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA/SnNb₂O₆复合材料具有较高的光响应和较低的阻抗,有利于电子空穴的运输.光催化CO₂还原测试结果表明,30%Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA/SnNb₂O₆催化CO₂还原生成CO的产率(17.31μmol·g^-1·h^-1)最高,分别是SnNb₂O₆(6.2μmol·g^-1·h^-1)和Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA(3.6μmol·g^-1·h^-1)的2.8倍和4.8倍.XRD测试结果表明,反应后光催化剂的与新鲜光催化剂的衍射峰基本相符.催化剂经过4次循环测试后催化性能基本稳定,说明光催化剂具有较好的稳定性.XPS表征结果显示,相对于纯的Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA与SnNb₂O₆,复合材料中Cd,Se与S的结合能降低,周围的电子密度增大,而复合材料中Sn,Nb与O的结合能增加,周围的电子密度降低,这表明电子从SnNb₂O₆到Cd Se_0.8S_0.2-DETA的转移路径遵循S型异质结机理.综上,本文提供了一种简单的制备S型光催化方法,可以优化能带结构以促进光生载流子的分离,从而实现高效率的二氧化碳还原.     

脂质体免疫传感器的制备及其应用于测定尿液中2,4-D的量

将4种溶质(以10∶10∶1∶1质量比混合的DPPC、胆固醇、DPPG及DPPE)的混合物22mg,溶于4mL氯仿-异丙醚-甲醇(6+6+1)混合溶剂中。向此溶液中加入0.15mol·L-1亚铁氰化钾溶液1mL,于45℃超声涡旋5min使其包埋于脂质体中。将此脂质体包埋的亚铁氰化钾溶液1mL,通过戊二醛(0.7+99.3)溶液2mL的作用,与200μL 2,4-D免抗体溶液(10.53g.L-1)交联。另将自制MWNT′s修饰的石墨电极插入0.05mol·L-1脂质体-抗体-吡咯溶液中,用循环伏安法在0～0.75V电位区间扫描10次,扫描速率为50mV.s-1。由此制成的免疫传感器应用于测定尿样中2,4-D含量,其线性范围为0.05～2.5 mg·L-1之间,检出限(3S/N)为15.4μg·L-1。