LiGdF4:Tm3+: spectroscopy and diode-pumped laser experiments

A novel LiGdF₄ crystal doped with Thulium ions has been grown using the Czochralski technique. Three samples with doping concentrations of 0.3 at.%, 8 at.%, and 12 at.% have been extensively spectroscopically analyzed. We also performed room-temperature preliminary laser experiments, pumping the samples with a laser diode at 792 nm obtaining 53% as maximum slope efficiency with a maximum output power of 205 mW and a minimum lasing threshold of 22 mW. The laser emission spectrum in free running condition typically spans between 1990 and 2018 nm.     

红外反射光谱的原理和方法

固体的光学性质是凝聚态物理学中的一类重要问题,它可以用一系列的光学常数进行描写.在实验上,最常用的方法是,测量材料在一个尽可能宽的频率范围内的正入射反射率,然后通过Kramers-Kronig(KK)变换的方法来得到光学常数.文章介绍了傅里叶变换红外反射光谱的原理、仪器组成和一种原位蒸发镀膜技术.这样的方法可以很好地测量包括小尺寸和不规则样品在内的材料从数个毫电子伏至数个电子伏范围内的反射率,因而在研究固体的各种不同的单粒子激发（或集体激发）中起重要的作用.     

浅谈激光聚变

美国国家点火装置的物理实验结果,跨越了热核聚变点火这一标志性的门槛,再次引起了学术界和大众对可控热核聚变研究的兴趣。文章介绍了热核聚变的基本概念、激光聚变的主要内涵和激光聚变点火研究的进展。     

千新星简介

中子星—中子星或中子星—黑洞组成的致密双星系统在发生并合时,潮汐离心、碰撞挤压和吸积反馈等作用会导致约千分之几到百分之几倍太阳质量的物质被抛射到星际空间中。这些抛射物在加热机制的作用下可能达到较高的温度并快速膨胀,从而在紫外光学近红外波段发出一种快速变化的热辐射,即为千新星辐射。决定于抛射物的质量和不透明度,千新星的特征光变时标可估计在天到星期的量级。其辐射光度至少可达10&;amp;lt;sup&;amp;lt;41&;amp;lt;/sup&;amp;lt; erg s&;amp;lt;sup&;amp;lt;-1&;amp;lt;/sup&;amp;lt;的量级,具体决定于热源的性质,包括抛射物中通过快中子俘获过程形成的重元素的放射性衰变和并合产物可能的持续能量释放。千新星现象在2017年8月的GW170817引力波事件中被首次观测证实。     

漫谈社会物理学

进入21世纪以来,社会系统的复杂性已经逐步成为科学研究的热点领域,社会物理学利用物理学的思想和方法研究社会问题,已经取得了不少成果.文章首先简要回顾了社会物理学发展的历史,然后简要介绍了当代社会物理学的研究问题和成果,主要包括行人动力学、社会网络分析和舆论动力学三个方面.涉及社会力作用下行人的运动以及所表现出的群体行为、社会网络结构分析的基本概念,特别是社团结构的定义及其探测方法、基于自旋相互作用的舆论形成模型和相变行为等.     

漫谈社会物理学

进入21世纪以来,社会系统的复杂性已经逐步成为科学研究的热点领域,社会物理学利用物理学的思想和方法研究社会问题,已经取得了不少成果.文章首先简要回顾了社会物理学发展的历史,然后简要介绍了当代社会物理学的研究问题和成果,主要包括行人动力学、社会网络分析和舆论动力学三个方面.涉及社会力作用下行人的运动以及所表现出的群体行为、社会网络结构分析的基本概念,特别是社团结构的定义及其探测方法、基于自旋相互作用的舆论形成模型和相变行为等.     

An experiment concept to measure stratospheric trace constituents by laser heterodyne spectroscopy

Laser heterodyne spectroscopy (LHS) techniques with semiconductor laser local oscillators (LO) in the 3–30 μm range have the potential to measure radical gas species in the stratosphere. The goal of this experiment is to measure radical gases from Spacelab, including ClO, ClONO₂, HO₂, H₂O₂, N₂O₅, and HOCl in solar occulation with vertical resolution ≦2km and vertical range from 10 to 70 km. Sensitivity analyses have been performed on ClO and O₃ to determine design criteria for the LHS instrument. Results show that O₃ and ClO vertical profiles can be measured with an accuracy ≧95% and ≧80%, respectively, over the total profile. These accuracies require the LO to maintain the following characteristics: frequency stability (Δf _w≦20 MHz), single-mode power (P _LO≧500 μW), and minimum frequency drift (≦5 MHz). Laboratory heterodyne measurements performed with semiconductor lasers generated the same shot-noise photocurrent as CO₂ lasers, for comparable single-mode power. “Excess-noise” regions were identified, but could be wavelength controlled by fine control of operating temperature and injection current. Doppler-shift effects and limited solar occultation measurement times due to Spacelab orbits should pose minimum mission constraints on the experiment.     

An ion beam cooler for collinear laser spectroscopy

An ion beam cooler has been constructed and tested at the IGISOL mass separator facility at the University of Jyväskylä. The cooler is designed to improve the ion optical properties of radioactive ion beams produced with fission-, light-ion fusion and heavy ion fusion ion guides. The performance of the device has been tested in off- and on-line conditions. It has been shown that the emittance and energy spread of the ion beam can be decoupled from the ion guide parameters with high transmission efficiency.     

Laser spectroscopy : 3. Linear laser spectroscopy

The three basic methods of linear laser spectroscopy are reviewed: absorption, opto-acoustic, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The characteristics of each method and their areas of application are presented and compared.     

浅说"混沌"

以单摆的强迫阻尼运动、罗伦兹系统及Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ映射为例,解说了混沌运动地主要特征,并介绍了混沌理论建立与与发展过程中的一些史话。     

An introduction to percolation theory

Percolation theory, the theory of the properties of classical particles interacting with a random medium, is of wide applicability and provides a simple picture exhibiting critical behaviour, the features of which are well understood and amenable to detailed calculation. In this review the concepts of percolation theory and the general features associated with the critical region about the onset of percolation are developed in detail. In particular, several dimensional invariants are examined which make it possible to unify much of the available information, and to extend the insights of percolation theory to processes which have not yet received numerical study. The compilation of the results of percolation theory, both exact and numerical, is believed to be complete through 1970. A selective bibliography is given. In a concluding chapter several recent applications of percolation theory to classical and to quantum mechanical problems are discussed.     

An introduction to explicitR-parity violation

I discuss the theoretical motivations forR-parity violation, review the experimental bounds and outline the main changes in collider phenomenology compared to conservedR-parity.     

An introduction to ship hydroelasticity

The linear theory of ship hydroelasticity is not yet familiar in naval architecture, yet it provides the most powerful techniques of investigation available today. The background of that theory is explained in very simple terms, by using the concept of a “uniform ship”—that is, of a uniform floating beam. So rudimentary is this idealization of a ship that no claim can be made that numerical results have much practical significance; nevertheless, the underlying ideas are those employed in practical studies and some typical results are given for an actual ship (an old destroyer).