Using sensitivity derivatives for design and parameter estimation in an atmospheric plasma discharge simulation

The problem of applying sensitivity analysis to a one-dimensional atmospheric radio frequency plasma discharge simulation is considered. A fluid simulation is used to model an atmospheric pressure radio frequency helium discharge with a small nitrogen impurity. Sensitivity derivatives are computed for the peak electron density with respect to physical inputs to the simulation. These derivatives are verified using several different methods to compute sensitivity derivatives. It is then demonstrated how sensitivity derivatives can be used within a design cycle to change these physical inputs so as to increase the peak electron density. It is also shown how sensitivity analysis can be used in conjunction with experimental data to obtain better estimates for rate and transport parameters. Finally, it is described how sensitivity analysis could be used to compute an upper bound on the uncertainty for results from a simulation.     

Spatially Homogeneous Modelling of a Stabilized XeCl* Laser Discharge

Recently an improved technique to create a stable and homogeneous discharge for pumping excimer laser plasmas has been proposed in [1]. This technique is based on the additional use of a stabilizing low-current preliminary discharge. For the study of such laser discharges a self-consistent spatially homogeneous model with the inclusion of the time-dependent Boltzmann equation for the electrons, of the rate equation system arising from the heavy particle and photon kinetics and of the electrical circuit equations has been employed. A brief presentation of important features of the comprehensive model is given. An iterative procedure to solve self-consistently the system of kinetic, rate and circuit equations has been generalized and applied to discharge conditions where a dominant electron-electron interaction occurs. Model calculations have been performed for typical XeCl* laser plasmas which operate according to the improved discharge technique. On this basis a detailed analysis of main features of this laser discharge is given and the impact of various parameters on significant characteristics of the discharge is calculated and discussed.     

The correlation between corona current distribution and collection of fine particles in a laboratory-scale electrostatic precipitator

An analysis of the electrostatic gas cleaning fundamental phenomenon shows an essential influence of discharge electrode construction on the gas cleaning process efficiency.In the physical model tests there were used rigid discharge electrodes with corona emitting elements of various geometries. Different constructions of discharge electrode were tested in the aspect of discharge current uniform distribution on collecting electrode surfaces. Measurements of discharge current distribution has been carried out for discharge electrodes with different spike shapes and in different electric field geometry. The research aim was to determine the optimal discharge electrode construction ensuring high collection efficiency of fine particles. Collection efficiency measurements of selected fly ash samples (from coal fired boilers) were carried out on a laboratory testing bench in a horizontal electrostatic precipitator model.     

Metals Analysis in Particulate Pollutants by Emission Spectroscopy

Emission spectroscopy using electrical discharge, flame, and X-ray excitation has been the anlytical method of choice in the majority of a i r pollution studies involving trace metals analysis in particulate pollutants. The extensive literature in this area is reviewed here. The emphasis is on analytical methods rather than on specific results. Complete sections are devoted to review and survey literature, electrical discharge methods by element, flame excitation, and X-ray excitation. Wherever possible, information is included on sample preparation, standardization, excitation mode, detection method, and analytical results in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, and area of application.     

Two-dimensional model of the Penning discharge in a cylindrical chamber with the axial magnetic field

The drift–diffusion model of a Penning discharge in molecular hydrogen under pressures of about 1 Torr with regard to the external electric circuit has been proposed. A two-dimensional axially symmetric discharge geometry with a cylindrical anode and flat cathodes perpendicular to the symmetry axis has been investigated. An external magnetic field of about 0.1 T is applied in the axial direction. Using the developed drift–diffusion model, the electrodynamic structure of a Penning discharge in the pressure range of 0.5–5 Torr at a current source voltage of 200–500 V is numerically simulated. The evolution of the discharge electrodynamic structure upon pressure variations in zero magnetic field (the classical glow discharge mode) and in the axial magnetic field (Penning discharge) has been studied using numerical experiments. The theoretical predictions of the existence of an averaged electron and ion motion in a Penning discharge both in the axial and radial directions and in the azimuthal direction have been confirmed by the calculations.     

基于扩展单粒子模型的锂离子电池参数识别策略

为了精确识别电动汽车锂离子动力电池的关键状态参数,基于多孔电极理论和浓度理论,建立了一种考虑液相动力学行为的锂离子电池扩展单粒子模型.相较于传统单粒子模型,该模型增加了对负电极表面固体电解质界面膜参数的描述,并考虑了温度和液相浓度变化对锂离子电池关键参数的耦合影响.基于所建立的扩展单粒子模型,提出一种简化的参数灵敏度分析方法和有效的锂电池参数识别策略,用以确定特定工况下的高灵敏度待识别参数,进而利用遗传算法实现参数的优化求解.最后,通过对比分析本文模型和传统单粒子模型的仿真输出电压和相同工况下电池的实验输出电压验证了提出模型和参数识别方法的有效性和可行性,为电池管理系统的健康状态估计提供了理论基础.     

尖-板电晕放电光谱分析

电晕放电是高电压设备中的一种典型的具有危害性的物理过程。对其物理机制进行分析,以及对其进行早期检测以便预防其发展,有助于提高电力绝缘系统的使用寿命和安全可靠程度。本文建立了一套高灵敏度的光谱分析系统,对空气中几种不同放电条件下的电晕放电进行了光谱分析。结果表明,电晕放电光谱由连续谱、谱带和谱线三部分组成。此外,光谱在红外区、可见光区和紫外区的辐射具有不同的特征,辐射强度随具体放电条件的变化规律也各不相同。与文献中的结果进行比较,发现各种条件下的电晕放电的可见光区辐射强度一般都比较弱,而紫外区与红外区辐射的强弱则与具体的放电条件有关。     

Air flow control around a cylindrical model induced by a rotating electric arc discharge in an external magnetic field. Part I

The structure and dynamics of a near-wall gas flow produced by a rotating electric arc discharge in an external magnetic field around a cylindrical model without an incoming flow has been investigated. The electric arc on the model has been produced by a combined electric discharge (low-current rf discharge + high-current pulse-periodic discharge). Permanent magnets with induction B ≈ 0.1 T have been placed inside the cylindrical models. Ring electrodes are arranged on the surface of the model. The structure and dynamics of the near-wall gas flow around the cylindrical model have been investigated using high-speed photography, as well as the shadowgraph and particle image velocimetry (PIV) methods.     

Dusty plasma structures in magnetic fields in a dc discharge

The formation of dusty plasma structures has been experimentally investigated in a cylindrical dc discharge in axial magnetic fields up to 2500 G. The rotation of the dusty plasma structures about the discharge symmetry axis with a frequency depending on the magnetic field has been observed. When the field increases to 700 G, the displacement of dust particles from the axial region of the discharge to the periphery, along with the continuation of the rotation, has been observed. The kinetic temperatures of the dust particles, the diffusion coefficients, and the effective nonideality parameter have been determined for various magnetic fields. The explanation of the features in the behavior of the dust particles in the discharge in the magnetic field has been proposed on the basis of the analysis of ambipolar diffusion in the magnetized plasma. The maximum magnetic field at which the levitation of the dust particles in the discharge is possible has been estimated.     

辉光放电质谱法直接分析石墨中痕量杂质

石墨是理想的无机非金属材料,具有高化学稳定性、良好的导电性、较好的耐磨性等优点,被广泛应用于现代化学工业及其他诸多领域。由于石墨是难熔物,其中的微量杂质元素使用普通化学法或常规仪器分析法均难以准确检出。常用的火法-电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP)方法检测石墨存在的问题是：（1）在高温灼烧期间个别元素容易损失;（2）在加酸溶解灰化组分过程中部分杂质氧化物仍无法溶解完全。因此,很多学者开始研究利用固体进样法来测定石墨中的杂质元素含量。辉光放电质谱法（GDMS）是将辉光放电源（GD）与质谱分析方法（MS）联用的一种技术,采用固体进样方式,具有样品前处理简单、基体效应小、检出限低、灵敏度高等优点,在国内外已成为部分高纯金属和半导体材料分析领域的标准方法。灵敏度因子值(RSF)是一个用于校正GDMS分析结果的系数,对于GDMS分析而言,大部分元素在不同基体中仍然存在较明显的基体效应。要将GDMS分析作为一种定量分析方法,需要采用与基体匹配的标准物质来校正RSF,但目前大多数GDMS分析均采用仪器厂家提供的标准相对灵敏度因子（RSF_Std）进行测定,只能获得半定量分析结果。研究了采用GDMS直接测定石墨样品中9种杂质元素含量的方法,通过对放电条件等参数的优化选择,确定了石墨分析的最佳放电条件（电流强度为55 mA,放电气体流量为450 mL·min-1）。在此条件下采用半定量法（RSF_Std）测定了石墨参考样品中Mg,Cr,Ni,Ti,Fe,Cu,Al,Si,Ca共九种杂质元素含量,t检验结果表明,多数元素测量结果与参考值存在显著差异。要获得更为准确的结果,需要获得各元素相应的RSF_x以建立定量分析方法。通过实验,考察了不同的电流强度和放电气体流量对九种元素RSF值的影响,讨论了影响因素产生的原因。实验结果表明,电流强度和放电气体流量对大部分元素的RSF值都有较大的影响,其中放电气体流量对RSF值影响最大,各元素的RSF值变化幅度在15%和405%之间。在选定条件下采用RSF_x值定量分析了石墨材料中Mg,Cr和Ni等九种杂质元素含量,检测结果的t检验sig值均大于0.05,表明测定结果与参考值无显著性差异,方法的准确度有了显著提高;测定结果的精密度（RSD）介于3.2%～9.9%之间,方法可满足4N纯度以上高纯石墨材料的分析。     

用激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术实现铝合金的高灵敏元素分析

报道了采用激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术分析铝合金中痕量元素时的分析行为。用低能量激光脉冲聚焦于样品表面并在放电电极之间产生等离子体来触发高压火花放电以改善火花诱导击穿光谱技术的分析行为。在当前空间几何配置下,研究得到了最佳的放电电压和储能电容等参数并在最佳实验条件下分析了样品中的铜元素,其检出限达到0.7 ppm。激光点火的辅助手段改善了火花诱导击穿光谱技术在元素分析时信号的稳定性、提高了分析精度。同时它还能够有效地降低放电电压,改善其空间分辨本领。研究表明激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术具有灵敏度高、稳定性好以及具有较好的空间分辨本领的特点,非常适合于各种合金中的痕量元素分析。     

Bifurcation analysis of the corona discharge on a negative electrode

A bifurcation analysis of the cylindrically symmetric solution obtained in the framework of the steady-state model of the negative corona discharge in air at atmospheric pressure has been carried out. No bifurcations have been found, which indicates that current contraction probably does not occur in the considered model. It follows that the current-free stripes on the corona cathode surface, observed by previous authors in two- and three-dimensional computer simulation and in experiment, are due to the specific discharge geometry rather than current contraction.     

Relaxation of the pulsed opto-galvanic current signal in a helium positive column

Transient behaviour of an opto-galvanic (OG) current signal induced by pulsed dye laser excitation has been investigated on the He I 388.9-nm (2³S-3³P) transition in a He positive column. The OG current signal is composed of a sharp spike at the early time stage followed by a slowly-varying component. The decay time of the sharp OG current signal has been found to be almost independent of the dc current substaining the discharge and to depend sensitivity on a product of pressure and column-radius. The experimental results show that the dominant decay process of the OG current consists in an ion current to the walls, as has been previously referred to in a mmodel of a cw OG effect in a He positive column. A model for the pulse OG effect in the early time stage is presented on the basis of the experimental results. The decay times of the OG current signals calculated with the model are in agreement with the measurements within an accuracy of 30%.     

Discharge characteristics with respect to width of addresselectrode using three-dimensional analysis

A numerical analysis of the microdischarge in a surface-type AC plasma display cell has been made using the time-dependent, three-dimensional (3-D) fluid equations to understand the discharge characteristics. We investigate the breakdown dynamics with the width of address electrode and barrier ribs, because the typical 3-D parameters in an AC plasma display panel (AC PDP) model are the width of address electrode and the barrier ribs. It has been clarified that the width of address electrode has important role of the formation of discharge volume with the wall annihilation by barrier ribs and the accumulation of wall charges on the part of address electrode. The obtained time dependent spatial characteristics of an AC PDP discharge with the width of address electrode and the effect of wall annihilation by barrier ribs will help us to design the optimized AC PDP cells to get stable write and sustain discharges     

微空心阴极放电的流体模型模拟

采用流体模型研究了微空心阴极放电(MHCD)的特点，对放电中电场的形成，电子和离子的密度分布，电子能量分布进行了数值模拟.该计算是针对高气压，圆筒形阴极结构下的He放电.结果表明放电中存在空心阴极效应，从电子能量分布可以看出，放电中存在高能电子，放电空间的电场分布主要表现为径向电场.此外，通过改变气压，阴极孔径等参数计算出它们对放电的影响.分析表明减小孔径有利于负辉区更充分的重合.提高气压将缩短阴极位降区. 关键词： 微空心阴极放电 流体模型     

Effect of surface traps on relaxation of injected charge in dielectric films

The problem of relaxation of the charge injected into a dielectric film has been analytically solved taking into account its conductivity and carrier trapping by both bulk and surface deep traps with fast (almost instantaneous) charging and finite discharge rates. The charge behavior in one-zone and two-zone relaxation modes has been analyzed. In particular cases, general analytical expressions give previously published results. Numerical calculations and an analysis of experimental data for titanium dioxide films deposited on metal substrates confirm the applicability of the developed model.     

开关放电分散性对FLTD模块输出的影响模拟

建立了包含开关放电分散性的电路模型,模型通过电压控制开关和自击穿开关模型的结合,可对开关抖动及支路间放电的相互影响进行模拟,利用研制的300kA单级直线型变压器驱动源(FLTD)模块进行了实验验证,模拟结果与实验相吻合。进而针对设计的20支路FLTD模块建立了电路模型,模拟分析了模块支路开关放电分散性对输出电流峰值和上升沿的影响,模拟结果表明,开关抖动小于5ns时对模块输出影响较小。     

用于激励高功率气体激光的自持体放电技术

通过两种放电等离子体形成的模型，研究了自持体放电的形成过程，介绍了能量注入激光介质的特点，并以不稳定模型解释了体放电收缩过程。分析了各阶段放电对激光输出特性的影响，并给出了较好的放电实验参数。     

静电放电对功率肖特基二极管I-V及低频噪声特性的影响

本文基于人体放电模型分别对肖特基势垒二极管的阴极和阳极进行同一电压脉冲下的多次放电, 利用热电子发射理论、1/f噪声的迁移率涨落模型和白噪声理论, 分别深入研究静电放电损伤对器件I-V和低频噪声的影响. 结果表明, 静电放电作用于肖特基二极管阴极时损伤更严重, 噪声参量变化率更大. 随着放电次数的增加, 正向特性无变化, 反向电流总体增大, 偶有减小; 而正向和反向 1/f噪声均增大. 鉴于噪声与应力条件下器件内部产生的缺陷与损伤有关, 且更敏感, 故可将低频噪声特性用作肖特基二极管的静电放电损伤灵敏表征工具.     

Time Resolved Actinometric Study of Pulsed RF Oxygen Discharge

The dissociation efficiency of a pulsed RF discharge (with duty cycle 1:1 and discharge duration 0.2, 1, 5, and 20 ms) in oxygen at pressures from 1 to 5 torr and effective discharge currents from 50 to 210 mA has been studied. For monitoring of the atomic oxygen density the method of actinometry has been used. In order to evaluate the absolute dissociation degree, a numerical model has been developed and actinometric coefficients were calculated. Maximal degree of the dissociation reached value of 0.05. A saturation of the dissociation degree at higher pressures was observed and discussed.