Copolymerization of sodium 2-crylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with sodium acrylate in concentrated aqueous solutions

The kinetic features of potassium persulfate-initiated homogeneous radical copolymerization of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (M₁) with sodium acrylate (M₂) in concentrated aqueous solutions and NaCl aqueous solutions at pH 9 and T = 60°C have been studied. The initial rate of copolymerization increases with the concentration of each monomer, the total concentration of comonomers (M₁ + M₂), the concentration of initiator, and the concentration of NaCl and shows an extreme change with an increase in the content of M₂ in the initial monomer mixture. The molecular mass of the copolymer shows an extreme dependence on the content of M₂ in the initial monomer mixture; it drops with an increase in the concentration of NaCl and remains unchanged with conversion. For copolymerization in water and 2 M NaCl, r ₂ > r ₁. The number of M₂ units in the copolymer does not change with conversion and increases on addition of NaCl owing to a gain in r ₂.     

Sedimentation of kaolin suspension with copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with sodium acrylate

The sedimentation kinetics of kaolin suspension under the action of copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with sodium acrylate was studied. The infl uence exerted on the process by the concentration, molecular weight, chemical composition, and conformational state of copolymer macromolecules in solution, and also by the concentration and particle size of the dispersed phase and by salt additives (NaCl, CaCl₂) was examined.     

Copolymerization of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with sodium acrylate in water-dimethyl sulfoxide solutions

The solvent effect on the kinetic features of the synthesis and molecular characteristics of the copolymers in homogeneous radical copolymerization of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with sodium acrylate in water and water-dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures (75: 25, 50: 50, 25: 75) at pH 9 and 60°C in the presence of potassium persulfate was studied     

Radical copolymerization of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate and sodium acrylate in water-alcohol solutions

The effect of the nature of a solvent on the kinetic parameters of the process and the intrinsic viscosities of copolymers formed by the homogeneous free-radical copolymerization of the sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and the sodium salt of acrylic acid initiated by potassium persulfate in water, water-methanol mixtures (92: 8, 84: 16, 75: 25, 50: 50), and water-isopropanol (50: 50) mixtures at pH 9 and 60°C is studied. The initial rate of copolymerization increases with increases in the concentrations of the comonomers and initiator, the content of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid in the initial monomer mixture, and the content of water in a water-methanol mixture and in the sequence of solvents water-methanol < water-isopropanol. The intrinsic viscosity and yield of the copolymer grow when the content of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid in the initial monomer mixture and water in water-methanol mixtures are increased and when isopropanol is replaced with methanol. The reactivity ratios of the monomers in water-methanol (50: 50) and water-isopropanol (50: 50) mixtures are determined.     

Copolymerization of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate in water-ethanol mixtures

Homogeneous copolymerization of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate was carried out in water-ethanol mixtures at pH 9 in the presence of potassium peroxosulfate as promoter in the temperature range 40–70°C. The copolymerization kinetics and molecular characteristics of the copolymers formed were studied in relation to the composition of water-ethanol mixtures, reagent concentrations, temperature, and degree of monomer conversion.     

Concentration Effect in Copolymerization of Sodium 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-Vinylpyrrolidone in Aqueous Solutions

The kinetics of copolymerization of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with N-vinyl-pyrrolidone in aqueous solutions in the presence of potassium persulfate at 40 – 70°C and the molecular characteristics of the resulting complexes were studied, as influenced by the total concentration of the initial monomer mixture, comonomer ratio, temperature, and conversion. The kinetic data were explained taking into account the state of the ionic groups, electrostatic interactions between the reacting particles, and complexation of comonomers in the course of copolymerization.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2005, pp. 301–305.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kurenkov, Zhelonkina, Kovalenko.     

Copolymerization of acrylamide with sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate in aqueous-alcoholic solutions

The effect of solvents on the kinetics of synthesis and molecular properties of copolymers formed by radical copolymerization of acrylamide with sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate in water and in methanol-water (75: 25, 50: 50, 25: 75), ethanol-water (50: 50), and isopropanol-water (50: 50) solutions in the presence of potassium persulfate initiating agent at pH 9 and 60°C was studied.     

Stabilization of kaolin suspension in the presence of copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with N-vinylpyrrolidone

The kinetics of sedimentation of kaolin suspension in the presence of copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with N-vinylpyrrolidone was studied as influenced by the concentrations, molecular weight, and chemical composition of the copolymer and by the concentration of salts added (NaCl, CaCl₂).     

Phase Separation in Aqueous Solutions of Binary Copolymers of Acrylamide with Sodium 2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropanesulfonate and Sodium Acrylate

Phase separation in aqueous solutions of binary copolymers of acrylamide with sodium 2-acryl-amido-2-methylpropanesulfonate and sodium acrylate is studied over the temperature range from 20 to 100°C, as influenced by addition of calcium, magnesium, and sodium chlorides, inorganic salt concentration, and molecular characteristics of the copolymers.     

Degradation of Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone with Sodium 2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropanesulfonate in Aqueous Solutions

The kinetics of controllable degradation of N-vinylpyrrolidone-sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate copolymers in aqueous solutions under the action of degrading agents at 25-50°C were studied by viscometry. The efficiency of controlling the molecular weight of copolymer was estimated.     

Complexation of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate-monoethanolamine vinyl ether copolymer with polyelectrolytes in aqueous medium

A new water-soluble polyelectrolyte—the copolymer of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate and monoethanolamine vinyl ether—has been synthesized by free-radical copolymerization. The concentration behavior of the reduced viscosity of copolymer solutions that is typical for polyelectrolytes has been revealed. The reactivity ratios of the monomers have been measured. These values indicate a lower reactivity of monoethanolamine vinyl ether than that of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate. The complexation of this copolymer with poly(acrylic acid) and poly(N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride) has been studied. It has been found that the copolymer demonstrates the polyampholytic behavior and is able to form interpolymer complexes both with polycations and polyanions. It has been established that the polycomplex of the copolymer with polyacrylic acid has the unfolded structure due to the presence of sulfonate groups uninvolved in complexation, while the complex of the copolymer with poly(N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride) is compact owing to enhancement of hydrophobic interactions, and the sizes of its species are of the order of 80 nm.     

Synthesis by radical polymerization and structure of drag reducing terpolymers based on acrylamide,acrylonitrile, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Terpolymers of acrylamide, acrylonitrile, and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate were prepared by radical copolymerization in aqueous solution. The...     

Viscometric study of poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) and two random copolymers

Effects of the polyanion synthesis conditions and composition on the viscometric behavior of poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) (PAMPS) and two random copolymers, poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate-co-methylmethacrylate) (PAMPSMM) and poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate-co-tert-butylacrylamide) (PAMPSTBA), in a wide range of concentrations were reported in this paper. The experimental data obtained in salt-free aqueous solution were plotted in terms of the Fuoss and the Rao equations in order to obtain the intrinsic viscosity values. The C∗ values obtained as the reciprocal of the intrinsic viscosity were compared with the experimentally determined values and with those calculated according to the Odijk theory. An acceptable agreement between C∗ values obtained by different approaches was found for the PAMPS samples with high molar masses (0.83 × 10⁶-1.4 × 10⁶ g/mol). For the same charge density and the same concentration the reduced viscosity values were higher for PAMPSMM comparative with PAMPSTBA indicating a higher chain extension of the former copolymer.     

A study of n-dodecylammonium acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate association in aqueous solutions

Association of a micelle-forming monomer, n-dodecylammonium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate, in aqueous solutions has been studied in a concentration range of 1.5 × 10^?3–2.5 × 10^?1 M with the use of conductometry, capillary and rotational viscometry, isothermal translational diffusion, and atomic force microscopy. Two critical micelle concentrations have been determined, and the shape of n-dodecylammonium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate micelles has been proposed.     

Kinetics of Radical Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Magnesium 2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropanesulfonate in Aqueous Solutions

Kinetic features of homogeneous radical copolymerization of acrylamide with magnesium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate in concentrated aqueous solutions in the presence of the initiating system potassium peroxosulfate-sodium hydrosulfite at pH 9 and 50°C were studied by dilatometric technique.     

Copolymerization of Magnesium and Calcium 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonates with N-Vinylpyrrolidone in Aqueous Solutions

The kinetics of radical copolymerization of magnesium and calcium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonates with N-vinylpyrrolidone in aqueous solutions at pH 9 and 50°C in the presence of an initiator, potassium peroxodisulfate, were studied dilatometrically, and the molecular characteristics of the resulting copolymers were determined.     

Behavior of Cross-Linked Copolymers of Acrylic Acid and 5-Vinyltetrazole in Aqueous Media

The equilibrium swelling of new hydrogels based on sodium acrylate and N,N-methylenebisacryl- amide modified with 5-vinyltetrazole in water and aqueous solutions of nickel salts in the stage of radical polymerization was studied. The influence of 5-vinyltetrazole concentration in the monomer mixture on the characteristics of the resulting copolymers was studied.     

Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Sodium 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate in Aqueous Salt Solutions

The kinetics of radical copolymerization of acrylamide with sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate in water and in 1 M NaCl solutions at pH 9 and 30-50°C was studied. The kinetic data were interpreted with account of the state of the ionic groups and conformations of growing polymeric chains in the reaction mixtures.     

Polymerization of coordinated monomers. XVIII. Sequence distribution in methyl acrylate–styrene copolymers prepared in the presence of zinc chloride

Methyl acrylate and styrene have been copolymerized in the presence of zinc chloride either by photoinitiation or spontaneously. The copolymerization mechanism is investigated by analyses of copolymers composition and monomer sequence distribution. The resulting copolymers are not always alternating, their composition being dependent especially on the monomer feed ratio. Appreciable deviation to higher methyl acrylate unit content from an equimolar composition occurs at monomer feed fractions of methyl acrylate over 0.7. The larger deviation is induced by higher temperature, by photoirradiation, and by greater dilution of the reaction mixture with toluene. The ¹³C-NMR spectrum of the alternating copolymer shows a sharp singlet at the carbonyl region, whereas the spectra of random copolymers prepared by benzoyl peroxide initiation at 60°C show a triplet splitting at the carbonyl carbon region, irrespective of copolymer composition. The relative intensities of the triplet peaks for the random copolymers are in good correspondence to the contents of triad sequences calculated by means of conventional radical copolymerization theory. These results clearly indicate that the carbonyl splitting is caused predominantly by variation of the monomer sequence and not by variation of the stereosequence. The monomer sequence distribution in the copolymers is thus directly and quantitatively measured from the split carbonyl resonance. Although the same triplet splitting appears in the spectra of methyl acrylate–rich copolymers prepared in the presence of zinc chloride at high feed ratios (>0.7) of methyl acrylate, the relative intensities of the split peaks do not fit the sequence distributions of random copolymers calculated by means of the Lewis–Mayo equation. The copolymerization yielding these peculiar sequences and the alternating sequence in the presence of zinc chloride is fully comprehended by a copolymerization mechanism proceeding between two active coordinated monomers, i.e., the ternary molecular complex composed of zinc chloride, methyl methacrylate, and styrene, and the binary molecular complex composed of zinc chloride and methyl methacrylate.     

Features of styrene copolymerization with sodium p-styrenesulfonate in solvents of different polarities

The copolymerization of sodium p-styrenesulfonate with styrene is studied in solvents that form homogeneous solutions with mixtures of these monomers and differ in polarity: DMFA, a mixture of 1,4-dioxane with DMF, DMSO, and a DMSO-water mixture. It is shown that the diagrams of the copolymer composition depend on the type of solvent and that their shapes do not obey the Mayo-Lewis model. The copolymers become substantially enriched with styrene units during an increase in the solvent polarity. The main cause of deviation from the classical scheme of binary copolymerization is the selective solvation of growing macroradicals with styrene. This effect becomes more pronounced during an increase in the solvent polarity and a decrease in its dissolving ability with respect to polystyrene and during polymer separation into a heterophase. This conclusion is confirmed by the dependence of the copolymer composition on the initiator concentration.