Experimental investigation of solute transport in large,homogeneous and heterogeneous,saturated soil columns

Laboratory tracer experiments were conducted to investigate solute transport in 12.5-m long, horizontally placed soil columns during steady saturated water flow. Two columns having cross-sectional areas of 10×10cm² were used: a uniformly packed homogeneous sandy column and a heterogeneous column containing layered, mixed, and lenticular formations of various shapes and sizes. The heterogeneous soil column gradually changed, on average, from coarse-textured at one end to fine-textured at the other end. NaCl breakthrough curves (BTC's) in the columns were measured with electrical conductivity probes inserted at 50- or 100-cm intervals. Observed BTC's in the homogeneous sandy column were relatively smooth and sigmoidal (S-shaped), while those in the heterogeneous column were very irregular, nonsigmoidal, and exhibited extensive tailing. Effective average pore-water velocities (v _eff) and dispersion coefficients (D _eff) were estimated simultaneously by fitting an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation to the observed BTC's. Velocity variations in the heterogeneous medium were found to be much larger than those in the homogeneous sand. Values of the dispersivity,=D _eff/v _eff, for the homogeneous sandy column ranged from 0.1 to 5.0 cm, while those for the heterogeneous column were as high as 200cm. The dispersivity for transport in both columns increased with travel distance or travel time, thus exhibiting scale-dependency. The heterogeneous soil column also showed the effects of preferential flow, i.e., some locations in the column showed earlier solute breakthrough than several locations closer to the inlet boundary. Spatial fluctuations in the dispersivity could be explained qualitatively by the particular makeup of the heterogeneities in the column.     

Heat and brine transport in porous media: the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation revisited

This paper discusses the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation for heat and solute transport in porous media. In this commonly used approximation all density variations are neglected except for the gravity term in Darcy’s law. However, in the limit of vanishing density differences this gravity term disappears as well. The main purpose of this paper is to give the correct limits in which the gravity term is retained, while other density effects can be neglected. We show that for isothermal brine transport, fluid volume changes can be neglected when a condition is fulfilled for a dimensionless number, which is independent of the density difference and specific discharge. For heat transfer an additional condition is required. One-dimensional examples of simultaneous heat and brine transport are given for which similarity solutions are constructed. These examples are included to elucidate the volume effects and the corresponding induced specific discharge variations. Finally, a two-dimensional example illustrates the relative effects of volume changes and gravity.     

Numerical analysis of the compressive and shear failure behavior of rock containing multi-intermittent joints

The failure behavior of intermittent jointed rocks is dependent on joint configurations. Joint inclination angle and continuity factor determined the joint arrangement in a rectangular numerical sample that was established by using the particle flow code approach. To identify the differences in the failure processes of identical intermittent jointed samples, uniaxial compressive and shear loads were applied on each sample. The crack growth path presented the four typical crack coalescence patterns identified via compressive and shear numerical tests. The crack coalescence pattern was associated with joint slant angle and continuity factor. The observed crack coalescence patterns of every sample with the same inclination angle and continuity factor were partially identical under compressive and shear loading. The differences in the crack patterns of the compressive and shear failure processes were described and compared. Typical compressive and shear failure processes were illustrated. Four compressive and three shear failure modes were identified. The cracking location and number of cracks in each failure mode were different. Additionally, the contact force evolution among particles during shear and compressive loading was different and likely accounted for the differences in cracking patterns. Under compressive or shear loading, the contact force concentration in each sample underwent the following stages: uniform distribution before loading, concentrated distribution, and scattered distribution after failure.     

A micromechanics method to study the effect of domain switching on fracture behavior of polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON ROCK BREAKING MECHANISM AND PROCESS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE WATER JET

The numerical simulation method to study rock breaking process and mechanism under high pressure water jet was developed with the continuous mechanics and the FEM theory. The rock damage model and the damage-coupling model suited to analyze the whole process of water jet breaking rock were established with continuum damage mechanics and micro damage mechanics. The numerical results show the dynamic response of rock under water jet and the evolvement of hydrodynamic characteristic of jet during rock breaking is close to reality, and indicates that the body of rock damage and breakage under the general continual jet occurs within several milliseconds, the main damage form is tensile damage caused by rock unload and jet impact, and the evolvement of rock damage shows a step-change trend. On the whole, the numerical results can agree with experimental conclusions, which manifest that the analytical method is feasible and can be applied to guide the research and application of jet breaking rock theory.     

The effects of the rock bridge ligament angle and the confinement on crack coalescence in rock bridges: An experimental study and discrete element method

The present article investigates the influences of the rock bridge ligament angle, β, and the confinement on crack coalescence patterns by conducting laboratory and numerical tests on rock-like specimens. Laboratory tests show that no coalescence in the rock bridge occurred for low β. With an increase of β, tensile-shear coalescence and tensile coalescences subsequently occurred. In addition, the increase in the confinement first promoted shear coalescence and then restrained crack coalescence for low β, whereas the tensile coalescence was restrained by the increase in confinement for high β. The numerical results corroborate the laboratory tests in the coalescence patterns. In addition, the numerical study shows that tensile and shear cracks subsequently initiated near crack tips because of the concentrated tensile and shear stresses, respectively. Regarding the influence of β on crack coalescence, tensile or shear stress failed to concentrate in rock bridges for low β. Therefore, the cracks failed to coalesce, whereas with the increase in β, tensile and shear stress concentrations occurred in the bridge and led to either tensile shear or tensile coalescence. Regarding the influence of confinement on crack coalescence, the increase in confinement restrained the tensile stress concentrations and further hindered tensile crack coalescence in rock bridges for high values of β.     

Numerical analysis of the effects induced by normal faults and dip angles on rock bursts

The study of mining effects under the influences of a normal fault and its dip angle is significant for the prediction and prevention of rock bursts. Based on the geological conditions of panel 2301N in a coalmine, the evolution laws of the strata behaviors of the working face affected by a fault and the instability of the fault induced by mining operations with the working face of the footwall and hanging wall advancing towards a normal fault are studied using UDEC numerical simulation. The mechanism that induces rock burst is revealed, and the influence characteristics of the fault dip angle are analyzed. The results of the numerical simulation are verified by conducting a case study regarding the microseismic events. The results of this study serve as a reference for the prediction of rock bursts and their classification into hazardous areas under similar conditions.     

聚能药包在岩石定向断裂爆破中的应用研究

以爆炸动力学、岩石断裂力学理论为原理,对聚能药包用于岩石定向断裂爆破时导向裂缝的形成,裂纹的起裂、扩展和贯通进行了初步研究,同时对该方法的爆破参数进行了设计,并通过现场进行试验验证其正确性。结果表明由聚能射流形成的切缝有明显的定向作用,使爆生气体的能量沿预定方向集中,裂纹的定向断裂控制效果良好,表明该方法是一种比较理想的断裂控制爆破技术。最后指出了该方法目前需要进一步研究的方面。研究成果对相关理论研究和现场应用均有一定的指导意义。     

轮廓爆破下柱状节理岩体开裂过程的数值模拟

以白鹤滩水电站柱状节理玄武岩为研究对象,根据现场的柱状节理分布统计资料生成数值模型,模拟边坡开挖轮廓爆破下柱状节理岩体的开裂过程。结果表明：轮廓爆破时,柱状节理面对岩体裂纹的发展起着导向和控制作用;爆炸荷载作用下炮孔周围的节理面首先张开,然后裂缝沿着炮孔连心线附近的节理面扩展,最后形成贯通的由大量柱状节理面连接而成的裂缝;预裂爆破条件下,预裂缝宽度先增大后减少,最后达到稳定的开度,而且预裂爆破在柱状节理岩体中产生的裂纹范围比光面爆破产生的大。

     

Numerical simulation of effect of convection-diffusion on oxygen transport in microcirculation

The entire process of oxygen transport in microcirculation by developing a 3D porous media model is calculated numerically with coupled solid deformation-fluid seepage-convection and diffusion . The principal novelty of the model is that it takes into account volumetric deformation of both capillary and tissues resulting from capillary fluctuation. How solid deformation, fluid seepage, and convection-diffusion combine to affect oxygen transport is examined quantitatively: (1) Solid deformation is more significant in the middle of capillary, where the maximum value of volumetric deformation reaches about 0.5%. (2) Solid deformation has positive influence on the tissue fluid so that it flows more uniformly and causes oxygen to be transported more uniformly, and eventually impacts oxygen concentration by 0.1%-0.5%. (3) Convection-diffusion coupled deformation and seepage has a maximum (16%) and average (3%) increase in oxygen concentration, compared with pure molecular diffusion. Its more significant role is to allow oxygen to be transported more evenly.     

Numerical study on coalescence of two pre-existing coplanar flaws in rock

Crack propagation and coalescence processes are the fundamental mechanisms leading to progressive failure processes in rock masses, in which parallel non-persistent rock joints are commonly involved. The coalescence behavior of the latter, which are represented as pre-existing coplanar flaws (cracks), is numerically investigated in the present study. By using AUTODYN as the numerical tool, the present study systematically simulates the coalescence of two pre-existing coplanar flaws in rock under compression. The cumulative damage failure criterion is adopted in the numerical models to simulate the cumulative damage process in the crack initiation and propagation. The crack types (shear or tensile) are identified by analyzing the mechanics information associated with the crack initiation and propagation processes. The simulation results, which are generally in a good accordance with physical experimental results, indicate that the ligament length and the flaw inclination angle have a great influence on the coalescence pattern. The coalescence pattern is relatively simple for the flaw arrangements with a short ligament length, which becomes more complicated for those with a long ligament length. The coalescence trajectory is composed of shear cracks only when the flaw inclination angle is small (such as β ? 30°). When the pre-existing flaws are steep (such as β ? 75°), the coalescence trajectory is composed of tensile cracks as well as shear cracks. When the inclination angle is close to the failure angle of the corresponding intact rock material, and the ligament length is not long (such as L ? 2a), the direct shear coalescence is the more favorable coalescence pattern. In the special case that the two pre-existing flaws are vertical, the model will have a direct tensile coalescence pattern when the ligament length is short (L ? a), while the coalescence between the two inner flaw tips is not easy to achieve if the ligament length is long (L ? 2a).     

Modeling of colloid and colloid-facilitated contaminant transport in a two-dimensional fracture with spatially variable aperture

Mathematical models are developed for two-dimensional transient transport of colloids, and cotransport of contaminant/colloids in a fracture-rock matrix system with spatially variable fracture aperture. The aperture in the fracture plane is considered as a lognormally distributed random variable with spatial fluctuations described by an exponential autocovariance function. Colloids are envisioned to irreversibly deposit onto fracture surfaces without penetrating the rock matrix; whereas, the contaminant is assumed to decay, sorb onto fracture surfaces and onto colloidal particles, as well as to diffuse into the rock matrix. The governing stochastic transport equations are solved numerically for each realization of the aperture fluctuations by a fully implicit finite difference scheme. Emphasis is given on the effects of variable aperture on colloid and colloid-facilitated contaminant transport. Simulated breakthrough curves of ensemble averages of several realizations show enhanced colloid transport and more pronounced fingering when colloids are subject to size exclusion from regions of small aperture size. Moreover, it is shown that an increase in the fracture aperture fluctuations leads to faster transport and increases dispersion. For the case of contaminant/colloids cotransport it is shown, for the conditions considered in this work, that colloids enhance contaminant mobility and increase contaminant dispersion.Nomenclature b fracture aperture, L - c contaminant concentration in the fracture, M/L³ - c _m contaminant concentration in the rock matrix, M/L³ - c _o source contaminant concentration, M/L³ - c ^* contaminant concentration adsorbed onto fracture surfaces, M/L² - c _m ^* contaminant concentration adsorbed inside the rock matrix, M/M - d _p colloidal particle diameter, L - D hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient dyadic, L²/t - D Brownian diffusion coefficient for colloids and molecular diffusion coefficient for contaminants, L²/t - D _m effective diffusion coefficient in the rock matrix, L²/t - h total head potential in the fracture, L - K _f partition coefficient for contaminant sorption onto fracture surfaces, L - K _m contaminant partition coefficient in the rock matrix, L³/M - K _n partition coefficient for contaminant sorption onto suspended colloids, L - K _n* partition coefficient for contaminant sorption onto deposited colloids, L³/M - _x fracture length in thex-direction, L - _y fracture length in they-direction, L - n colloid concentration in the liquid phase, M/L³ - n _o source colloid concentration, M/L³ - n ^* colloid concentration adsorbed onto fracture surfaces, M/L² - n _max ^* maximum deposited colloid concentration on fracture surfaces, M/L² - N ^* number of deposited colloidal particles per unit surface area of the fracture, 1/L² - N _max ^* maximum number of deposited colloidal particles per unit surface area of the fracture, 1/L² - q ^* diffusive mass flux into the rock matrix, M/L²t - R retardation factor in the fracture - R _m retardation factor in the rock matrix - s contaminant concentration adsorbed on colloids in the liquid phase, M/M - s _o source solid-phase contaminant concentration onto suspended colloids, M/M - s ^* contaminant concentration adsorbed on deposited colloids, M/M - t time, t - U interstitial velocity vector, L/t - x coordinate along the fracture length, L - y coordinate along the fracture width, L - z coordinate perpendicular to the fracture plane, L - area blocked by a deposited colloidal particle, L² - _L longitudinal dispersivity, L - _T transversal dispersivity, L - fluid specific weight, M/L²t² - fraction of the fracture surface physically covered by colloids - gz dummy integration variable - porosity of the rock matrix - colloid deposition coefficient, L - first-order decay coefficient, 1/t - fluid dynamic viscosity, M/Lt - defined in (18) - _b bulk density of the rock matrix, M/L³ - _p colloidal particle density, M/L³ - standard deviation of the lognormally distributed fluctuations of the fracture aperture     

Experimental study on turbulent features in the negative transport region of asymmetric plane channel flow

Turbulent features of streamwise and vertical components of velocity in the negative transport region of asymmetric plane channel flow have been studied experimentally in details. Experiments show that turbulent fluctuations in negative transport region are suppressed, and their probability distributions are far from Gaussian. Besides, the skewness factors attain their negative maxima at the position of the maximum mean velocity, whereas the flatness factors attain their positive maxima at the same position. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19872043)     

Experiment and simulation of slurry flow in irregular channels to understand proppant transport in complex fractures

Slurry flow and proppant placement in irregular fractures are crucial to evaluate hydraulic fracturing stimulation but need to be better understood. This study aims to investigate how irregular fracture affects proppant transport and distribution using laboratory experiments and micro-scale numerical models. The unresolved method of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the discrete element method (DEM) considers Saffman lift force, Magnus force, and virtual mass force to accurately capture the frequent interaction between proppant and slickwater. Experimental results validated the reliability of the optimized CFD-DEM model and calibrated primary parameters. The effects of crack height and width, bending angle, and distance between the crack and inlet on particle distribution were studied. The results indicated that the improved numerical method could rationally simulate proppant transport in fractures at a scale factor. The small crack height causes downward and upward flows, which wash proppant to the fracture rear and form isolated proppant dunes. A wider region in the fracture is beneficial to build up a large dune, and the high dune can hinder particle transport into the fracture rear. When the crack is close to the inlet, the primary fracture without proppants will close to hinder gas production. The smaller the bending angle, the smaller the proppant dune. A regression model can precisely predict the dune coverage ratio. The results fundamentally understand how complex fractures and natural cracks affect slurry flow and proppant distribution.     

Numerical investigation of the influence of shear band localization on the resonant behavior in the VHCF regime

The monitored resonant behavior of fatigue specimens of metastable austenitic stainless steel (AISI304) is correlated with its damage accumulation in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. The resonant behavior is studied experimentally and shows a distinct transient characteristic. Microscopic examinations indicate that during VHCF a localized plastic deformation in shear bands arises on the specimen surface. Hence, this work focuses on the effect of damage accumulation in shear bands on the resonant behavior of AISI304 in the VHCF regime. A microstructural simulation model is proposed that takes into account specific mechanisms in shear bands proven by experimental results. The simulation model is solved numerically using the two-dimensional boundary element method and the resonant behavior is characterized by evaluating the force-displacement hysteresis loop. Simulation of shear bands agrees well with microscopic examinations and plastic deformation in shear bands influences the transient characteristic of the resonant behavior.     

基于时域自适应算法的单向粘弹性节理岩体的等效分析

在粘弹性节理岩体的数值仿真中,必需合理地计及节理的影响.若将节理与岩体作为独立的材料组分考虑,在节理密集的情况下,时空两方面的计算开销可能是很难承受的.本文通过时域展开技术与一个简单的等效假定,得到了递推格式的粘弹性单向节理岩体的等效本构关系,及等效场的递推求解格式,并由此数值模拟了一个粘弹性节理岩体中的洞室,计算结果与考虑独立组分的ANSYS粘弹性分析进行了比较,二者的计算平均误差约为11.03%,但前者的计算效率为后者16.81倍.本文工作有可能为粘弹性节理岩体的数值模拟提供一条新的途径.     

力场-化学场耦合作用对含裂纹固体电解质力学行为的研究

为了研究力场-化学场耦合作用下的含裂纹电解质的断裂问题,本文构造了耦合情况下力场和浓度场的本构关系,并由这些本构关系建立了力场-化学场耦合问题的有限元方程。通过具体的算例,进一步探讨了裂纹尖端应力场和氧空位浓度分布的耦合作用对GDC(氧化钆掺杂的氧化铈)力学行为的影响,发现在耦合作用下,裂尖应力场对氧空位的分布有明显的诱导作用。     

Fingerprinting the processing behavior of polyethylenes from transient extensional flow and peel experiments in the melt state

The flow curves of linear (linear-low and high density) and branched polyethylenes are known to differ significantly. At increasing shear rates, the linear polymers exhibit a surface melt fracture or sharkskin region that is followed by an unstable oscillating or stick-slip flow regime when a constant piston speed capillary rheometer is used. At even higher shear rates, gross melt fracture appears. Unlike their linear counterparts, branched polyethylenes rarely exhibit sharkskin melt fracture and although gross melt fracture appears at high shear rates there is no discontinuity in their flow curve. The various flow regimes of these two types of polyethylenes are examined by performing experiments in the melt state using a unique extensional rheometer (the SER by Xpansion Instruments) that is capable of performing accurate extensional flow and peel experiments at very high rates not previously realized. The peel strength curves of these linear and branched polyethylenes exhibit all of the distinct flow regimes exhibited in their respective flow curves, thereby providing a fingerprint of their melt flow behavior. Moreover, these extensional flow and peel results in the melt state provide insight into the origins and mechanisms by which these melt flow phenomena may occur with regard to rapid tensile stress growth, melt rupture, and adhesive failure at the polymer wall interface.     

动脉狭窄内低密度脂蛋白传输的数值研究：LDL的浓度极化现象

用计算机数值模拟的方法 ,对低密度脂蛋白 ( LDL)在动脉狭窄血管段内的质量传输进行了研究。计算结果表明 ,由于血管壁渗流的存在 ,LDL这样的脂质大分子会聚积在血管的内壁表面 ,发生一种工程上称为浓度极化的现象。LDL浓度在动脉狭窄口后的流动分离点出现峰值。该浓度峰值随雷诺数和动脉狭窄度的增加而呈逐渐下降的趋势。作者认为 ,该区域 LDL浓度的局部升高是引发动脉粥样硬化局部性和动脉狭窄产生的一个非常重要的原因。     

岩石断裂尺寸效应测试装置研制及实验研究

面向岩石断裂尺寸效应研究的实验装置需求,针对现有技术中三点弯曲装置对多组尺寸岩石试件适应性差、最小跨距的测试量程不足等问题,研制了一种可灵活用于岩石断裂尺寸效应测试的三点弯曲装里.装置采用"两体分离式"的设计,三种不同型号的滚子与压头体、支座体配合使用,有效避免了不同尺寸试件采用同一直径滚子测试带来的实验精度问题;同时...