强激光与高密度气体相互作用中电子和离子加速的数值模拟

在现有的一维粒子模拟程序的基础上发展了带光电离和碰撞电离及蒙特卡罗两体碰撞的模拟程序(1D PIC-MCC). 用此程序模拟研究了短脉冲激光与He气靶相互作用时电子和离子的加速过程. 研究表明当强激光与过临界密度的微米厚度的平面靶相互作用时，靶前表面物质将被激光脉冲前沿迅速离化；新生的电子被激光场有质动力加速成为高能电子，这些电子穿入到靶内，通过电子碰撞电离离化靶内物质；一部分高能电子穿透靶后，会在靶的后表面形成强的电荷分离场，该场迅速离化靶后表面物质，同时使得后表面离子得到加速. 部分穿透靶的超热电子将被电荷分离场重新拉回靶内，在靶的前后表面振荡. 一些振荡电子在此过程中得到电荷分离场加速，离开前表面，在前表面也形成电荷分离场，使前表面离子得到加速. 关键词： 激光等离子体 光电离和碰撞电离 电子加速 离子加速     

傅里叶变换红外光谱用于胆囊癌细胞及其细胞核结构的基础研究

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对体外培养胆囊癌细胞、细胞核进行检测,对照胆囊癌组织光谱特征,研究胆囊癌细胞株及细胞核的光谱表现;为红外光谱法诊断胆囊癌奠定细胞学基础。应用美国Nicolet(尼高力)公司5700-Ⅱ型红外光谱仪,组织标本放置于OMNIC采样器表面进行检测,记录红外光谱;体外培养胆囊癌细胞株(GBC-SD)及提取的细胞核涂于欧米采样器表面进行红外检测,记录红外光谱,得到时间轴上体外培养细胞株及细胞核的光谱图;选择特征性光谱与胆囊癌组织光谱进行比对。结果发现胆囊癌细胞株红外光谱特征与相应癌组织光谱特征存在异同。从而可得出结论：将体外培养肿瘤细胞株及提取的肿瘤细胞核,进行FTIR测定是行之有效的细胞红外光谱检测手段,能得到体外培养细胞的红外谱图;胆囊癌组织所表现的红外光谱特征具有胆囊癌细胞本身的红外光谱特征,同时也具有组织自身的复杂特点;FTIR为应用于胆囊癌的定性诊断提供了更加丰富的细胞学基础。     

孤立带电导体的电荷分布

本文就孤立导体面电荷密度与表面的曲率的关系进行定性地分析．带电导体处于静电平衡状态时，导体内部电场强度必定处处等于零，即Ｅ内＝０．由Ｅ内＝０，可以直接导出如下几点推论：（１）导体是等势体，表面是等势面；（２）导体表面场强处处与表面垂直；（３）由高斯定...     

润滑膜全氟聚醚的稳定性

采用基于粗粒珠簧模型的分子动力学模拟方法，考察了非极性和极性全氟聚醚(perfluoropolyether， PFPE)膜在固体表面的稳定性. 随着时间推移，非极性PFPE膜的表面形貌没有明显变化，呈现稳定的状态；而强极性PFPE膜的部分润滑分子发生局域集聚，使润滑膜的表面粗糙度随时间而增大，呈现不稳定的状态. 通过比较具有不同极性端基PFPE润滑膜的表面形貌变化，结果发现：极性端基与极性端基的作用是导致润滑膜不稳定的根本原因，极性端基与固体表面的作用对润滑膜稳定性影响不大. 关键词： 全氟聚醚膜 分子动力学模拟 稳定性     

光动力作用可致人肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡的实验研究

为探讨光动力作用（PDT）对体外培养的人肝癌细胞HepG2的杀伤效应，应用体外培养的人肝癌细胞HepG2，采用血卟啉衍生物（HPD）为光敏剂，用He-Ne激光器（波长632．8nm，能量密度120J／cm^2）进行激光照射，以系列浓度经不同剂量的光照后用MTT法测定PDT对肝癌细胞的相对抑制率，流式细胞仪检测其凋亡率．发现随光敏剂浓度的升高和照光剂量的增加，光动力作用对细胞的相对抑制率逐渐增大，在低光动力剂量下明显上升，随后上升渐趋缓慢达平台期．取在特定的光动力剂量下，肝癌细胞出现明显的凋亡现象，与对照组有明显的差异．实验结果表明，光动力作用下对体外培养的人肝癌细胞具有明确的杀伤效应，其机理可能与细胞凋亡有关．     

卡维地洛载入酵母细胞微囊的制备和体外释放

酵母细胞通过被十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)进行透性化处理之后,很好的增加了细胞膜的通透性,从而使药物分子更容易的进入细胞中.利用电子显微镜和透射电镜考察透性化后细胞的形态和细胞内部结构、紫外测定载药量和释放度.结果表明用酵母细胞经过CTAB处理之后细胞仍保持完整性,平均载药量为32.24％,卡维地洛在pH1.2,48h内体外累积释放为94.07％.     

微波光子信道化链路非线性失真的数字补偿方法

微波光子信道化链路的线性度主要受信道内的交调失真和信道间的互调失真的限制。本文提出了一种基于数字域迭代的非线性失真补偿方法，对各个信道输出的中频信号在数字域进行联合处理，通过迭代不断逼近线性化的理想结果，能够同时有效抑制信道化链路中的交调失真和互调失真。仿真结果表明，在参数无偏差的情况下，该方法可以完全抑制信道内的交调失真和信道间的互调失真；在参数偏差为5%的情况下，仍可以将三阶交调失真和互调失真分别抑制15 dB和16 dB。     

风湿性关节炎动物模型中血啉甲醚荧光强度的同步检测研究

光动力疗法的疗效依赖于治疗过程中靶组织中光敏剂的含量或浓度 ,而药物在组织中的分布特性是受动物机体调控的 ,因此 ,同一个体不同组织对光敏剂吸收的时间特性需要同时进行检测才能排除个体之间的差异。建立了一套空间三通道激光诱导荧光同步检测装置 ,并用该装置研究了活体大耳白兔风湿性关节炎模型滑膜、软骨和皮肤对血啉甲醚吸收的时间特性。研究结果表明 ,炎性滑膜组织对血啉甲醚的吸收量远大于软骨和皮肤 ,这一差别在静脉给药即刻就很明显 ,在静脉给药后 2 0min内 ,滑膜中的光敏剂药物含量约为软骨和皮肤中的 6倍。因此 ,对于借助血啉甲醚 ,用光动力疗法治疗风湿性关节炎并采用体外照射治疗方案时 ,从注药即刻开始 ,前 2 0min左右进行光照治疗可能是较好的选择。     

GaN（1010）表面结构的第一性原理计算

用全势缀加平面波加局域轨道（APW＋lo）的方法计算了六方GaN及其非极性（1010）表面的原子及电子结构.计算出的六方GaN晶体结构参数：晶格常数和体积弹性模量与实验值符合得很好.用平板超原胞模型来计算GaN（1010）表面的原子与电子结构，结果表明表面顶层原子发生键长收缩并扭转的弛豫特性.表面阳离子向体内移动，趋向于sp2平面构形；而表面阴离子向体外移动，趋向于锥形的p3构形.弛豫后，表面实现由半金属性向半导体性的转变.并且，表面电荷发生大的转移，参与表面键的重新杂化，使得表面原子的离子性减弱共价性增强，认为这就是表面原子键收缩并旋转的原因.     

粘土矿物参与微生物利用木质素形成矿物-菌体残留物的结构特征研究

粘土矿物在催化木质素形成腐殖质方面具有重要贡献。为有效阐明微生物-木质素-粘土矿物三者间的关系，探明矿物-菌体残留物的结构特征，采用液体摇瓶培养法，以木质素为碳源，通过添加高岭石和蒙脱石，在接种复合菌剂后启动110 d液体培养，期间动态收集矿物-菌体残留物，利用傅里叶红外光谱及扫描电子显微镜技术对其结构特性进行了研究。结果表明：高岭石颗粒边缘多由管状体卷曲而成，在参与微生物利用木质素形成矿物-菌体残留物后，连片状细小颗粒结构进一步团聚，结合更加紧凑，短管状结构增多，但整体仍保持多水高岭石的结构特征；在初始富营养条件下，高岭石能够促进微生物繁衍，使大量菌体聚集于高岭石表面，掩蔽了Si-O和Si-O-Al键，且矿物-菌体残留物中脂族碳结构比例增加；菌体中多糖物质通过含氧官能团与高岭石表面的水化层在多个部位形成氢键，氢键的形成对于高岭石稳定木质素及其降解产物具有重要作用，芳香碳结构比例和多糖类物质含量随培养时间逐渐增加，而后复合菌株对掩蔽在矿物表面的菌体进行二次利用，使高岭石Si-O-Al键重现；蒙脱石多由浑圆的颗粒结构组成，接种微生物可使其表面产生溶蚀，团粒结构遭到破碎；与10 d相比，历经30 d培养所得矿物-菌体残留物中的多糖类物质增多，使原本归属蒙脱石Si-O-Si及Si-O结构的1 034~1 038 cm-1处吸收峰强度增加，而后因多糖类物质与蒙脱石表面羟基发生缔合，又使该处吸收峰强度减弱，同时发生了氢键键合，该作用是蒙脱石-微生物-木质素间相互作用、形成矿物-菌体残留物的主要机制；高岭石在稳定有机碳方面的能力要高于蒙脱石，更易促进HS前体物质的形成。     

X‐ray techniques applied to surface paintings of ceramic pottery pieces from Aguada Culture (Catamarca,Argentina)

X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), x‐ray imaging (XRI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were applied to characterize and differentiate surface paintings of archeological pottery from the Aguada Ambato and Portezuelo styles (Catamarca, Argentina). Standard procedures are not always appropriate for such samples (paint layers are porous, nonplanar and discontinue). Image processing is necessary when chemical contrast is not discriminated. Soft x‐ray lines (e.g. Fe L) are more revealing because those detected come from shallower depths, clearly depicting the composition of the paint layer. These styles differ in mineralogy and chemistry suggesting that they are two distinctive entities not only on their designs but also on the materials chosen and the technology used. Aguada Portezuelo paints contain Ca (white), Fe? Mn (black), Fe? Mn? Ca (dark reddish) and Fe? Ca (reddish). The white ones correspond to gehlenite, a firing product (possible firing temperature ≥900–1000 °C); calcite and CaO occur in cases of firing temperatures <900 °C. Aguada Ambato presents difficulties for paint discrimination; only EDS spectra show slight differences. White paint from Tricolor Ambato contains mainly Pb‐phases (hatchite, anglesite, plumalsite), reddish paint resembles the paste (～Fe, hematite); reddish surfaces may have not been painted but polished. Black paint has scarce Mn–minerals. On Black Incised sherds no particular phase was identified suggesting possible organic pigments or resulting from the firing technique. The chemistry and mineralogy of the paste almost always overlap that of the paints; painted layer is irregular and partially worn by years of burial. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composition analysis of medieval ceramics by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique is expected to be one of the most preferred techniques in archaeology research since it does not disrupt the structural and chemical form of archaeological samples, and it is considered virtually nondestructive analysis method. In this work, LIBS is used for analyses of glaze, paint, and clay of medieval ceramics collected from East Plain Cilicia, Osmaniye Province during archaeological survey. Transparent glazed and colour-painted ceramics of the Islam and Byzantine pottery traditions are analysed to detect distinctive and common features of the chemical compositions of their glazes. The spectral lines of Islamic and Byzantine glazes indicate that their structures are same. However, strontium (Sr) is determined in the transparent glaze of Islamic ceramics. Elemental composition and homogeneity of paint on one of the sample are determined by LIBS analysis. Colour changes are related with composition differences of the paint content in the archaeological ceramic. In addition, the clay classification of archaeological ceramics taken from the Yap?l?p?nar mounds, Ta?l?höyük mounds, and Ören?ehir ancient sites is done using PCA and PLS-DA chemometric techniques. According to the results of the classification, Yap?l?p?nar mounds terracotta ceramics differ from those of Ta?l?höyük and Ören?ehir ancient sites.     

Technological features of ‘gnathia’ pottery

‘Gnathia’ pottery samples, dating back to the mid‐fourth and third century BC, from the archaeological site of Egnazia (Fasano, Brindisi, Italy) have been characterised from the physical‐chemical, mineralogical and morphological points of view. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analyses have been carried out on the ceramic body, black gloss, white, yellow and red over‐paintings of fragments, with the aim of outlining technological features and defining the nature of coatings and decorations. Analytical results confirm from both a technological and morphological/decorative point of view the close relationship between ‘Gnathia’ pottery and red figured pottery, particularly with the Apulian red figured from which it takes its inspiration. At the same time the experimental results highlight shared characteristics and differences with both Attic and Apulian red figured productions. The biggest difference is in the utilisation of the ‘ingobbio rosso’ layer that covers the ceramic body. This does not seem to be based on aesthetic grounds, as in the case of Apulian red figured pottery, but on application of acquired production processes, since ‘Gnathia’ pottery was made in the same workshops as red figured pottery. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of various spectroscopic techniques to characterize the archaeological pottery excavated from Manaveli,Puducherry, India

This paper is focused on a spectroscopic study of some ancient pottery shreds from an archaeological site Manaveli village, Puducherry, India. Analytical characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning colorimetric coupled with thermo gravimetric analysis were carried out on red and black ware and red ware recently excavated from the above site. The experimental results of FT-IR and XRD are similar and allowed us to identify the mineralogical composition of pottery samples. In addition, TGA was applied in order to study the dehydration of hydroscopic water and decomposition of carboxyl group in the powdered pottery samples during heating. Moreover, this paper proves that all the above spectroscopic techniques are very useful analytical tool for the examination of ancient pottery, which is also suitable for the identification of its firing temperature and firing atmosphere.     

太赫兹脉冲光谱法测量微米级多层油漆涂层厚度技术

在汽车工业、飞机、船舶等领域中,油漆的涂层厚度管理对产品防水、防锈功能和颜色效果有着重要影响,但是目前采用的商业化涂层测厚仪都是接触式,并且很难直接获得多层涂层中的各层厚度。利用反射式太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)系统探测样品的太赫兹脉冲光谱,基于脉冲回波的飞行时间建立简易的单点漆膜厚度提取模型。并通过最小二乘法拟合油漆样品的光学厚度与几何厚度之间的线性关系计算出12种涂覆在铝板上的油漆样品的测量折射率,发现金属油漆与非金属油漆在太赫兹波段的折射率存在较大的差异,闪光银色油漆样品的测量折射率为5.15,而白色油漆样品的测量折射率仅为2.64。在单层白色油漆样品厚度分布均匀的区域内测量50个点的膜厚,以磁/涡流感应涂层测厚仪的测量数据为参考标准,得到的厚度平均值为71.7 μm,测量误差为3.5 μm。对双层油漆样品进行二维扫描,测得白色油漆和底漆的厚度分布分别是(233±13)和(130±11) μm。同样,通过黑色三层油漆样品和银色三层油漆样品的二维分布图,分析了各层的漆膜厚度及其分布的均匀性。结果表明,太赫兹脉冲光谱法实现了1～3层漆膜的厚度测量及其分布均匀性评估,该方法对金属油漆的厚度分辨力较高,并且可通过非接触探测样品的太赫兹脉冲光谱,获得多层油漆的各层厚度及厚度的二维分布信息,易于实现喷涂质量的评估。     

Provenance identification of ancient pottery from Hachijojima Island,part of Izu Islands (Tokyo,Japan), using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

A total of 47 pottery fragments were unearthed in Hachijojima Island, part of the Izu Islands (Tokyo, Japan). Among these samples, 36 found in the Kurawa site had designs resembling pottery dating back to the Jomon period (14,000–300 BC) distributed throughout Japan's main island, Honshu; five samples from the Jomon period found in the Yubama site were “undesigned”; the rest, found in the Yaene site, were undesigned Haji pottery samples dating back to the beginning of the late Kofun period (490–549 AD). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) was used to determine the chemical composition (in terms of 10 major oxides and 12 minor elements) of the samples to identify their provenance, that is, local versus nonlocal. For this purpose, a portion of each pottery fragment was processed to obtain a glass bead specimen. The pottery samples were classified by multivariate statistical approaches, including principal component analysis and cluster analysis, on the basis of their chemical composition. Additionally, the XRF results were compared to geochemical data from Hachijojima Island using scatter diagrams. The data thus collected allowed the provenance of the pottery samples to be inferred. In particular, the 36 samples from the Kurawa site were concluded to have been brought to Hachijojima Island from Honshu in prehistoric times, whereas the other samples were concluded to have been manufactured locally.     

基于X射线谱学和操作链分析的煤山遗址出土陶器综合研究

采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱（ED-XRF）技术结合考古学常用的陶器操作链研究模式, 对河南汝州煤山遗址出土的陶器遗存开展制作工艺和文化传承关系的综合研究。煤山遗址位于河南省汝州市（原为临汝县）北刘庄村,是研究中原地区新石器时代向文明国家转变的代表性遗址,出土了龙山时代的王湾三期文化（BC2300-BC1900）和具备早期国家形态的二里头文化（BC1750-BC1500）两个重要阶段大量具有典型考古学文化特点的陶器遗存,可以据此较为深入理解距今4000年前后社会复杂化进程和国家起源等重大问题。因此,对该遗址出土陶器的多学科综合研究具有极高的学术价值和文化意义。对煤山遗址出土具有不同文化类型的陶器样本进行化学组成与物理性能分析,将分析结果与陶器操作链分析相结合,进行比对分析。针对煤山遗址陶器遗存,谱学分析结果显示,不同时期考古学文化在制陶原料的选择上差异不大,具有同源性,暗示虽然文化类型不同,但其对粘土的认识和选择具有高度一致性。陶器操作链分析结果显示,虽然新石器时代的王湾三期文化年代较早,但其陶器制作工艺却较晚期的二里头文化更先进,体现了中原地区文化演进过程中既连续又摇摆的发展特点。陶器操作链分析可以反映文化内容的特征性和继承性,在使用谱学分析排除了原料与烧制影响后,对其所提取的信息具有更强的说服力和可比性。综合研究表明,将谱学分析和陶器操作链分析相结合,开展多学科对比和综合研究,可以更好的排除干扰,获取更为扎实且客观的认识,并为考古学文化演进研究提供重要的科学依据。     

基于傅里叶红外光谱的汽车车身油漆比对

为了通过事故现场遗留的车辆油漆快速排查及确定肇事逃逸车辆的车型范围,采集了287份汽车车身油漆样本,获得了940份油漆红外光谱,建立了汽车车身油漆红外光谱比对数据库。结合特征波峰法与相关系数法实现了车身油漆光谱的比对,并对不同类型油漆碎片进行了比对实验。实验结果表明：对于层次完整的油漆碎片,比对的重点是面漆层和中涂层光谱;对于不完整的油漆碎片,应层次分离后分层进行光谱检索;对于老化油漆,应以面漆层的光谱匹配为主,扩大搜索范围后综合分析搜寻嫌疑车型。     

基于发射光谱及成分分析的激光除漆机理研究

基于激光诱导击穿光谱和X射线能谱技术,测量了激光与油漆作用时发射光谱及作用前后元素成分的变化,以此研究了激光除漆的机理。实验测量了不同纳秒激光能量下激光诱导击穿油漆表面的光谱,计算了等离子体的电子密度和温度。通过扫描电子显微镜对油漆烧蚀形貌进行了分析,采用X射线能谱仪测量了烧蚀前后油漆成分的变化。研究结果表明,等离子体电子密度、温度以及烧蚀区域大小都随着入射激光能量的增加逐渐增加。在激光作用前后油漆中碳(C)含量明显降低,原子百分比从78.25%降低到67.07%,说明激光与油漆作用过程中发生了烧蚀。通过对比钛(Ti)元素、C元素和铝(Al)元素的相对原子比例,表明更高的激光能量下油漆烧蚀的更剧烈。该工作对深入研究激光除漆机理有重要意义。     

Surface analysis in archaeology using the miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II

We report on an interdisciplinary study of ceramic material excavated in 1999 and 2001 at a 1000-year old ceramic and metal production site, located at Huaca Sialupe in the La Leche valley on the north coast of Peru and dating to the Middle Sicán period (AD 900–1100). Sherds of Sicán red- and blackware, numerous moulds, several kilns and other evidence of pottery making were found. The pottery, in particular, is famous for its fine texture and perfect black surface finish. In addition, some clay lumps and sherds of unfired Sicán pottery were excavated. Within the same workshop several large inverted ceramic urns used as furnaces were found together with Middle Sicán metal working tools and debris. Various physical methods were applied to investigate this material. The ancient firing procedures could be elucidated by comparing the spectra observed for the ancient sherds with model spectra of laboratory and field fired clay samples. This shows that the fine ware made at Huaca Sialupe was intentionally fired under strongly reducing conditions at temperatures up to 900°C. Reoxidation at the end of the reducing firing took place only occasionally. Less care was taken in firing moulds used for pottery making.