液晶高弹体的光致变形与弯曲行为研究

本文研究了一类光敏液晶高弹体在紫外光照射下的变形和弯曲行为。在分析了近年发现的光敏液晶高弹体中光致变形的机理和规律的基础上,给出了该材料一维变形本构关系,研究其变形行为,进而利用铁木辛科双金属片弯曲的思想建立了梁的光致弯曲模型。     

四边简支液晶高弹体薄板光致弯曲行为分析

光敏液晶弹性体在紫外光的照射下可以发生自发性的弯曲变形.基于各向同性线弹性材料小变形假设,建立了单畴向列相光敏液晶弹性体薄板的光致弯曲模型.通过定义光力矩,将光的效应引入挠度的控制方程和边界条件.均匀光照下,给出了四边简支边界条件下的挠度解析表达式,探讨了相关参数对弯曲行为的影响.均匀照射下,光场参数对单畴向列相液晶弹...     

斜侵彻混凝土靶的刻槽弹体的结构响应

基于刚塑性理论和侵彻载荷理论分析,将刻槽弹体简化为空间自由变截面梁,给出了弹体在侵彻混凝土早期的刚体响应行为,得到了弹体任一截面弯矩、剪力以及屈服函数的分布规律。基于此理论分析,得到了刻槽弹体壁厚、材料屈服强度、初速及倾角对弹体弯曲的影响规律。     

功能梯度梁纯弯曲特性研究

根据陶瓷和金属的体积分布,利用TTO模型,得到了功能梯度材料力学参数沿梁高度方向变化的规律。在小变形及平面假设下研究了功能梯度矩形截面梁纯弯曲特性。结果表明:弹性模量、屈服应力、切线模量的梯度分布使梁截面的应力呈现明显的不对称;在加载的弹性阶段,中性轴偏向陶瓷一侧并保持恒定;随着载荷的增大,在陶瓷一侧率先出现单边塑性区,中性层的高度先降低后增大;卸载阶段,中性层的高度、梁截面上的应力分布受卸载初始时的弯矩影响;功能梯度纯弯曲梁截面应力及弹塑性边界呈现出明显的不对称性。     

小攻角条件下动能弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶的弹体弯曲

将高速侵彻混凝土靶板的弹体简化为自由梁,应用弹体侵彻阻力和梁动态弯曲内力分析了由小攻 角产生的横向载荷导致的弹体弯曲。结果表明,弹体理论弯曲条件受弹体着靶前状态、弹体结构和材料控制。 理论计算证实弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶板时由于小攻角的存在会发生弹体弯曲变形,弹体侵彻实验结果表明 弹体弯曲位置和弯曲条件与理论分析结果相符。     

单轴拉伸下液晶高弹体力学行为的热力序耦合特性

论文利用液晶高弹体的应力-应变本构方程和力-序耦合方程,研究了沿指向矢单轴拉伸下液晶高弹体力学行为的热力序耦合特性.由于力-序耦合,有序度在拉伸作用下变大,从而影响了液晶高弹体的应力-应变关系,使得应力在相同伸长下变小.不同温度下应力受到有序度影响的程度不同.由于有序度随温度升高而减小,当工程应力不变时,伸长随着温度升高而减小;当伸长不变时,应力随着温度升高而增大;伸长随温度的变化关系和应力随温度的变化关系都呈非线性.     

剪力对楔形变截面双模量梁弯曲应力的影响

推导出了楔形矩形变截面双模量梁的截面高度表达式,利用静力平衡方程确定了楔形矩形变截面双模量梁弯曲时的中性层位置,得到了楔形矩形变截面双模量梁的弯曲剪应力计算公式.在考虑剪切变形影响的基础上,利用楔形矩形变截面双模量梁的弯曲剪应力计算公式,推导出了楔形矩形变截面双模量梁弯曲正应力计算公式.通过算例分析,讨论分析了楔形矩形变截面双模量梁的楔度比、剪力、长高比等对矩形截面双模量梁弯曲正应力的影响.研究结果表明:随着楔度比的增大,楔形矩形变截面梁弯曲拉、压正应力绝对值逐渐减小.当矩形截面双模量梁的长高比小于一定比值,剪力会对楔形矩形变截面双模量梁弯曲正应力产生较大的影响.得到了拉压弹性模量相差较大的情况,采用经典材料力学理论进行楔形矩形变截面双模量梁的弯曲应力计算分析是不合适的,应该采用双模量材料力学理论对梁弯曲应力进行分析计算的结论.     

在冲击弹体作用下梁的反直观行为研究

用数值模拟方法,分析简支梁在弹体冲击下梁的反直观行为.研究了在跨中受弹体冲击引发反直观行为时,梁的位移时程曲线、最终变形模式、能量关系及引发反直观行为对应的弹体速度范围等特性.并探讨了弹体偏离梁的中点冲击时,对梁的反直观行为的影响.研究表明:不论弹体冲击梁的中点或偏离梁的中点冲击时,梁都会发生反直观行为,并具有许多共同的动力响应特点.     

功能梯度材料纯弯曲梁的弹塑性分析

假设功能梯度材料为一理想弹塑性材料,其弹性模量和屈服强度沿梁高度方向按照幂函数变化,在小变形及平截面假设下研究功能梯度材料纯弯曲梁的弹塑性性能.根据Mises屈服准则导出了纯弯曲梁的弹性极限弯矩的解析表达式,建立了梁在弹塑性状态时截面弯矩与截面弹、塑性区分布之间的关系式,给出了梁进入塑性极限状态时中性轴的位置以及塑性极限弯矩的解析计算公式.数值算例的结果表明,功能梯度材料梁的弹塑性性能与均匀材料梁不同,其屈服不一定首先产生于截面最大应力点,而可能有多种不同的屈服模态及相应的塑性扩展.弹性模量及屈服强度的梯度变化对功能梯度材料纯弯曲梁的中性轴位置、截面弹塑性应力分布以及塑性极限弯矩均有较大影响.研究结果可为功能梯度材料梁的弹塑性分析提供一定的参考.     

考虑损伤的粘弹性梁的纯弯曲

根据粘弹性损伤理论,分析了带损伤粘弹性矩形梁在受纯弯曲时损伤对应力的影响,得到了在Laplace变换域内损伤场和应力场的分布.利用Laplace数值逆变换,分别得到了损伤弹性梁和损伤粘弹性梁的最大应力和最大损伤值,分析了材料的粘性对梁内应力和损伤的影响.     

A gradient model of light-induced bending in photochromic liquid crystal elastomer and its nonlinear behaviors

Photochromic liquid crystal elastomer was recently reported to be able to deform largely and bend under illumination. In this paper, considering the opto-chemical process and the nematic-isotropic phase transition, we introduce the light and temperature into the constitutive relation of the liquid crystal elastomers, and propose a model for the light-induced bending. The dynamic deflection curve equation of the light-induced bending is derived based on the Hamilton principle. In the equation, the effect of light is introduced as an effective optical bending moment, which is caused by the inhomogeneous light-induced strain and Young's modulus. Several simulation examples are given to show the light-induced bending under different boundary conditions and various illumination or temperature controlling. Under the condition of deep nematic phase and weak enough illumination, the approximate analytical expression of the effective moment and the stress distribution can be obtained. Rich nonlinear behaviors are found in this model. The effective moment is a non-monotonic function of time, thickness ratio, and light intensity when the thickness ratio is not very large. The stress distribution through the thickness is nonlinear with two or three zero-stress planes.     

Stress-free layers in photoinduced deformations of photoelastomer beams

Nematic liquid crystals combined with long molecular chains to form liquid crystal elastomers are capable of large extension. When such liquid crystal elastomers contain azo dyes to constitute photoelastomers, illumination can trigger large contraction. Beams made from such photoelastomers possess a non-uniform illumination and hence photostrain across their cross-section, resulting in bending and highly non-linear stress distribution. Due to the non-linear stress distribution, there can be more than one stress-free layers within the beam. In this paper, we present a dimensionless parametric study of nematic photoelastomer beams under the combined effects of light and mechanical loads. We show how the number of stress-free layers depends on three dimensionless parameters. The paths traced out by the system in the space of dimensionless parameters by varying the different real parameters are investigated, showing how the number of stress-free layers changes when e.g. the thickness or the mechanical load of the elastomer beam is varied. These results are important if the strain induced director rotation is not negligible.     

任意光滑梯度变化的功能梯度材料纯弯曲梁的弹塑性分析

假设功能梯度材料为理想弹塑性材料,其屈服强度和弹性模量均沿梁的高度方向按任意光滑函数连续变化,在小变形及平截面假定下,导出了功能梯度材料纯弯曲梁弹性极限弯矩及塑性极限弯矩的解析表达式,建立了弹塑性应力状态下截面弯矩和截面的弹、塑性应力分布之间的解析关系．研究表明,功能梯度材料梁存在多种可能的屈服模式,其最先屈服的点不一定位于截面应力最大处,而可能位于截面的其他任意位置;屈服强度及弹性模量的梯度变化对梁的弹塑性力学性能有很大影响．研究结果可为功能梯度材料纯弯曲梁的弹塑性问题研究提供一定的参考．     

Quasi-soft opto-mechanical behavior of photochromic liquid crystal elastomer: Linearized stress–strain relations and finite element simulations

Based on the neo-classical elastic energy of liquid crystal elastomers, the opto-mechanical behavior is modeled by considering the effect of photoisomerization on the nematic-isotropic transition of liquid crystal phase. Linearized stress–strain relation is derived for infinitesimal deformations with a very unusual shear stress that does not vanish identically as in the case of the soft behavior but is proportional to the rotation of directors. In other words, the shear stress depends on both the shear strain and the skew symmetric part of the displacement gradient with the shear modulus induced by the effect of photoisomerization. Finite element implementation for plane stress problems is obtained through a self-defined material subroutine in ABAQUS FEA tool. Numerical simulations show that the light induced deformations of two dimensional specimens consist of contractions, expansions and bending in different directions. The stress distributions indicate that the driving force for the light induced bending is produced by the bending moment of the normal stress along the director, while the other stress components are much smaller for two dimensional beam shaped specimens. However, the shear stress of the soft LCE is generally nonzero under light illumination due to the inhomogeneity of the opto-mechanical effect. It can be concluded from the strain distributions that the transversal plane cross section could remain plane after deformation if the light intensity or the decay distance is not too small and the sample is in the deep nematic phase. However, the shear strain and in plane rotation are of the same order as the other strain components, and thus should not be neglected. This indicates that the classical simple bending assumptions such as the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory should not be directly applied to model the light induced bending of neo-classical liquid crystal elastomers due to the soft behavior of the materials.     

周期光照下液晶弹性体简支梁的振动响应研究

液晶弹性体(LCE)因其具有快速的光热响应和可逆变形等特性,在能量转换、软机器人和非接触控制等领域具有广泛的应用前景。本文利用液晶弹性体在外部光刺激下可与机械变形耦合的特性,建立了LCE简支梁的动态模型,研究了其在周期光照下的弯曲振动现象。首先建立了LCE简支梁的光驱动控制方程,然后通过振型叠加法获得方程的半解析解,再用Matlab软件编程计算其变化规律。计算结果表明,周期光照可以使LCE简支梁发生周期性振动,梁跨中的振动幅值可以通过阻尼因子、热弛豫时间、光照强度、光照周期和光照时间率来调节,振动平衡位置可以通过光强与热弛豫时间来调节,振动反应时间可以通过热弛豫时间与阻尼来调节。本文结果对光驱动运动的控制和光机能量转换系统的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Bending of functionally graded cantilever beam with power-law non-linearity subjected to an end force

A realistic beam structure often exhibits material and geometrical non-linearity, in particular for those made of metals. The mechanical behaviors of a non-linear functionally graded-material (FGM) cantilever beam subjected to an end force are investigated by using large and small deformation theories. Young's modulus is assumed to be depth-dependent. For an FGM beam of power-law hardening, the location of the neutral axis is determined. The effects of depth-dependent Young's modulus and non-linearity parameter on the deflections and rotations of the FGM beams are analyzed. Our results show that different gradient indexes may change the bending stiffness of the beam so that an FGM beam may bear larger applied load than a homogeneous beam when choosing appropriate gradients. Moreover, the bending stress distribution in an FGM beam is completely different from that in a homogeneous beam. The bending stress arrives at the maximum tensile stress at an internal position rather than at the surface. Obtained results are useful in safety design of linear and non-linear beams.     

On the stresses due to an overlapped circular hole on the neutral axis of a deep beam under constant bending moment

Summary In this paper we have discussed an intresting problem on the effect of stress distribution in a deep beam under constant bending moment with a small overlapped circular hole on the neutral axis of the beam. The solution has been obtained in the integral form with the use of bipolar coordinates. Numerical values of the stress have been computed for some points over the edge of the hole.     

纵横载荷作用下功能梯度梁的弯曲和过屈曲

基于一阶非线性梁理论和物理中面概念,导出了纵横向载荷作用下功能梯度材料(FGM)梁非线性弯曲和过屈曲问题的控制方程,并获得了该问题的精确解;据此解研究了梯度材料性质、外载荷、横向剪切变形以及边界条件等因素对功能梯度材料梁非线性力学行为的影响,分析中假设功能梯度材料性质只沿梁厚度方向,并按成分含量的幂指数函数形式变化。结果表明:纵横载荷共同作用下,功能梯度梁的弯曲构形将有无限多个;随着梯度指数的增大,梁的变形减小,临界载荷升高;随着长高比的增大,横向剪切变形的影响减小。     

热载荷作用下梯度多孔材料梁弯曲及过屈曲力学行为的研究

基于Bernoulli-Euler梁理论,引入物理中面解耦了复合材料结构的面内变形与横向弯曲特性,研究了梯度多孔材料矩形截面梁在热载荷作用下的弯曲及过屈曲力学行为．假设沿梁厚度方向材料的性质是连续变化的,利用能量法推导了矩形截面梁的控制微分方程和边界条件,并用打靶法对无量纲化的控制方程进行数值求解．利用计算得到的结果分析了材料的性质、热载荷、边界条件对矩形截面梁非线性力学行为的影响．结果表明,对称材料模型下,固支梁与简支梁均显示出了典型的分支屈曲行为特征,而其临界屈曲热载荷值均会随着孔隙率系数的增加而单调增加．非对称材料模型下,固支梁仍显示出分支屈曲行为特征,但其临界屈曲热载荷不再随着孔隙率系数的变化而单调变化;而对于两端简支梁,发生了弯曲变形,弯曲挠度随载荷的增大而增大．     

不可压饱和多孔弹性梁、杆动力响应的数学模型

基于多孔介质理论,首先建立了饱和多孔弹性杆件弯曲与轴向变形时动力响应的数学模型.其次,基于多孔弹性梁弯曲变形的数学模型,利用Laplace变换,分析了两端可渗透的饱和多孔弹性悬臂梁在自由端受阶梯载荷作用下的动静力响应,给出了梁弯曲时挠度、弯矩以及孔隙流体压力等效力偶等物理量随时间的响应曲线.发现不可压多孔弹性梁的拟静态响应亦存在Mandel-Cryer现象,多孔弹性梁的挠度具有与粘弹性梁挠度类似的蠕变特征,然而,其应力响应不同于粘弹性梁,随着时间的增加,梁拟静态响应的弯矩逐渐增加,并达到一个稳态值.这些结果有助于揭示植物根茎等力学行为的机理.