1 : 3-Resonance in a Hopf–Hopf bifurcation

We investigate the bifurcating solutions at a Hopf–Hopf interaction point with an internal 1 : 3 resonance. It turns out, that the transitions from single to mixed modes can be described by Duffing or Mathieu szenarios. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Three-dimensional modulation of electron-acoustic waves: 3 + 1 Davey–Stewartson system

In this paper we consider the three-dimensional modulation of an electron-acoustic wave by means of a multiple-scale perturbation method. We find that the governing equation for the amplitude that describes the asymptotic properties of the wave is a Davey–Stewartson system in three-space variables. We use the system to study the linear stability of the modulation wave and we compare our results with preceding studies by Kourakis and Shukla (2004) [8] on the oblique modulation problem based on a non-linear Schrödinger equation.     

New abundant exact solutions for the (2 + 1)-dimensional generalized Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov system

In this paper, the extended hyperbolic function method is used for analytic treatment of the (2 + 1)-dimensional generalized Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov (GNNV) system. We can obtained some new explicit exact solitary wave solutions, the multiple nontrivial exact periodic travelling wave solutions, the soliton solutions and complex solutions. Some known results in the literatures can be regarded as special cases. The methods employed here can also be used to solve a large class of nonlinear evolution equations.     

Several classes of exact solutions to the 1 + 1 Born–Infeld equation

We obtain closed-form exact solutions to the 1 + 1 Born–Infeld equation arising in nonlinear electrodynamics. In particular, we obtain general traveling wave solutions of one wave variable, solutions of two wave variables, similarity solutions, multiplicatively separable solutions, and additively separable solutions. Then, putting the Born–Infeld model into correspondence with the minimal surface equation using a Wick rotation, we are able to construct complex helicoid solutions, transformed catenoid solutions, and complex analogues of Scherk’s first and second surfaces. Some of the obtained solutions are new, whereas others are generalizations of solutions in the literature. These exact solutions demonstrate the fact that solutions to the Born–Infeld model can exhibit a variety of behaviors. Exploiting the integrability of the Born–Infeld equation, the solutions are constructed elegantly, without the need for complicated analytical algorithms.     

Lie symmetry analysis,optimal system,and generalized group invariant solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional Date–Jimbo–Kashiwara–Miwa equation

In this work, Lie group theoretic method is used to carry out the similarity reduction and solitary wave solutions of (2 + 1)-dimensional Date–Jimbo–Kashiwara–Miwa (DJKM) equation. The equation describes the propagation of nonlinear dispersive waves in inhomogeneous media. Under the invariance property of Lie groups, the infinitesimal generators for the governing equation have been obtained. Thereafter, commutator table, adjoint table, invariant functions, and one-dimensional optimal system of subalgebras are derived by using Lie point symmetries. The symmetry reductions and some group invariant solutions of the DJKM equation are obtained based on some subalgebras. The obtained solutions are new and more general than the rest while known results reported in the literature. In order to show the physical affirmation of the results, the obtained solutions are supplemented through numerical simulation. Thus, the solitary wave, doubly soliton, multi soliton, and dark soliton profiles of the solutions are traced to make this research physically meaningful.     

Pfaffian solutions and extended Pfaffian solutions to (3 + 1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation

Based on the Pfaffian derivative formula and Hirota bilinear method, the Pfaffian solutions to (3 + 1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation are obtained under a set of linear partial differential condition. Moreover, we extend the linear partial differential condition and proved that (3 + 1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation has extended Pfaffian solutions. As examples, special exact two-soliton solution and three-soliton solution are computed and plotted. Our results show that (3 + 1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation has Pfaffian solutions like BKP equation.     

New exact traveling wave solutions of the (3 + 1) dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation

The repeated homogeneous balance method is used to construct new exact traveling wave solutions of the (3 + 1) dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation, in which the homogeneous balance method is applied to solve the Riccati equation and the reduced nonlinear ordinary differential equation, respectively. Many new exact traveling wave solutions are successfully obtained, which contain soliton-like and periodic-like solutions. This method is straightforward and concise, and it can be also applied to other nonlinear evolution equations.     

New (2 + 1)-dimensional Sine–Gordon equation with self-consistent sources derived by the nonlinear variable separation method

By using the Hirota’s bilinear transformation method and direct variable separation assumption, a new (2 + 1)-dimensional Sine–Gordon equation with self-consistent sources is derived for the first time. Correspondingly, a nonlinear variable separation solution included two lower-dimensional arbitrary functions is obtained.     

A non-variational approach to the construction of new ‘higher-order’ conservation laws of the family of nonlinear equations α(ut + 3uux) + β(utxx + 2uxuxx + uuxxx) − γuxxx = 0

In this paper, we study and classify the conservation laws of the combined nonlinear KdV, Camassa–Holm, Hunter–Saxton and the inviscid Burgers equation which arises in, inter alia, shallow water equations. It is shown that these can be obtained by variational methods but the main focus of the paper is the construction of the conservation laws as a consequence of the interplay between symmetry generators and ‘multipliers’, particularly, the higher-order ones.     

Differential form method for finding symmetries of a (2 + 1)-dimensional Camassa–Holm system based on its Lax pair

In this paper, we use the differential form method to seek Lie point symmetries of a (2 + 1)-dimensional Camassa–Holm (CH) system based on its Lax pair. Then we reduce both the system and its Lax pair with the obtained symmetries, as a result some reduced (1 + 1)-dimensional equations with their new Lax pairs are presented. At last, the conservation laws for the CH system are derived from a direct method.     

The non-traveling wave solutions and novel fractal soliton for the (2 + 1)-dimensional Broer–Kaup equations with variable coefficients

A method is proposed by extending the linear traveling wave transformation into the nonlinear transformation with the (G′/G)-expansion method. The non-traveling wave solutions with variable separation can be constructed for the (2 + 1)-dimensional Broer–Kaup equations with variable coefficients via the method. A novel class of fractal soliton, namely, the cross-like fractal soliton is observed by selecting appropriately the arbitrary functions in the solutions.     

Comment on: New exact traveling wave solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation

We demonstrate that four solutions from 13 of the (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation obtained by Khalfallah [1] are wrong and do not satisfy the equation. The other nine exact solutions are the same and all “new” solutions by Khalfallah can be found from the well known solution.     

Developing interaction potential for H (2H) → Cu(1 1 1) interaction system: A numerical study

In this study, we have used London–Eyring–Polanyi–Sato (LEPS) functional form as an interaction potential energy function to simulate H (2H) → Cu(1 1 1) interaction system. The parameters of the LEPS function are determined in order to analyze reaction dynamics via molecular dynamics computer simulations of the Cu(1 1 1) surface and H/(2H) system. Nonlinear least-squares method is used to find the LEPS parameters. For this purpose, we use the energy points which were calculated by a density-functional theory method with the generalized gradient approximation including exchange-correlation energy for various configurations of one and two hydrogen atoms on the Cu(1 1 1) surface. After the fitting procedures, two different parameters sets are obtained that the calculated root-mean-square values are close to each other. Using these sets, contour plots of the potential energy surfaces are analyzed for H → Cu(1 1 1) and 2H → Cu(1 1 1) interactions systems. In addition, sticking, penetration, and scattering sites on the surface are analyzed by using these sets.     

Characterizations of PG(n − 1, q)\PG(k − 1, q) by Numerical and Polynomial Invariants

We show that the simple matroid PG(n − 1, q)\PG(k − 1, q), for n ≥ 4 and 1 ≤ k ≤ n − 2, is characterized by a variety of numerical and polynomial invariants. In particular, any matroid that has the same Tutte polynomial as PG(n − 1, q)\PG(k − 1, q) is isomorphic to PG(n − 1, q)\PG(k − 1, q).     

Combinatorial identities related to 2 × 2 submatrices of recursive matrices

Recursive matrices are ubiquitous in combinatorics, which have been extensively studied. We focus on the study of the sums of 2 × 2 minors of certain recursive matrices, the alternating sums of their 2 × 2 minors, and the sums of their 2 × 2 permanents. We obtain some combinatorial identities related to these sums, which generalized the work of Sun and Ma (2014) [23,24]. With the help of the computer algebra package HolonomicFunctions, we further get some new identities involving Narayana polynomials.     

Bifurcations of travelling wave solutions in the (N + 1)-dimensional sine–cosine-Gordon equations

In this paper, the (N + 1)-dimensional sine–cosine-Gordon equations are studied. The existence of solitary wave, kink and anti-kink wave, and periodic wave solutions are proved, by using the method of bifurcation theory of dynamical systems. All possible bounded exact explicit parametric representations of the above travelling solutions are obtained.     

黑洞的量子统计熵

避开求解各种粒子波动方程的困难,直接应用量子统计的方法,计算各种坐标描述的黑洞背景下玻色场与费米场的配分函数,得到黑洞熵的积分表达式.然后应用改进的brick wall方法 膜模型,计算黑洞的统计熵.在所得结果中取适当的参数,可得到黑洞熵与视界面积成正比的关系,不存在原brick wall方法中的舍去项与对数发散项.整个计算过程,物理图像清楚,计算简单,为研究各种坐标下黑洞熵提供了一条简捷的新途经.     

一类乘子收敛级数空间

仅仅依靠序列空间λ的内蕴性质, 作者给出了λ -乘数收敛级数空间X(λ)上的一个局部凸拓扑T_Β, 并证明了(X(λ), T_Β)是AK -空间, 具有序列完备性和Banach-Steinhaus性质. 特别是作者给出了此空间上的一个改进的Orlicz-Pettis定理.