油气在顶部含弱约束结构受限空间内的爆炸特性

建立了顶部含有弱约束结构的受限空间油气爆炸实验系统,并对含有弱约束的受限空间中油气爆炸特性进行实验研究,获得超压变化规律及火焰发展特征。结果表明:(1)容器内部超压受泄流、外部爆炸、火焰扩张等因素的影响,出现多个峰值,并伴以强烈的振荡;容器外部超压随着距离的增大而减小,且竖直方向超压大于水平方向超压。(2)与无约束爆炸相比,弱约束结构对爆炸的影响主要体现在对爆炸超压的增强效应和对爆炸发展速率的滞后效应。(3)爆炸超压随着油气体积分数的增加先增大后减小,最大超压所对应的初始油气体积分数为1.79%。(4)容器外火焰发展过程分为初级燃烧阶段、过渡燃烧阶段、次级燃烧阶段,由于受Rayleigh-Talor不稳定、Helmholtz不稳定、斜压效应的影响,火焰出现褶皱和卷曲,最大火焰高度和直径分别为0.8和0.55 m。     

连续圆孔障碍物对油气泄压爆炸火焰特性影响大涡模拟

采用WALE模型和Zimont预混火焰模型对内置圆孔障碍物油气泄压爆炸火焰特性进行了大涡模拟,并将大涡模拟计算结果和RNG k-ε湍流模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比分析,验证了大涡模拟的精确性。结果表明：（1）大涡模拟在预测油气爆炸超压、火焰传播速度以及火焰形态变化等方面比RNG k-ε湍流模型精确度更高,且能表现出更多流场的精细化结构;（2）障碍物诱导管道内形成湍流度较高的流场区域,导致火焰产生褶皱弯曲变形,增大火焰面积,加速火焰传播;（3）爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰面积内在联系密切,具有显著的耦合性,且随时间的变化趋势存在高度的一致性。

     

不同分支坑道分布形式及分布位置对油气爆炸超压特性的影响

为探索洞库支坑道不同分布形式及分布位置对坑道内油气爆炸超压特性的影响,在控制容积、初始油气浓度以及点火能不变的情况下,开展了不同支坑道分布形式及分布位置条件下油气的爆炸超压特性实验,重点对最大超压、最大超压时间、超压上升速率、爆炸强度指数等主要超压特性参数进行了分析。结果表明：密闭容器内坑道的分布形式及分布位置对容器内油气爆炸超压特性有显著影响。相对布置形式下最大超压、最大超压上升速率、爆炸强度指数均小于一字排开和交错布置,达到最大超压和最大超压上升速率的时间也有所延后。3种不同分支坑道分布位置下,最大爆炸超压上升速率和爆炸强度指数由大到小依次为：远离点火端、靠近点火端、沿主坑道均匀分布。分支坑道距离点火端越远,爆炸强度指数越大, 分支坑道距离点火端越近,达到最大爆炸超压上升速率的时间越提前。

     

耦合火焰不稳定的爆炸超压预测

基于火焰不稳定和爆炸超压的耦合机制,通过向光滑火焰模型中引入褶皱因子,建立了褶皱火焰模型和湍流火焰模型,对密闭燃烧室内爆炸超压进行理论预测,且对比了绝热压缩和等温压缩对爆炸超压预测的影响规律。结果表明：在增强的流体动力学不稳定作用下,膨胀火焰失稳加剧,且在定容燃烧阶段形成胞状火焰;光滑火焰模型忽略了火焰不稳定,爆炸超压理论预测值比实验值偏低,且等温压缩下超压预测值低于绝热压缩下的预测值;湍流火焰模型高估了火焰褶皱程度,超压预测值远高于实验值;褶皱火焰模型可成功预测丙烷/空气爆炸压力和燃烧室体积V=25.6 m³的甲烷/空气爆炸压力;对于甲烷/空气爆炸,燃烧室体积V≤1.25 m³时,实验压力值介于褶皱火焰模型和绝热光滑火焰模型预测值之间。

     

受限空间油气爆燃火焰形态

通过受限空间油气爆燃可视化实验发现,在不同初始油气体积分数下,爆燃火焰呈现出不同的表观特征,据此提出了受限空间油气爆燃的3种火焰形态,即光滑球形火焰、褶皱球形火焰和卷曲絮状火焰。分析了3种火焰形态的形成机理,并通过实验观测与理论分析,给出了区分3种火焰形态的临界条件。结合实验中采集到的关键参数,总结了不同的火焰形态下受限空间油气爆燃的反应产物、最大压力、升压速率、反应时间、火焰强度等关键参数的特征与变化规律。     

密闭空间可燃气体爆炸超压预测

为避免密闭空间内可燃预混气体爆炸事故造成的伤害,对其进行较为准确的爆炸超压预测是抗爆设计和日常安全管理的关键。结合已有文献实验数据,利用光滑层流火焰传播理论模型建立了爆炸超压模型;对比发现,当体积较大时,光滑层流火焰传播理论模型存在较大的误差。较大体积密闭空间爆炸火焰传播过程中的不稳定性造成火焰前锋面褶皱并引起湍流燃烧,导致火焰前锋面表面积大幅增加,且在火焰传播过程中表现出自相似分形特征。依据褶皱及湍流火焰传播过程中的自相似分形特征,基于分形燃烧理论和相关经验数据,进一步建立了考虑可燃预混气体爆炸火焰褶皱及湍流火焰传播的爆炸超压预测模型,并与实验所得结果进行了对比。结果表明：当密闭空间体积较大时,利用褶皱及湍流火焰传播理论建立的爆炸超压模型进行峰值压力估算时,两种工况下实验所得和理论计算所得相对误差分别为10.4%和11.1%,较光滑层流火焰传播理论爆炸超压模型相比,误差分别减少了72.3%和50.6%。本文所建立理论模型与实验所得结果具有较好的一致性,在一定程度上可满足结构抗爆设计或日常安全管理的需要。

     

模拟立式拱顶油罐内油气爆炸实验研究

为探究立式拱顶油罐内油气体积分数、点火位置和液位对爆炸超压特性参数与火焰发展的影响规律,开展了一系列的实验研究,得到以下结果:（1）1.7%是任一工况下的最危险油气体积分数,内场超压发展都可以分为超压上升、超压泄放和振荡衰减3个阶段。爆炸过程中CH、C₂、OH等自由基的生成和空间分布,使得不同初始油气体积分数下或不同爆炸阶段的火焰呈现不同的颜色变化。（2）点火位置对油气爆炸超压特性参数的影响较大,位置越靠下,爆炸威力越大。罐底中心点火时,内外场平均升压速率取得最大值,分别为0.46和0.05 MPa/s。（3）液位变化对油气爆炸内外场超压的影响较大,油罐侧壁上部位置点火时,50%液位是最危险的液位。任意液位下外场超压随比例距离的增大都呈现幂指数衰减规律,不同液位下油气爆炸外场冲击波超压峰值与距离和油气混合物体积的关系可以用一个公式统一表示。相比于气相空间,液相空间的超压变化具有延后性、负压增强和振荡衰减更快的特点。     

硅酸铝棉对火焰速度和爆炸超压的抑制作用

为研究硅酸铝棉位置、长度对预混气体爆炸超压和火焰速度的抑制规律,进行了硅酸铝棉抑制管道内预混气体爆炸实验,在管路内置入硅酸铝棉,以室温常压下化学计量浓度的C2H2/air预混气体为介质。结果表明,当硅酸铝棉长度超过速度临界长度时,能够有效抑制火焰速度。当硅酸铝棉长度超过压力临界长度时,能够有效抑制爆炸超压。速度临界长度的大小与硅酸铝棉入口火焰速度有关。压力临界长度的大小与硅酸铝棉入口爆炸超压有关。压力临界长度小于速度临界长度,说明硅酸铝棉对压力的抑制效果更加显著。     

T型分支管道对油气爆炸强度的影响

为了研究T型分支结构对管道内油气混合物爆炸强度的影响规律,测试了不同初始体积分数条件下直管和具有T型分支管中爆炸波超压值,并利用有机玻璃透明管道对火焰传播规律进行了可视化研究。得到以下结论：(1)T型分支管道对油气爆炸有强化作用,在油气体积分数为1.2%至1.6%范围内表现最明显; (2)T型分支管道对油气爆炸的强化作用受管道横截面突扩和障碍物扰动以及波的反射、绕射三方面的影响; (3)火焰经过分支管道时,火焰阵面发生极大的扭曲,火焰表面积显著增大,燃烧速率增大,增强了热量和活性物质的输运速率,提高了爆炸波的强度; (4)在T型分支管道附近, 油气爆炸的压力突变增强, 是由压力波反射、绕射引起的温升效应和压力波引起湍流强度增强共同导致。

     

油气爆炸的氮气非预混抑制实验

依靠激波管可视化实验台架,完成了油气爆炸的氮气非预混抑制实验,获得了火焰前锋在氮气非预混段内衰减、熄灭过程的高速摄影照片。通过对实验数据和高速摄影照片的分析,讨论了油气爆炸氮气非预混抑制过程的超压特性和火焰行为。结果表明,采用氮气非预混手段能显著降低油气爆炸过程的超压与超压上升速率。油气爆炸的氮气非预混抑爆过程经历了惯性相持期、抑制衰减期和扩散熄灭期3个阶段。氮气分子作为第三体参与化学反应并携带走高能自由基的能量,促使链式反应向中止链大量发展,这是油气爆炸氮气非预混抑制过程的主要机理。抑制衰减期的火焰由衰减抑制区和核心区火焰构成,火焰与氮气的相互作用主要发生在衰减抑制区内。在抑制衰减期内,火焰速度的衰减可用线性公式描述。     

半封闭空间明火引燃油气特性实验

为研究明火引燃油气着火爆炸特性,建立了半封闭着火爆炸实验平台。通过高速摄影仪拍摄的火焰图像,研究不同油气体积分数下的火焰传播特性。根据高频压力传感器采集的容器内压力变化情况,分析不同油气体积分数下的压力发展特性。结果表明,油气体积分数对火焰组分、火焰传播速度、压力和压力变化速率有显著影响;火焰具有明显的分区现象,可分为燃烧核和火焰阵面,并且纵向火焰阵面速度大于横向火焰阵面速度;容器内压力发展历程可分为4个阶段,而且会形成压力双峰现象;油气爆炸过程中,火焰结构与压力波形成了强烈的耦合作用。

     

Large eddy simulation in a turbulent jet exhausting into a submerged space or a cocurrent flow

Results of large eddy simulations in a subsonic isothermal turbulent jet exhausting from a circular nozzle into a submerged space or a cocurrent flow are presented. The flow is described by space-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and by the RNG model of subgrid scale viscosity. Results computed for different values of the cocurrency parameter are compared with available results of numerical simulations and experimental data. The results obtained are found to agree well with measured data and to confirm the basic laws of variation of gas-dynamic and fluctuating parameters of submerged and cocurrent jets.     

Large eddy simulation of flow around a rectangular cylinder

A large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flow around a stationary rectangular cylinder at high Reynolds number of 2.2×10⁴ is conducted as the first step to prove the applicability of LES to practical engineering problems. Time-averaged and phase-averaged velocities and turbulent stresses are obtained and they are compared with the experimental data. To investigate mesh dependence on computational results of the LES, two kinds of grid resolution are used. In addition, the effect of a second-order upwind scheme QUICK for convection terms is also investigated due to its dependence on grid resolution. The drag coefficients, the base pressure coefficients and Strouhal numbers are in fairly good agreement with the experimental results, while the computational results show that the artificial dissipative and dispersive effect of QUICK is large in the vicinity of the cylinder in our computation. Thus, it is necessary to use higher-order upwind schemes to reduce the numerical errors, since it is effective in applying LES to practical engineering problems with complicated geometry.     

Large eddy simulation of compressible round jets with coflow

Large eddy simulations of subsonic round jets are carried out using high order compact finite difference scheme and an explicit filtering based approximate deconvolution method. The jets have a Mach number of 0.9 and Reynolds number of $4.5\times {10}^5$ based on jet diameter and centerline velocity at inflow. Results obtained for the mean flow and turbulence intensities agree well with those in existing literature. We also study the effects of co-flow velocity ratio on the flow physics. Increase in potential core length and decrease in spreading rate of jet is observed in the presence of co-flow. The effects of co-flow velocity ratio on the axial Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy budgets are also presented. It is observed that increasing co-flow velocity ratio leads to reduction in the turbulence intensities and near-field sound levels.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulence in engineering applications

Flows of engineering interest which have been investigated with the large eddy simulation (LES) technique are discussed. Using this technique the filtered Navier-Stokes equations are solved to simulate the three-dimensional unsteady motion. Not only the statistically-averaged fields, but in addition, the spatial and temporal variations in the flow fields can be examined. Grids are equidistant in the three coordinate directions and typically consist of 150,000 to 200,000 mesh cells. Examples of flows include the turbulent boundary layer with a sudden change in the freestream pressure gradient and the separating and reattaching flow behind a rearward-facing step. Results which illustrate the large-scale structure of these two high Reynolds number turbulent flows are discussed in the present paper.     

Large eddy simulation of compressible channel flow

Astract The present study is a contribution to the analysis of wall-bounded compressible flows, including a special focus on wall modeling for compressible turbulent boundary layer in a plane channel. large eddy simulation (LES) of fully developed isothermal channel flows at Re = 3,000 and Re = 4,880 with a sufficient mesh refinement at the wall are carried out in the Mach number range 0.3 ≤ M ≤ 3 for two different source term formulations: first the classical extension of the incompressible configuration by Coleman et al. (J. Fluid Mech. 305:159–183, 1995), second a formulation presently derived to model both streamwise pressure drop and streamwise internal energy loss in a spatially developed compressible channel flow. It is shown that the second formulation is consistent with the spatial problem and yields a much stronger cooling effect at the wall than the classical formulation. Based on the present LES data bank, compressibility and low Reynolds number effects are analysed in terms of coherent structure and statistics. A study of the universality of the structure of the turbulence in non-hypersonic compressible boundary layers (M≤5) is performed in reference to Bradshaw (Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech. 9:33–54, 1977). An improvement of the van Driest transformation is proposed; it accounts for both density and viscosity changes in the wall layer. Consistently, a new integral wall scaling (y ^c+) which accounts for strong temperature gradients at the wall is developed for the present non-adiabatic compressible flow. The modification of the strong Reynolds analogy proposed by Huang et al. (J. Fluid Mech. 305:185–218, 1995) to model the correlation between velocity and temperature for non-adiabatic wall layers is assessed on the basis of a Crocco–Busemann relation specific to channel flow. The key role of the mixing turbulent Prandtl number Pr _m is pointed out. Results show very good agreement for both source formulations although each of them involve a very different amount of energy transfer at the wall. The present work was performed within the framework of the French–German research initiative “large eddy simulation of complex flows’ (UR 507). The computing resources were provided by IDRIS-France. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Centre d’été Mathématique de Recherche Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CEMRACS) and the Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA/D4S).     

Large eddy simulation of supersonic flow in ducts with complex cross-sections

Large Eddy Simulation(LES) has been employed for the investigation of supersonic flow characteristics in five ducts with varying cross-sectional geometries.The numerical results reveal that flow channel configurations exert a considerable influence on the mainstream flow and the near-wall flow behavior.In contrast to straight ducts,square-to-circular and rectangular-to-circular ducts exhibit thicker boundary layers and a greater presence of vortex structures.Given the same inlet area,rectangular...     

具有壁面射流激励的圆管内气相流动大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟方法和单方程亚格子模式对小尺度量进行模拟。研究了不同强度壁面射流激励对圆管内气相流动的影响,模拟结果给出了射流对瞬态拟序结构发展、时平均流向速度分布的影响。随着射流强度的增加,射流入口附近流体的回流现象增强。射流强度足够大时可以减小管壁处的切应力值,同时会减小壁面附近流动速度,这种速度分布会导致气体夹带颗粒的能力下降,从而在实际两相流动中容易造成壁面附近的气粒返混现象。