国外炸药燃烧转爆轰的实验研究

报导了国外炸药燃烧转爆轰（ＤＤＴ）的实验研究情况，主要涉及国外ＤＤＴ研究中采用的实验装置测试方法、铸状炸药的ＤＤＴ机理，多孔装药的ＤＤＴ机理和各种因素对ＤＤＴ过程的影响。     

非冲击点火反应驱动的吉帕级缓前沿斜波加载技术

为研究在吉帕、十微秒级缓前沿斜波作用下压装PBX炸药基体中微介观热点点火行为,设计了一种强约束压装PBX炸药非冲击点火反应驱动的斜波加载装置,基于炸药层流燃烧的燃速模型和自编的二维轴对称有限差分程序对装置输出的压力波形特性进行了分析,讨论了燃烧过程中加载炸药破碎程度和装置结构参数（壳体和隔层厚度）对输出波形的影响。计算结果表明,加载炸药破碎形成的燃烧比表面积大小是影响非冲击点火反应压力演化的关键因素,燃烧比表面积越大,输出的斜波压力越大,峰值压力可达吉帕以上,对应的压力上升前沿可从数十微秒降至数微秒。加载炸药外部壳体厚度即约束强度对非冲击点火反应产生的压力大小影响显著,壳体越厚输出的斜波压力越大。加载炸药与受试炸药之间的隔层厚度直接关系到输出至受试炸药处的斜波压力大小,随着隔层厚度的增大,输出的斜波压力以近似指数的关系衰减。参考计算结果完成了装置的结构设计,对受试PBX炸药进行了斜波加载实验,采用PVDF测得受试炸药入射界面处的压力为1.6 GPa、前沿宽度为25 μs,初步证明了采用强约束压装PBX炸药非冲击点火反应实现吉帕、十微秒级斜波压力输出的可行性。

     

压装密实炸药装药非冲击点火反应传播与烈度演化实验研究进展

简要概述了国内外同行最近二十多年来对炸药安全性精密物理实验研究认识进展历程,聚焦分析了炸药安全性研究领域一些传统流派在事故反应机理认知和反应行为建模理论方法上的通常误区。本文中还引证了本研究团队近年开展的一组分解实验进行案例点评,对非冲击点火事故反应在装药结构中的传播及反应演化行为的复杂表现背后共同的基本行为机制进行了集中解读。本文中介绍的系列实验从主导机理视角展示了非冲击点火事故演化物理图像的诸多关键细节。对典型密实炸药而言,非冲击点火反应的本质是炸药表面层燃烧反应主体行为,因高压气体产物流动与炸药间隙及基体中裂纹演化耦合,使反应烈度走向呈现极度非线性特征,同时会因主炸药的燃速特性及约束结构的变形、破裂而存在限制,使得密实炸药DDT转化难于在典型装药结构中发生。

     

高密度B炸药的燃烧转爆轰实验研究

采用电探针及压力传感器测试技术对密度为1.597 g/cm3的固体B炸药（TNT/RDX=40/60）的燃烧转爆轰性能进行研究。实验结果表明,在较强的约束条件下（45号钢管,内径20 mm,外径64 mm,长500 mm）,B炸药形成了DDT现象,诱导爆轰距离为295~310 mm。     

PBX 炸药本构关系的实验研究

在SHPB装置上开展了某典型PBX炸药的单轴压缩、间接拉伸实验。利用入射波整形技术,结合半导体应变片和石英晶体联合测试的方法,实现了PBX炸药的应力平衡和恒应变率加载,得到了不同应变率下某PBX炸药的压缩应力应变曲线,初步建立了该炸药的修正Sargin唯象模型;开展了3种PBX炸药的动态巴西实验,通过高速摄影获得了炸药的破坏过程,结合数字相关技术,获得了试样裂纹附近的应变场分布,初步建立了描述3种炸药动态拉伸行为的修正Johnson-Cook模型。模型曲线与实验结果符合较好。     

孔隙度对PBX炸药冲击起爆影响的实验研究

为了研究孔隙度(装药密度)对PBX炸药冲击起爆爆轰成长的影响,采用炸药冲击起爆锰铜压阻一维拉格朗日实验测试系统,测量了不同孔隙度的PBXC03炸药(HMX的质量分数为87%,TATB的质量分数为7%,黏结剂的质量分数为6%)冲击起爆过程不同拉格朗日位置的压力-时间历史。结果显示:在本文装药范围和加载条件下,孔隙度对PBX炸药冲击起爆爆轰过程的影响不单调,中等密度的炸药冲击起爆和爆轰成长最快,这是热点点火过程与燃烧反应过程共同作用的结果。     

快速热点火熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验研究

以熔铸型含铝混合炸药熔奥梯铝为对象,研究铸装含铝混合炸药快速热点火后的燃烧转爆轰特性。建立了快速热点火燃烧转爆轰实验平台,由实验装置(加热装置、约束钢管、炸药)、压力测试系统、光纤测速系统组成;加热装置加热15 mm厚45钢钢板,峰值温度大于1 100℃,温升速率为85～95℃/s。开展了快速热点火带壳熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验,由加热装置加热约束钢管内熔奥梯铝炸药,炸药化学反应阵面压力和传播速度分别由压电性高压压力传感器和光纤探针测定;实测阵面压力约1 GPa,传播速度最大约2 600 m/s。由光纤数据获得炸药化学反应阵面传播轨迹,通过特征线方法获得冲击形成点,半定量给出冲击形成距离大于850 mm;并比较了管体破片质量实测值与炸药完全爆轰时破片平均质量计算值,实测值远小于计算值。综合实测化学反应阵面传播速度和压力、冲击形成距离分析、破片质量比较,可确定熔奥梯铝炸药没有发生完全爆轰,其化学反应状态为爆燃。另外,采用Adams和Pack模型、CJ燃烧模型,都能够半定量的预估冲击形成距离和燃烧波后压力,为实验设计提供依据,但CJ燃烧模型的计算结果更接近于实测值。     

多孔和铸装高能推进剂的燃烧转爆轰

为研究多孔和铸装高能推进剂的危险性能 ,设计加工了燃烧转爆轰的实验装置 ,并建立了以光电管为主的测试系统。经实验发现 ,多孔装药在燃烧向爆轰的转变过程中有冲击波 /爆轰波的回传现象 ,而铸装药则没有。     

强约束球形装药反应裂纹传播和反应烈度表征实验

炸药燃烧的高温高压气体产物可以进入基体裂纹中引发炸药表面热传导燃烧,形成所谓的对流燃烧。在一定约束条件下,不断上升的气体压力反过来又使炸药基体产生更多的裂纹,为对流燃烧提供更多的通道和燃烧表面积,快速生成大量产物气体导致高烈度反应现象的产生。本文中设计了一种新型强约束球形装药中心点火实验,针对一种HMX为基的PBX炸药,对高烈度反应条件下燃烧裂纹传播和反应增长过程进行了观测,实验中采用测得的反应压力和壳体速度历程对反应烈度进行了量化表征。在带窗口结构中,早期炸药中的燃烧裂纹不可见;中期燃烧裂纹扩展到药球表面时,先形成4条沿经线方向近似对称的主裂纹,随后环向贯通并扩展到整个药球表面;最后的剧烈反应造成强烈发光。上述反应演化经历低压增长阶段约为100 μs,之后伴随着壳体变形膨胀产生剧烈的反应,此时产物压力在约10 μs时间内超过1 GPa,并形成约20%相对于裸炸药爆轰的超压输出。在全钢结构中,20 mm厚的壳体膨胀速度最大可达到500 m/s,此时壳体完全破裂。

     

活塞驱动下颗粒状HMX床的燃烧转爆轰DDT）实验研究

采用盖帽探针、离子探针实验,研究了活塞驱动点燃时ＤＤＴ管中颗粒状ＨＭＸ床的燃烧转爆轰现象。从研究的结果得出,活塞驱动时产生的压缩波引起颗粒状炸药床的 燃烧,燃烧波引起炸药起爆。     

Prediction of incipient shear band trajectories in a thick wall cylinder explosion test

A simple but precise and physical mechanism-based mathematical expression is proposed to predict shear band trajectories in thick wall cylinders subject to external surrounding pressure. The expression is based on the Coulomb-Mohr fracture criterion and can be applied to various compression-sensitive materials, especially ceramics. The predicted result closely matches the experimental observations, which makes this method quite useful in testing material behavior. This expression also permits the extraction of the parameter μ in the Coulomb-Mohr criterion from experimental observations. Furthermore, no pre-assumptions or after-test measurement are necessary in order to carry out the prediction. The only two values needed to conduct the prediction are the initial inner radius and the friction coefficient μ. A comparison between the newly proposed model and existing theory is made to reveal their relations and demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly derived mathematical expression.     

深槽表面气体静压润滑低Reynolds数层流节流效应实验研究

气体介质在润滑间隙流动过程中,沿气体流动方向开设的表面矩形深槽结构内部产生旋涡阻碍气体流动,形成节流效应.通过矩形深沟槽表面静压润滑实验,开展深槽表面和光滑表面的流量特性对比测试,研究了低Reynolds数层流状态下深槽表面间隙的气体节流效应.结果表明:深槽表面产生显著的节流效应,并且随Reynolds数增加而增强;在低Reynolds数层流状态下,深槽表面可以产生节流效应,但是节流效应强度不稳定,当处于完全湍流状态时,节流效应维持定值;间隙尺寸、槽深等结构参数对节流效应影响明显.     

A numerical study of pulsatile laminar flows in a pipe with a ring-type constriction

Numerical simulations have been carried out to study pulsatile laminar flows in a pipe with an axisymmetric ringtype constriction. Three types of pulsatile flows were investigated, namely a physiological flow, a pure sinusoidal flow and a non-zero mean velocity sinusoidal flow. The laminar flow governing equations were solved by the SIMPLE algorithm on a non-staggered grid and a modified Crank-Nicolson approximation was used to discretrize the momentum equations with respect to time. The maximum flow Reynolds numer (Re) is 100. The Womersley number (N_w) ranges from 0 to 50, with the corresponding Strouhal number (St) ranging from 0 to 3·98. The constriction opening ratio (d/D) and thickness ratio (h/D) are fixed at 0·5 and 0·1 respectively. Within the time period investigated, all these pulsatile flows include both forward and backward flows. The unsteady recirculation region and the recirculation points change in size and location with time. For N_w ≤ 1 and St≤ 1·56 x 10^?3 the three pulsatile flows have the same simple relation between the instantaneous flow rate and pressure loss (Δp) across the constriction and the pressure gradient in the axial direction (dp/dz) in the fully developed flow region. The phase angles between the flow rate and pressure loss and the pressure gradient are equal to zero. With increasing N_w and St, the phase angle between the flow rate and the dp/dz becomes larger and has its maximum value of 90° at N_w = 50 and St = 3·98. The three pulsatile flows also show different relations between the flow rate and the pressure gradient. The pure sinusoidal flow has the largest maximum pressure gradient and the non-zero mean velocity sinusoidal flow has the smallest. For larger N_w and St the fully developed velocity profiles in the fully developed flow region have a smaller velocity gradient along the radial direction in the central region. The maximum recirculation length increases for N_w ranging from 0 to 4·2, while this length becomes very small at N_w = 50 and St = 3·98. The deceleration tends to enlarge the recirculation region and this effect appears for N_w ≥ 3 and St ≥ 1·43×10^?2. Linear relations exist between the flow rate and the instantaneous maximum values of velocity, vorticity and shear stress.     

Modeling of long nonlinear waves on the interface in a horizontal two-layer viscous channel flow

The dynamics of two-dimensional waves of small but finite amplitude are theoretically studied for the case of a two-layer system bounded by a horizontal top and bottom. It is shown that for relatively large steady-state flow velocities and at certain fluid depth ratios the vertical velocity profile is nonlinear. An evolutionary equation governing the fluid interface disturbances and allowing for the long-wave contributions of the layer inertia and surface tension, the weak nonlinearity of the waves, and the unsteady friction on all the boundaries of the system is derived. Steady-state solutions of the cnoidal and solitary wave type for the disturbed flow are determined without regard for dissipation losses. It is found that the magnitude and the direction of the flow can alter not only the lengths of the waves but also their polarity.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, 2005, pp. 143–158. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Arkhipov and Khabakhpashev.     

A study on heat transfer of the optimization in circular fins of parabolic profile with variable thermal parameters

Circular fins are used extensively in heat exchange devices to increase the heat transfer. For economic purposes, the traditional approach to the optimization of fins consists of minimizing the comsumption (investment) of fin material for the excution of a specified heat transfer task. The minimum weight cooling fin has optional profile to be a concave parabola. Therefore, the optimum geometric dimensions of circular fins of parabolic profile with variable thermal parameters are studied. The effect of the two pertinent physical parameters-thermal conductivity variation parameter α and the index of the heat transfer coefficient variationm upon the optimum geometric dimensions is also studied. The results pressented can be used as the design guideline for engineering practice.     

Experimental study on the magnetic convection in a vertical cylinder

The flow of paramagnetic fluid inside a cylinder placed in a bore of a superconducting magnet was studied experimentally. Single-phase closed thermosyphon configuration was employed. The lower side wall of the cylindrical enclosure was heated while the upper side wall was cooled with the thin adiabatic interface in between. The experiment was carried out with an aqueous solution of glycerol. The magnetic susceptibility of the working fluid was increased by adding Gd(NO₃)₃ × 6H₂O and was measured by a magnetic susceptibility balance. The encapsulated liquid crystal slurry (KWN-2025, Japan Capsular Product Inc.) dispersed in the working fluid was illuminated in the middle height horizontal cross-section of the enclosure to visualize the temperature field. The color images of flow mode were taken by a digital camera. The average heat transfer rates were also measured. Depending on the Rayleigh number, different spoke patterns were observed. The number of angular structures (spokes) increased with increase not only in the Rayleigh number but also in the strength of magnetic field. The heated fluid was repelled by the magnetic field, while the cooled fluid was attracted. The magnetic field enhanced the heat transfer rate.     

Experimental study of vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in steady flow

In this study, the vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in a steady flow are studied experimentally. The phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations of the cylinder near the rigid plane boundary is reproduced in the flume. The vortex shedding frequency and mode are also measured by the methods of hot film velocimeter and hydrogen bubbles. A parametric study is carded out to investigate the influences of reduced velocity, gap-to-diameter ratio, stability parameter and mass ratio on the amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder. Experimental results indicate： （1） the Strouhal number （St） is around 0.2 for the stationary cylinder near a plane boundary in the sub-criti- cal flow regime; （2） with increasing gap-to-diameter ratio （eo/D）, the amplitude ratio （A/D） gets larger but frequency ratio （f/fn） has a slight variation for the case of larger values of eo/D（eo/D 〉 0.66 in this study）; （3） there is a clear difference of amplitude and frequency responses of the cylin- derbetween the larger gap-to-diameter ratios （e0/D 〉 0.66） and the smaller ones （e0/D 〈 0.3）; （4） the vibration of the cylinder is easier to occur and the range of vibration in terms of Vr number becomes more extensive with decrease of the stability parameter, but the frequency response is affected slightly by the stability parameter; （5） with decreasing mass ratio, the width of the lock-in ranges in terms of Vr and the frequency ratio （f/fn） become larger.