密闭空间可燃气体爆炸超压预测

为避免密闭空间内可燃预混气体爆炸事故造成的伤害,对其进行较为准确的爆炸超压预测是抗爆设计和日常安全管理的关键。结合已有文献实验数据,利用光滑层流火焰传播理论模型建立了爆炸超压模型;对比发现,当体积较大时,光滑层流火焰传播理论模型存在较大的误差。较大体积密闭空间爆炸火焰传播过程中的不稳定性造成火焰前锋面褶皱并引起湍流燃烧,导致火焰前锋面表面积大幅增加,且在火焰传播过程中表现出自相似分形特征。依据褶皱及湍流火焰传播过程中的自相似分形特征,基于分形燃烧理论和相关经验数据,进一步建立了考虑可燃预混气体爆炸火焰褶皱及湍流火焰传播的爆炸超压预测模型,并与实验所得结果进行了对比。结果表明:当密闭空间体积较大时,利用褶皱及湍流火焰传播理论建立的爆炸超压模型进行峰值压力估算时,两种工况下实验所得和理论计算所得相对误差分别为10.4%和11.1%,较光滑层流火焰传播理论爆炸超压模型相比,误差分别减少了72.3%和50.6%。本文所建立理论模型与实验所得结果具有较好的一致性,在一定程度上可满足结构抗爆设计或日常安全管理的需要。     

连续圆孔障碍物对油气泄压爆炸火焰特性影响大涡模拟

采用WALE模型和Zimont预混火焰模型对内置圆孔障碍物油气泄压爆炸火焰特性进行了大涡模拟,并将大涡模拟计算结果和RNG k-ε湍流模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比分析,验证了大涡模拟的精确性。结果表明:（1）大涡模拟在预测油气爆炸超压、火焰传播速度以及火焰形态变化等方面比RNG k-ε湍流模型精确度更高,且能表现出更多流场的精细化结构;（2）障碍物诱导管道内形成湍流度较高的流场区域,导致火焰产生褶皱弯曲变形,增大火焰面积,加速火焰传播;（3）爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰面积内在联系密切,具有显著的耦合性,且随时间的变化趋势存在高度的一致性。     

无约束条件下甲烷/空气预混气体燃爆特性研究

为研究无约束条件下甲烷(CH₄)/空气(air)预混气体的燃爆特性,以乳胶气球为反应容器开展了甲烷爆炸实验,结合Chemkin模拟和改进的比色测温技术,研究了不同当量比下甲烷/空气预混气体的火焰传播速度、爆炸超压及温度场分布等特征以及静置时间对预混气体燃爆特性的影响。实验结果表明：甲烷/空气预混气体的爆炸火焰传播速度呈振荡分布,当量比为0.83、1.06、1.30和1.55时的平均火焰传播速度分别为1.554m·s^-1、2.122m·s^-1、1.892m·s^-1和1.428m·s^-1;峰值超压随当量比的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,当量比为1.06时基元反应CH₃·+O₂?O·+CH₃O·的敏感性系数最大,从而加速了生成二氧化碳(CO₂)的链反应,使得燃烧化学反应最彻底,峰值超压值最大;静置时间对火焰传播速度和爆炸峰值压力影响显著,最佳静置时间为6min;随着当量比的增大,爆炸火焰的平均温度呈现...     

油气在顶部含弱约束结构受限空间内的爆炸特性

建立了顶部含有弱约束结构的受限空间油气爆炸实验系统,并对含有弱约束的受限空间中油气爆炸特性进行实验研究,获得超压变化规律及火焰发展特征。结果表明:(1)容器内部超压受泄流、外部爆炸、火焰扩张等因素的影响,出现多个峰值,并伴以强烈的振荡;容器外部超压随着距离的增大而减小,且竖直方向超压大于水平方向超压。(2)与无约束爆炸相比,弱约束结构对爆炸的影响主要体现在对爆炸超压的增强效应和对爆炸发展速率的滞后效应。(3)爆炸超压随着油气体积分数的增加先增大后减小,最大超压所对应的初始油气体积分数为1.79%。(4)容器外火焰发展过程分为初级燃烧阶段、过渡燃烧阶段、次级燃烧阶段,由于受Rayleigh-Talor不稳定、Helmholtz不稳定、斜压效应的影响,火焰出现褶皱和卷曲,最大火焰高度和直径分别为0.8和0.55 m。     

球形容器内甲烷-空气爆炸特性分析与理论计算

为研究甲烷-空气混合物在密闭球形容器内的爆炸特性,首先利用化学平衡计算软件确定合适的燃烧产物与化学平衡温度,估算甲烷-空气混合物的最大爆炸压力。然后基于火焰增长模型,用MATLAB编辑循环语句程序,计算了甲烷-空气混合气体爆炸的压力时程曲线,通过与实验数据对比,验证了化学平衡软件计算方法与火焰增长模型的可行性,并分析了误差的产生原因。进而利用火焰增长模型推出的经验公式计算爆燃指数,发现在当量比附近与实验结果拟合程度较好。     

约束端面对管内甲烷爆炸特性的影响

为研究不同约束端面下甲烷的爆炸特性,利用自行搭建的实验平台完成了多种约束端面下不同浓度甲烷的爆炸实验。研究表明:约束端面的性质对甲烷的爆炸特性有显著影响,约束端面的承压强度越高,甲烷的爆炸超压越大。单层PVC薄膜作用下,薄膜破裂,不会引起火焰与超压的振荡;而纸膜破裂后,管道内外气流的高速泄放和回流则会引起超压振荡,使火焰前锋波动并发生扭曲变形;两者共同作用时,PVC薄膜会阻碍气流的泄放与回流,加速超压衰减,抑制火焰和超压的振荡。然而,随着纸膜层数增加,破膜时管道内外形成的巨大压差会使约束端面完全破裂,降低PVC薄膜的抑制作用。当破膜难度达到一定程度时,约束端面作用下的泄压峰值成为不同浓度甲烷爆炸的最大超压峰值,且泄爆压力并不随甲烷浓度的改变而改变,因此不同浓度甲烷的爆炸超压在较高的泄爆压力下相同;此时,相同约束端面下不同浓度甲烷的压力振荡曲线在压力衰减的前半个周期内完全重合,管道内外的压差成为主导超压振荡的重要因素,而不同浓度甲烷的燃烧速率对超压振荡的影响则可以忽略不计。     

小尺寸管道内二氧化碳抑制甲烷爆炸效果的实验及数值模拟

为了有效防治矿井瓦斯爆炸事故, 以瓦斯的主要成分甲烷作为模拟气体, 运用自主设计改装的XKWB-S型小尺寸石英玻璃管道实验系统, 结合高速摄影仪, 并采用FLACS数值模拟软件, 研究惰性气体抑爆条件下甲烷燃烧爆炸特性, 进行体积分数为6%~27%的CO₂抑制体积分数为9%CH₄爆炸的实验及数值模拟, 结果表明:各组分混合气体在爆炸传播过程中, 爆炸压力、火焰锋面速度和气体运动速度均呈现一定程度的波动, 且压力和速度没有同时达到最大值; CO₂的加入有效抑制了甲烷/空气反应, 且添加CO₂体积分数越大, 抑爆效果越明显, 模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

含弱约束端面短管道油气爆炸特性实验研究

构建了长径比为4的含弱约束端面的短管道实验系统,对短管道油气爆炸特性进行了实验研究,得到油气爆炸压力和火焰的变化规律。实验结果表明:(1)受破膜、泄流、外部爆炸等因素的影响,含弱约束端面短管道油气爆炸具有多个超压峰值,并产生Helmholtz振荡;(2)弱约束端面对管道内外爆炸超压均具有增强作用,内部最大超压为24.23 kPa,外部最大超压为5.45 kPa,分别为无约束条件下的4.9和2.7倍;(3)火焰变化过程可划分为“层流燃烧-突变加速-外部爆炸-衰弱熄灭”4个阶段;由于湍流、界面不稳定、斜压效应等因素的影响,火焰在突变加速和外部爆炸两个阶段会发生剧烈的拉伸褶皱和卷曲变形,形成Tulip火焰和蘑菇云状火焰。(4)在层流燃烧阶段,弱约束端面对火焰速度有减弱作用,此阶段最大火焰速度为3.5 m/s,相比于无约束时减弱了41.3%;而在突变加速和外部爆炸阶段,弱约束端面破坏产生的强泄流对火焰传播速度有增强作用,此阶段最大火焰速度为80.2 m/s,相比于无约束时增强了106.2%。(5)不同初始油气浓度条件下火焰发展模式具有显著差异,在低浓度和中浓度条件下火焰能够冲出弱约束端面形成外部火球,而在高浓度条件下,火焰无法冲出管道。     

甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播特性

为揭示甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播机理,利用气粉两相混合爆炸实验系统,在低于甲烷爆炸下限条件下,采用高速摄影机记录火焰传播图像,通过热电偶采集火焰温度,研究了煤尘种类以及甲烷体积分数对甲烷/煤尘复合火焰传播特性的影响。结果表明:挥发分是衡量煤尘燃烧特性的主导因素;随着煤尘挥发分的升高,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度升高,火焰温度升高;挥发分含量差异较小时,水分含量越低,燃烧反应越剧烈;在相同条件下,焦煤的燃烧反应强度最高,其次为长焰煤,最后为褐煤;随着甲烷体积分数的增加,煤尘颗粒的燃烧可由释放挥发分的扩散燃烧转变为气相预混燃烧,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度和火焰温度显著升高;热辐射和热对流作用促进煤尘颗粒热解,释放挥发分进行燃烧反应,维持复合火焰的持续传播;随着混合体系中甲烷体积分数的增加,混合爆炸机制由粉尘驱动型爆炸转为气体驱动型爆炸,燃烧反应增强;甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰可由未燃区、预热区、气相燃烧区、多相燃烧区和焦炭燃烧区5部分组成,湍流扰动导致燃烧介质空间分布存在差异,使得燃烧区无规则交错分布。     

CO2-超细水雾对CH4/Air初期爆炸特性的影响

为了研究CO₂和超细水雾对9.5%甲烷/空气初期爆炸特性的影响,采用高速纹影系统和定容燃烧弹对9.5%甲烷/空气初期爆炸特性进行了研究。分别改变CO₂稀释体积分数和超细水雾质量浓度,分析在二者单独和共同作用下球形火焰传播过程、火焰传播速度和爆炸超压的变化规律。结果表明:58.3 g/m3超细水雾增强了火焰不稳定性,促进了火焰加速和爆炸超压增加,表明超细水雾不足能产生促爆作用,只有当超细水雾充足时才会抑制甲烷爆炸;CO₂和超细水雾共同作用时能避免因超细水雾带来的促爆现象,可以明显减弱火焰不稳定性,减小火焰传播速度,降低爆炸超压和平均压升速率,以及明显推迟超压峰值来临时间。     

Turbulence,vortex and external explosion induced by venting

The process of explosion venting to air in a cylindrical vent vessel connected to a duct, filling with a stoichiometric methane-oxygen gas mixture, was simulated numerically by using a colocated grid SIMPLE scheme based on k-epsilon turbulent model and Eddydissipation combustion model. The characteristics of the combustible cloud, flame and pressure distribution in the external flow field during venting were analyzed in terms of the predicted results. The results show that the external explosion is generated due to violent turbulent combustion in the high pressure region within the external combustible cloud ignited by a jet flame. And the turbulence and vortex in the external flow field were also discussed in detail. After the jet flame penetrating into the external combustible cloud, the turbulent intensity is greater in the regions with greater average kinetic energy gradient, rather than in the flame front ; and the vortex in the external flow field is generated primarily due to the baroclinic effect, which is greater in the regions where the pressure and density gradients are nearly perpendicular.     

LES of Low to High Turbulent Combustion in an Elevated Pressure Environment

A subgrid scale flame surface density combustion model for the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of premixed combustion is derived and validated. The model is based on fractal characteristics of the flame surface, assuming a self similar wrinkling of the flame between smallest and largest wrinkling length scales. Experimental and direct numerical simulation databases as well as theoretical models are used to derive a model for the fractal parameters, namely the cut-off lengths and the fractal dimension suitable in the LES context. The combustion model is designed with the intent to simulate low as well as high Reynolds number premixed turbulent flame propagation and with a focus on correct scaling with pressure. The combustion model is validated by simulations of turbulent Bunsen flames with methane and propane fuel at pressure levels between 0.1 MPa and 2 MPa and at turbulence levels of $0 < u^{\prime }/s_{L}^{0} < 11$ , conditions typical for spark ignition engines. The predicted turbulent flame speed is in a very good agreement with the experimental data and a smooth transition from resolved flame wrinkling to fully modelled, nearly subgrid-only wrinkling is realized. Evaluating the influence of mesh resolution shows a predicted mean flame surface and turbulent flame speed independent of mesh resolution for cases with 9–86 % resolved flame surface. Additional simulations of a highly turbulent jet flame at 0.1 MPa and 0.5 MPa and the comparison with experimental data in terms of flame shape, velocity field and turbulent fluctuations validates the model also at conditions typical for gas turbines.     

Measurements of turbulent premixed flame dynamics using cinema stereoscopic PIV

A new experimental method is described that provides high-speed movies of turbulent premixed flame wrinkling dynamics and the associated vorticity fields. This method employs cinema stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and has been applied to a turbulent slot Bunsen flame. Three-component velocity fields were measured with high temporal and spatial resolutions of 0.9 ms and 140 μm, respectively. The flame-front location was determined using a new multi-step method based on particle image gradients, which is described. Comparisons are made between flame fronts found with this method and simultaneous CH-PLIF images. These show that the flame contour determined corresponds well to the true location of maximum gas density gradient. Time histories of typical eddy–flame interactions are reported and several important phenomena identified. Outwardly rotating eddy pairs wrinkle the flame and are attenuated at they pass through the flamelet. Significant flame-generated vorticity is produced downstream of the wrinkled tip. Similar wrinkles are caused by larger groups of outwardly rotating eddies. Inwardly rotating pairs cause significant convex wrinkles that grow as the flame propagates. These wrinkles encounter other eddies that alter their behavior. The effects of the hydrodynamic and diffusive instabilities are observed and found to be significant contributors to the formation and propagation of wrinkles.     

含双侧分支受限空间油气爆炸火焰行为与超压特性大涡模拟

为研究含分支结构狭长受限空间油气爆炸特性规律,基于大涡模拟WALE模型和Zimont预混火焰模型,对横截面为100 mm×100 mm的含双侧分支管道受限空间油气泄压爆炸特性进行了数值模拟。通过对火焰形态、火焰传播速度和动态超压3个物理量的对比,验证了所建立模型对于含分支结构受限空间油气爆炸计算的适用性。基于数值模拟结果,对爆炸过程中的流场结构、火焰形态和超压变化规律进行了分析,指出了“浪花状”火焰的形成原因。结果表明:（1）火焰传播进入分支管道前,在主管道和分支管道交界处会产生旋转方向相反的对称涡旋结构,并随着火焰传播不断向分支管道内部发展;（2）当火焰传播进入分支管道后,分支管道内部前期已建立流场决定了火焰的形态,火焰锋面在涡旋结构作用下呈“浪花状”,此后火焰和流场相互影响,流场向湍流转捩,火焰锋面褶皱变形;（3）爆炸超压升压过程可划分为4个阶段,受到火焰锋面面积和分支管道泄压共同作用,表明爆炸流场、火焰行为和动态超压呈现出显著耦合性。     

Effect of wall conditions on DDT in hydrogen–oxygen mixtures

Detonation in ducts is usually studied assuming adiabatic walls because of the high kinetic energy due to the incoming flow being supersonic. In the present work, numerical simulations of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) using a detailed chemical reaction model are performed under adiabatic and isothermal boundary conditions in a tube with no-slip walls. The results show a local explosion driving DDT, which occurs near the tube wall in the case of an adiabatic wall, but close to the flame front in the case of an isothermal wall. Furthermore, to examine the effects of a turbulent boundary layer, a simulation using the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model is carried out. In the case of the isothermal wall, there is again a local explosion near the tube wall, which leads to detonation. In summary, the present study confirms that the boundary conditions affect the transition to detonation and that the boundary layer is a key component of DDT.     

Effects of operating pressure on flame oscillation and emission characteristics in a partially premixed swirl combustor

The influence of varying combustor pressure on flame oscillation and emission characteristics in the partially premixed turbulent flame were investigated. In order to investigate combustion characteristics in the partially premixed turbulent flame, the combustor pressure was controlled in the range of −30 to 30 kPa for each equivalence ratio (Φ = 0.8-1.2). The r.m.s. of the pressure fluctuations increased with decreasing combustor pressure for the lean condition. The combustor pressure had a sizeable influence on combustion oscillation, whose dominant frequency varied with the combustor pressure. Combustion instabilities could be controlled by increasing the turbulent intensity of the unburned mixture under the lean condition. An unstable flame was caused by incomplete combustion; hence, EICO greatly increased. Furthermore, EINO_x simply reduced with decreasing combustor pressure at a rate of 0.035 g/10 kPa. The possibility of combustion control on the combusting mode and exhaust gas emission was demonstrated.     

Assessment of the Dynamic SGS Wrinkling Combustion Modeling Using the Thickened Flame Approach Coupled with FGM Tabulated Detailed Chemistry

The dynamic power-law wrinkling model proposed by Charlette et al. is coupled with Flamelet Generated Manifolds (FGM) tabulated chemistry combined with an artificially thickened flame model (ATF) for large eddy simulation. The dynamic formulation is similar to the “Germano” procedure and uses Taylor series based Gaussian filter. Thereby, the power-law wrinkling model parameter is considered to have both temporal and spatial dependency. Series of simulations are conducted for a lean premixed turbulent flame, using both dynamic and non-dynamic versions of the wrinkling model under different grid levels. The simulation results applying the non-dynamic wrinkling model show different behavior for each particular flame resolution, where none of the simulations could deliver the correct flame statistics, such as flame height. The dynamic version of the power-law wrinkling model improves the results independently of the flame resolution, as a consequence of the conservation of the total flame surface.     

多孔材料下气体爆炸转扩散燃烧的特性研究

为分析多孔材料对预混气体爆炸特性参数的影响效果,采用自主搭建的爆炸实验平台,探究不同孔隙度和厚度的多孔材料对当量比为1的甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸的作用行为。实验研究表明,不同孔隙度的多孔材料对爆炸火焰和超压具有促进或抑制两种不同的影响。孔隙度较小时,爆燃火焰传播速度随着材料厚度的增大而降低,并在厚度较大时,火焰有短暂的传播延时现象。孔隙度较大时,预混火焰冲击多孔材料时发生淬熄,但随后一段时间内,由于负压抽吸作用,在已爆区域一侧的材料表面产生扩散燃烧现象,且扩散燃烧程度与材料厚度成反比关系。多孔材料的固相结构能降低压力的泄放效率,同时可吸收能量,进而提高爆炸超压的上升速率,降低超压峰值。当每英寸长度孔数δ=10的多孔材料促进火焰传播时,与当量比为1的预混气体爆炸相比,超压峰值最大可提高约2倍,造成更严重的后果。火焰冲击δ=20的多孔材料时发生淬熄,最大超压衰减可达47.17%,δ=30时最大超压衰减了24.62%。