高速冲击压缩梯恩梯的分子动力学模拟

采用反应力场分子动力学方法模拟了梯恩梯(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene,TNT) 冲击压缩过程. 冲击压缩完全时,体积压缩至原体积40%,梯恩梯分子分解完毕,体系压力达到峰值. 随后稀疏波反向拉伸致大量原子或分子基团飞溅至下游,同时压力开始卸载. 密度及粒子速度剖面显示压缩波后方密度较大,粒子基本处于静止状态,且压缩波内存在较大的粒子速度梯度. 早期化学反应特征是梯恩梯分子在冲击压缩作用下脱落H,O 原子后残基快速聚合形成较大的分子团簇,此阶段和平动—振动弛豫过程相关,并且分子由平动—振动模态转换的时间尺度为0.5 ps. 产物识别分析显示梯恩梯在高速冲击压缩下致C—H,O＝N 键断裂,脱落的原子部分形成OH,H₂,H₂O,N₂,部分H,O 原子游离在体系中. 含碳团簇分析显示,冲击压缩作用致体系中含碳团簇的摩尔质量逐渐累积. 体系内含碳团簇中O/C,H/C,N/C 原子数量比值逐渐趋于平衡(O/C=0.680,H/C=0.410,N/C=0.284),且均小于初始结构中的比值.      

分子动力学模拟金属纳米杆

纳米结构（包括纳米杆）的力学性能是纳米超微型器件设计的基础，分子动力学是研究纳米结构力学为的有效方法，采用EAM势模拟金属铜纳米杆在轴向压力作用下的力学行为，结果表明，当外力较小时，纳米杆受压发生纵向收缩；当外力达到某一临界值时，纳米杆发生横向弯曲（即屈曲）行为；稳定的弯曲状态能继承受外载，当外力继续增大时，纳米杆发生倾覆而失效。     

自组装膜纳米压痕的分子动力学模拟

研究了金探针对沉积在金 (111)表面的 CH3 (CH2 ) 1 5S自组装膜的纳米压痕的分子动力学模拟 .结果表明 ,自组装膜在金探针的作用下出现了跳跃接触现象 ,倾角和法向载荷都出现明显的滞后 ,并进一步表明与探针和膜之间的粘着力有关     

分子沉积膜纳米压痕过程的分子动力学模拟

在利用联合原子模型并考虑静电力作用的基础上，采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了金探针作用下分子沉积膜的纳米压痕过程，并对其纳米力学行为进行了理论分析．结果表明，分子沉积膜在探针压下过程中出现了明显的接触跳跃现象，探针下面的膜的分子倾角和法向载荷呈现出相同的滞后趋势，这可能是探针和分子沉积膜之间粘着力作用的结果．     

纳米晶铜单向拉伸变形的分子动力学模拟

纳米材料是由尺度在1－100nm的微小颗粒组成的体系，由于它具有独特的性能而备受关注。本文简要地回顾了分子动力学在纳米材料研究中的应用，并运用它模拟了平均晶粒尺寸从1．79－5．38nm的纳米晶体的力学性质。模拟结果显示：随着晶粒尺寸的减小，系统与晶粒内部的原子平均能量升高，而晶界上则有所下降；纳米晶体的弹性模量要小于普通多晶体，并随着晶粒尺寸的减小而减小；纳米晶铜的强度随着晶粒的减小而减小，显示了反常的Hall-Petch效应；纳米晶体的塑性变形主要是通过晶界滑移与运动，以及晶粒的转动来实现的；位错运动起着次要的、有限的作用；在较大的应变下（约大于5％），位错运动开始起作用；这种作用随着晶粒尺寸的增加而愈加明显。     

分子动力学模拟金属纳米杆受压稳定性

纳米结构(包括纳米杆)的力学性能是纳米超微型器件设计的基础，分子动力学是研究纳米结构力学行为的有效方法. 采用EAM势模拟金属铜纳米杆在轴向压力作用下的力学行为，结果表明，当外力较小时，纳米杆受压发生纵向收缩；当外力达到某一临界值时，纳米杆发生横向弯曲(即屈曲)行为；稳定的弯曲状态能继续承受外载；当外力继续增大时，纳米杆发生倾覆而失效.     

纳米铜丝尺寸效应的分子动力学模拟

采用EAM原子势函数对不同截面尺寸纳米铜丝拉伸性能进行了零温分子动力学模拟。研究表明截面变化对纳米丝拉伸性能有明显影响。由于表明原子弛豫，纳米丝存在表面张应力以及与之相平衡的内部应力。这种本征应力的存在是纳米丝尺寸效应的根源。纳米丝截面减小，则拉伸强度提高、屈服推迟、初始拉伸模量的软化程度增加。     

纳米丝应变率效应的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟了零温时不同应变率作用下纳米丝的拉伸力学行为.计算结果表明在缺乏热激活软化机制条件下,纳米丝应变率效应呈现出与宏观应变率试验结果相一致的特征.纳米丝在不同的应变率范围具有不同的变形机制.在应变率不敏感区和敏感区,纳米丝主要以位错运动作为塑性变形机制;在应变率突变区,纳米丝通过局部原子混乱区的持续扩展乃至整体结构的非晶化作为塑性变形机制.     

水化硅酸钙纳米压痕分子动力学模拟方法优化

针对水化硅酸钙纳米压痕模型忽视了压头与基底之间相互作用的问题,由尺寸差异引起的金刚石压头难以计算的问题,以及Wittmann模型无法得到实际接触面积的问题,提出了新的模型与计算方法．结合分子动力学方法,采用金刚石压头-Wittmann模型基底的组合方式构建无定形态水化硅酸钙纳米压痕试验模型．在建模阶段,考虑到压头模型与基底模型粒子间尺寸差异,提出了等比例替换模型,通过公式推导并就不同尺寸模拟结果验证了等比例替换模型的可行性．在计算阶段,提出了局部前处理的弛豫方法进行模拟．确定最大荷载位置处的接触面积为546 nm2,进而求出水化硅酸钙模型硬度H为0.84 GPa、折合模量Er为30.52 GPa．并通过纳米压痕试验,验证了模拟结果的准确性,证明了模型的科学性,对今后水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)纳米层面的模拟具有重要借鉴意义．     

纳米铁热力学性质的分子动力学计算

应用分子动力学方法计算了包括纳米铁晶体的熵、Helmholtz自由能等一系列热力学性质,发现纳米晶体的熵比单晶体的熵值高得多,且这些差别随温度增高而迅速加大,这些结果可以用纳米晶体的特殊结构来解释。纳米晶体中大量不规则原子的存在是熵值增大的根本原因。因而,只要改变纳米晶体的尺寸（事实上也是改变了其中不规则原子的数目）将会改变它的熵值及其它的热力学量,从微观结构与热力学量的关系来说,它将有助于改善纳米晶体的性能。     

Numerical simulation of aerated powder consolidation

When a fine powder is dumped into a silo, the gas trapped by the particles will slowly escape by diffusing through the material. The corresponding uneven gas pressure distribution creates a body force that is taken into account through Darcy's law. By using spatial averaging, the formulation, even though essentially one-dimensional in space, includes effects due the geometry of the container. An efficient and robust numerical scheme based on a differential algebraic equation formulation is proposed and implemented. Various computational results are presented and discussed to establish the validity of the approach.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of Poiseuille flow in a rough nano channel with checker surface roughnesses geometry

Molecular dynamics simulation is applied to investigate the effects of checker surface roughness geometry on the flow of liquid argon through nanochannels that the roughness is implemented on the lower channel wall. The Lennard-Jones potential is used to model the interactions between particles and periodic boundary condition is applied in the flow direction. Density and velocity profiles across the channel are investigated for channel that the lower surface is decorated with the checker surface roughness elements. Result show that as the surface attraction energy or the roughness height increase the density layering in the near the wall is enhanced by higher values or secondary layering phenomena.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of polycrystalline copper

An approach for molecular dynamics simulation of the formation of polycrystalline materials from a melt during its cooling is proposed. Atomic configurations of copper corresponding to polycrystals with the mean grain size from 2 to 16 nm are obtained. Isothermal uniaxial tension and compression of these polycrystals is studied by the molecular dynamics method. For the mean grain size of polycrystalline copper being smaller than 10 nm, it is shown that Young’s modulus and yield stress decrease as the grain size decreases. Shock adiabats for polycrystalline copper are constructed. For a material with the grain size approximately equal to 2 nm, the temperature behind the shock wave front is demonstrated to be 10% higher than that in a polycrystal with the grain size greater than 10 nm. Molecular dynamics calculations predict the presence of copper with a body-centered cubic lattice behind the shock wave front at pressures ranging from 100 to 200 GPa.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of impact response of buckyballs

The dynamic impact responses of buckyballs (from C₆₀ to C₇₂₀) are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. With respect to different buckling characteristics, the fullerenes may be divided into three categories. Upon the ricochet of the impactor, the deformation of the smaller buckyballs fully recovers whereas the inverted buckling morphology of the larger buckyballs remains. Thus, energy dissipation is more prominent in the larger fullerenes, and the percentage of dissipated energy is also larger upon higher speed impact. The present study may provide some preliminary insights on employing fullerenes as advanced energy dissipation materials.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of crack-tip processes in copper

The crack tip processes in copper under mode II loading have been simulated by a molecular dynamics method. The nucleation, emission, dislocation free zone (DFZ) and pile-up of the dislocations are analyzed by using a suitable atom lattice configuration and Finnis & Sinclair potential. The simulated results show that the dislocation emitted always exhibits a dissociated fashion. The stress intensity factor for dislocation nucleation, DFZ and dissociated width of partial dislocations are strongly dependent on the loading rate. The stress distributions are in agreement with the elasticity solution before the dislocation emission, but are not in agreement after the emission. The dislocation can move at subsonic wave speed (less than the shear wave speed) or at transonic speed (greater than the shear wave speed but less than the longitudinal wave speed), but at the longitudinal wave speed the atom lattice breaks down. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

纳米镍板裂纹扩展的分子动力学模拟和宏微观分析

建立了半无限弹性纳米镍板Ⅰ型裂纹扩展的二维分子动力学计算模型。采用镶嵌原子法描述原子间作用,模拟了纳观裂纹区在远场常应变率作用下变化直至起始扩展的过程。同时基于原子势函数和二维正三角形晶格常数计算材料弹性参数,进行连续介质力学断裂分析。分子动力学模拟和宏微观分析均得到裂纹起始扩展的临界时刻、裂尖应力场和原子平均能量。二者的结果比较表明本文的二维简化模型和模拟方法可以准确地描述Ⅰ型裂纹扩展的物理本质,基于原子势函数和晶格常数的连续介质力学分析也是一种可行的研究纳米材料断裂的方法。     

Molecular dynamics simulation of diffusion of nanoparticles in mucus

The rapid diffusion of nanoparticles(NPs) through mucus layer is critical for efficient transportation of NPs-loaded drug delivery system. To understand how the physical and surface properties of NPs affect their diffusion in mucus, we have developed a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model to study the diffusion of NPs in modeled mucus layer. Both steric obstruction and hydrodynamic interaction are included in the model capable of capturing the key characteristics of NPs' diffusion in mucus. The results show that both particle size and surface properties significantly affect the diffusivities of NPs in mucus. Furthermore, we find rodlike NPs can gain a higher diffusivity than spherical NPs with the same hydrodynamic diameter. In addition, the disturbed environment can enhance the diffusivity of NPs. Our findings can be utilized to design mucus penetrating NPs for targeted drug delivery system.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid argon flow at platinum surfaces

The micro Poiseuille flow for liquid argon flowing in a nanoscale channel formed by two solid walls was studied in the present paper. The solid wall material was selected as platinum, which has well established interaction potential. We consider the intermolecular force not only among the liquid argon molecules, but also between the liquid argon atoms and the solid wall particles, therefore three regions, i.e. the liquid argon computation domain, the top and bottom solid wall regions are included for the force interaction. The present MD (Molecular Dynamics) simulation was performed without any assumptions at the wall surface. The objective of the study is to find how the flow and the slip boundaries at the wall surface are affected by the applied gravity force, or the shear rate. The MD simulations are performed in a nondimensional unit system, with the periodic boundary conditions applied except in the channel height direction. Once the steady state is reached, the macroscopic parameters are evaluated using the statistical mechanics approach. For all the cases tested numerically in the present paper, slip boundaries occur, and such slip velocity at the stationary wall surface increases with increasing the applied gravity force, or the shear rate. The slip length, which is defined as the distance that the liquid particles shall travel beyond the wall surfaces to reach the same velocity as the wall surface, sharply decreases at small shear rate, then slightly decreases with increasing the applied shear rate. We observe that the liquid viscosity remains nearly constant at small shear rates, and the Newtonian flow occurs. However, with increasing the shear rate, the viscosity increases and the non-Newtonian flow appears.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of peeling a DNA molecule on substrate

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to study adhesion and peeling of a short fragment of single strand DNA (ssDNA) molecule from a graphite surface. The critical peel-off force is found to depend on both the peeling angle and the elasticity of ssDNA. For the short ssDNA strand under investigation, we show that the simulation results can be explained by a continuum model of an adhesive elastic band on substrate. The analysis suggests that it is often the peak value, rather than the mean value, of adhesion energy which determines the peeling of a nanoscale material.The project supported by the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of NSFC (10225209) and key project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-L2)