强脉冲载荷作用下端盖法兰结构的螺栓预紧力设计方法

为研究承受强脉冲载荷的端盖法兰结构的螺栓预紧力设计方法,利用实验室霍普金森杆平台,基于液压原理设计了一套实验装置,并结合数值模拟结果,对强脉冲载荷下端盖法兰结构的动态响应进行研究。通过研究发现:由预紧力和脉冲载荷引起的螺栓总拉伸应变随载荷峰值变化的曲线上存在最小极值点,并总结了最小极值点随载荷峰值、载荷脉宽的变化规律,为强脉冲载荷下法兰结构和预紧力设计提供了依据。     

球形爆炸容器法兰联接螺栓的应变增长现象

本文在球形爆炸容器法兰连接螺栓的动态响应实验研究中,发现了法兰螺栓的应变增长现象。以实验数据为基础,通过数值模拟对螺栓发生应变增长的原因进行分析。研究结果表明:受到开口结构的影响,端盖螺栓受到的压力载荷强度较容器内壁大幅增强。螺栓的应变增长是被增强压力载荷的前2个周期与结构响应形成共振时引发的,通过改变端盖质量、预紧力大小可以避免螺栓发生应变增长。     

计算叶片力学特性的三维8节点非协调有限单元法

针对叶片结构几何形状复杂的特点，建立了能进行叶片力学特性分析的三维8节点非协调有限单元模型。该模型采用了几何非线性和线弹性模式，来考虑叶片径向刚度远大于弯曲刚度而引起的在不同转速下初应力对叶片的作用，能够正确反映叶片的弯曲和扭转耦合振动模态、叶片组的切向和轴向振动模态以及它的应力状态。根据质量等效和力等效的原理，导出了在非协调单元中计算单元变形能时，记入附加的内部自由度，而计算单元的动能、体积力、表面力、以及阻尼力所做的虚功时，不记入附加的内部自由度，这是不同于目前一些文献中的提法。最后，通过实例计算验证了该模型的正确性。     

双金属复合管的静动态力学特性

对双金属复合管单位长度质量的等效截面抗弯曲、抗拉压、抗扭刚度进行了推导。分析了钢-铜、钢-铝双层、铜-钢-铜三层双金属复合管在不同结构和尺寸组合时,其各等效截面刚度与同规格单金属管各截面刚度之比随内层管与总管壁厚之比n的变化规律。获得了最优刚度性能的复合管最佳结构与尺寸组合,能节约贵金属材料。采用等效截面抗弯曲刚度、等效截面抗拉压刚度、等效质量法,推导出双金属复合管弯曲振动和轴向振动固有频率的计算模型;采用等效截面抗扭刚度、等效质量并结合等效转动惯量法,推导出其扭转振动固有频率计算模型。复合管前三阶固有频率的计算值与有限元值相比,最大误差为2.35%;与实测值相比,最大误差为3.15%。研究结果表明:内铝、外钢复合管在抗弯、抗扭方面(n=0.63时)存在最优结构。     

高锰钢辙叉振动特性的数值研究

通过模态分析得到了高锰钢辙叉-轨枕系统的固有频率和振型特征，并讨论了道床刚度和轨枕材料对高锰钢辙叉振动特性的影响。数值结果表明：高锰钢辙叉的模态形状包括垂向弯曲、横向弯曲、扭转三种形式；横向弯曲和扭转两种振动形态总是同时出现；其变形以垂向弯曲为主，且固有频率随道床刚度的增加单调增大；导致高锰钢辙叉疲劳失效的外部激励主要是轮轨冲击力的高频力(大于500Hz)。在低频率(小于400Hz)范围内，轨枕材料分别取橡木和高性能混凝土时各阶固有频率非常接近，最大相差值不超过50Hz；在高频(大于400Hz)范围内，二者结果有所差别，最大相差值超过100Hz。     

含间隙滚子输送链传动振动特性分析与仿真

滚子链传动振动的来源主要是多边形效应、滚子与轮齿之间的冲击,滚子链传动振动引起销轴与套筒间的相对振动,销轴与套筒间不合理的间隙会加剧滚子链传动振动。在低速重载和工作环境恶劣的条件下传递动力和输送物料,剧烈的链传动振动进而影响输送链的正常工作。通过建立销轴与套筒间隙接触碰撞动力学模型,得出了在间隙存在的条件下,系统预紧力与动载荷、链条平稳性间的关系,并给出了使链条平稳运行的最佳预紧力计算公式;基于Recurdyn软件对输送链传动系统的验证仿真,得出理论计算预紧力的施加,使链节迅速趋于稳态振动的同时减小了瞬态振动幅值。本文给出的最佳预紧力为工程实践中输送链平稳运行的预紧力施加提供了理论依据,具有一定的工程价值。     

水下航行体螺栓法兰连接结构可靠性分析

螺栓法兰连接结构中的摩擦、接触、间隙及预紧力等因素,会导致水下航行体结构在复杂载荷环境中出现非线性的动力学响应特性,甚至破坏连接结构.目前,常取指定时段内的各类内力最大值同时施加于连接结构进行可靠性分析,导致结构设计偏于保守.为解决此问题,本文基于随机水动力载荷作用下水下航行体结构内力响应数据,分析螺栓法兰连接结构在端面内力组合作用下的最大Mises应力,由此建立连接结构端面内力组合的极限状态面,利用最大熵方法开展螺栓法兰连接结构可靠性分析.为提高分析效率,根据连接结构端面各类内力在塑性极限状态面附近的线性相关性,提出以端面等效弯矩为指标的工程可靠性分析方法,并通过数值仿真分析对可靠性分析结果精度进行校核.     

机械臂臂杆刚度主动控制下的末端振动特性研究

机械臂在运动过程中会因臂杆柔性引发结构变形和弹性振动,降低机械臂末端的定位精度和运动稳定性,将结构振动控制方法用于机械臂的振动抑制研究具有重要意义. 基于变刚度主动控制的设计思想,提出了臂杆刚度主动控制方法,通过改变机械臂臂杆的轴向受力状况来主动改变机械臂的刚度. 采用变形耦合法描述了机械臂的非线性变形,进而结合假设模态法和拉格朗日方程建立了臂杆的变刚度动力学模型,并进行了数值仿真. 在此基础上,设计了基于臂杆刚度主动控制方法的单自由度实验台,分析了不同预紧力下机械臂末端的振动特性. 数值仿真和实验结果表明,随着预紧力的增加,机械臂末端的振动幅值得到衰减,验证了臂杆刚度主动控制方法的有效性. 通过采用响应面法建立了机械臂末端的振动响应与预紧力的关系,并基于内部映射牛顿法的子空间置信域法优化算法对预紧力进行了优化分析,得到了最优预紧力. 该研究可为机械臂的精细动力学建模和振动抑制提供一定的理论依据,并为研究经济型低刚度材料的刚化问题提供了方向,以利用廉价低刚度材料取代目前所应用的昂贵高刚度材料.      

基于代理模型的箭体连接结构极值响应分析与优化

螺栓法兰连接结构在航空航天等工程领域中广泛应用,其力学性能在不同工况和装配情况下十分复杂。由于拉压刚度差异,含连接结构的箭体动力学响应呈现明显的非线性特征。因此,考虑不同连接参数及工况下的连接非线性动力学响应,对结构优化设计有着重要意义。本文针对以双线性弹簧表征螺栓法兰连接非线性的箭体等效动力学模型,基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络和响应面法分别建立其连接面处的极值响应代理模型,对比发现RBF神经网络模型在较高精度上可以实现对动响应极值的预测及分析;同时分析了不同载荷参数及刚度变化对连接结构动响应极值的影响;最后,利用RBF神经网络代理模型,开展了连接面加速度极值响应与螺栓弹簧力最小化为目标的连接结构参数优化。     

RESEARCH ON VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANIPULATOR END UNDER ACTIVE CONTROL OF ARM STIFFNESS$^{\bf 1)}$

机械臂在运动过程中会因臂杆柔性引发结构变形和弹性振动,降低机械臂末端的定位精度和运动稳定性,将结构振动控制方法用于机械臂的振动抑制研究具有重要意义. 基于变刚度主动控制的设计思想,提出了臂杆刚度主动控制方法,通过改变机械臂臂杆的轴向受力状况来主动改变机械臂的刚度. 采用变形耦合法描述了机械臂的非线性变形,进而结合假设模态法和拉格朗日方程建立了臂杆的变刚度动力学模型,并进行了数值仿真. 在此基础上,设计了基于臂杆刚度主动控制方法的单自由度实验台,分析了不同预紧力下机械臂末端的振动特性. 数值仿真和实验结果表明,随着预紧力的增加,机械臂末端的振动幅值得到衰减,验证了臂杆刚度主动控制方法的有效性. 通过采用响应面法建立了机械臂末端的振动响应与预紧力的关系,并基于内部映射牛顿法的子空间置信域法优化算法对预紧力进行了优化分析,得到了最优预紧力. 该研究可为机械臂的精细动力学建模和振动抑制提供一定的理论依据,并为研究经济型低刚度材料的刚化问题提供了方向,以利用廉价低刚度材料取代目前所应用的昂贵高刚度材料.     

Analysis of thin-walled curved box beam under in-plane flexure

A higher-order one-dimensional analysis of the in-plane flexural deformation of thin-walled curved box beams is carried out. The main contribution of the present work is to consider an additional degree of freedom accounting for the in-plane distortional deformation of the thin-walled cross section that is accompanied by the in-plane bending deformation. Especially, we develop a systematic procedure to determine this bending distortion and formulate a higher-order beam theory including this additional degree of freedom. The significant contribution of the bending distortion to the beam flexibility is clearly demonstrated through several case studies.     

Flexural rigidity of honeycomb consisting of hexagonal cells

In this study,the flexural rigidity of a honeycomb consisting of regular hexagonal cells is investigated.It is found that the honeycomb bending can not be evaluated by using the equivalent elastic moduli obtained from the in-plane deformation because the moments acting on the inclined cell wall are different for in-plane deformation and bending deformation.Based on the fact that the inclined wall is twisted under the condition of the rotation angle in both connection edges being zero,a theoretical technique for calculating the flexural rigidity of honeycombs is proposed,and the validity of the present analysis is demonstrated by numerical results obtained by BFM.     

Light-Weight Design of CRH Wind Deflector Panels based on Woven Textile Sandwich Composites

The woven textile sandwich composite(WTSC) is a promising lightweight composite.In bending,two competing core shearing failure modes reduce the strength;deflection induced by the core shearing deformation reduces the flexural rigidity.To replace a solid composite laminate,the span of WTSC panel must be greater than a critical value,which was deduced on the condition that the load capacity and flexural rigidity of the WTSC panel are equal to those of the composite laminate.Three WTSC panels were tested in bending,so that the failure modes were observed,and the critical spans were determined.Using the alternative design method,the WTSC based wind deflector with reduced weight has been fabricated and mounted on the CRH(China Railway High-speed).     

铁木辛柯梁中的卸载弯曲波及二次断裂

半无限长梁承受恒定弯矩作用后, 如果自由端的初始弯矩突然释放, 将在梁中激发出一列卸载弯曲应力波. 采用铁木辛柯梁和瑞利梁来研究突然卸载所激发出的弯曲波的传播特征. 利用拉普拉斯变换方法进行分析, 首先推导出铁木辛柯梁和瑞利梁中的卸载弯曲波的像函数解析解, 采用数值反变换方法给出了时域上波传播的响应解, 并研究了梁中各点的横向位移、弯矩和剪力随时间的变化规律. 计算结果表明: 与简化的欧拉梁不同, 旋转惯性的引入使铁木辛柯梁和瑞利梁中的弯曲波传播具有强烈的局部化效应, 特别是梁中各点经历的弯矩变化, 和其距离自由端的位置相关, 不同时刻的弯矩峰值大小不同;瑞利梁中离自由端不同距离各点的峰值弯矩先增大后降低, 最后达到一个渐近值;铁木辛柯梁中各点的峰值弯矩总体上随着时间单调增大到同一个渐近值, 该渐近值与欧拉梁中的峰值弯矩值相同, 均为1.43.切应力效应的引入进一步降低了铁木辛柯梁中卸载弯曲波的波速, 同时也使得铁木辛柯梁中弯矩峰值的最大值小于瑞利梁中的最大值. 对于脆性细长梁的纯弯曲断裂, 铁木辛柯梁可以较好地预测二次断裂的发生位置, 相应的碎片尺寸约为7倍梁横截面厚度.      

用高阶剪切变形理论研究双模量梁的弯曲

利用高阶剪切变形理论研究了双模量梁的弯曲变形问题,推导出了双模量梁的挠曲线方程及弯曲正应力公式．讨论分析了翘曲函数的指数n对挠度、正应力的影响．研究结果表明：拉压弹性模量的差异对梁的弯曲应力有较大影响．把高阶剪切变形理论的计算结果与弹性理论计算结果进行比较,可知该方法计算精度非常高．     

真空排水预压下土体变形的应力路径分析

通过室内试验, 对真空排水预压下土体变形特性进行了应力路径分析, 测定软土地基在真空预压加固后应力路径的改变对沉降量的影响, 论证真空排水预压加固软土地基不能消除其剪应力引起的剪切变形, 结合实例, 计算其后期沉降量与固结沉降量的比值, 并推算软土地基在真空预压下其最终沉降量计算公式的修正系数。     

Dynamic stability of a thin cylindrical shell with top mass subjected to harmonic base-acceleration

This paper considers the dynamic stability of a harmonically base-excited cylindrical shell carrying a top mass. Based on Donnell’s nonlinear shell theory, a semi-analytical model is derived which exactly satisfies the (in-plane) boundary conditions. This model is numerically validated through a comparison with static and modal analysis results obtained using finite element modelling. The steady-state nonlinear dynamics of the base-excited cylindrical shell with top mass are examined using both numerical continuation of periodic solutions and standard numerical time integration. In these dynamic analyses the cylindrical shell is preloaded by the weight of the top mass. This preloading results in a single unbuckled stable static equilibrium state. A critical value for the amplitude of the harmonic base-excitation is determined. Above this critical value, the shell may exhibit a non-stationary beating type of response with severe out-of-plane deformations. However, depending on the considered imperfection and circumferential wave number, also other types of post-critical behaviour are observed. Similar as for the static buckling case, the critical value highly depends on the initial imperfections present in the shell.     

Non-axisymmetric warping of a heavy circular plate on a flexible ring support

In this paper, we study the deformation and stability of a circular plate under its own weight and supported by a flexible concentric ring. Both bilateral and unilateral supports are considered. Von Karman’s plate model is adopted to formulate the equations of motion. A nonlinear Galerkin’s method based on two sets of assumed functions is used to discretize and solve the governing equations. Vibration method is used to predict the stability of the deformations. The linear analysis conducted previously predicts that the deformation is always axisymmetric. The current nonlinear analysis, however, shows that the axisymmetric deformation may become unstable when the dimensionless load, i.e., a ratio between the weight per unit area and the flexural rigidity of the plate, reaches a critical value. At this critical load, a stable non-axisymmetric deformation of the form cos nθ emerges following a pitch-fork bifurcation, where the integer n depends on the stiffness and the radius of the ring support. When the load increases further, more than one stable non-axisymmetric deformation may coexist. In a stable non-axisymmetric deformation with bilateral support, tension on the ring support may develop when the load reaches another critical value. In this situation, the circular plate will separate from the supporting ring in part of the angular region if the bilateral support is replaced by a unilateral one. The deformation with unilateral support is in general larger than the one with bilateral support.     

STUDY ON AMPLIFICATION FACTOR OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING CRITICAL LOAD OF AXIAL COMPRESSION BARS1)

为了建立一般条件下轴压构件屈曲临界载荷的计算理论,首先对轴心受压构件发生屈曲时的总势能方程进行了推导,然后采用Rayleigh-Ritz法并基于势能驻值原理得到了4种不同端部约束条件下轴压构件的屈曲临界载荷,对比欧拉临界载荷,给出了临界载荷放大系数 的计算式,全面考虑了构件长细比、压缩变形、剪切变形以及截面形状系数对临界载荷的影响,推导的计算式可用于较小长细比轴压构件发生屈曲时临界载荷的计算.圆截面和双轴对称工字形截面轴压构件屈曲临界载荷的分析表明构件长细比是影响放大系数的主导因素。     

Ultra High Speed DIC and Virtual Fields Method Analysis of a Three Point Bending Impact Test on an Aluminium Bar

This paper deals with the analysis of an aluminium beam impacted in a three point bending configuration using a Hopkinson bar device. Full-field deformation measurements were performed using Digital Image Correlation on images captured with an ultra high speed camera (16 frames at a time resolution of 10 μs). The performance of the deformation and strain measurements were evaluated and the data were then used quantitatively to analyse the very complex dynamic behaviour of the beam. It was shown that the deformation of the beam was controlled by the interaction between the striker and the flexural bending wave triggered by the initial impact. The principle of virtual work was used to reconstruct the impact force from the shear strains and to analyze how this impact force relates to the acceleration of the specimen (inertia forces) and the development of the bending stresses. The results are in good agreement with expectations. This opens up new perspectives in the quantitative use of full-field measurements to extract elasto-plastic constitutive parameters from such impact tests.