宁波市饮用水中重金属铁锌铜健康风险度评价

对宁波市区内36个样点的饮用水中Fe,Zn,Cu的质量浓度进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各区饮用水中Fe,Zn,Cu所引起的健康风险度作了初步评价。结果表明,宁波市区Fe,Zn,Cu的平均质量浓度范围分别为Fe 35~809μg/L,Zn51~1 147μg/L,Cu 14~98μg/L;通过饮水途径所引起的非致癌健康风险中Zn在邱隘(样点)的致癌年风险最大(1.7×10-5),但低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受年风险水平(5×10-5),Cu,Fe的年风险水平(10-8~10-9)均远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平。因此与Fe,Cu相比,Zn为主要的风险污染物,应进行优先管理。     

宁波市饮用水中重金属污染物镉健康风险评价

对宁波市区内36个监测点的饮用水中Cd的质量浓度进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各区饮用水中Cd所引起的健康风险度作了初步评价。结果表明,宁波市区镉的平均质量浓度范围为0～3.2μg/L;通过饮水途径所引起的致癌健康风险中Cd在邱隘的致癌风险最大(8.7×10-6.a-1),但低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5.a-1)。由于邱隘地区饮用水中的镉风险度相对较高,因此应优先对其进行管理。总体来说,Cd的个人年风险在10-6水平,所以宁波市通过饮水所引起的慢性镉暴露不会对暴露人群引起健康危害。     

萝卜中重金属元素的测定分析

用原子吸收分光光度法测定了河南豫北地区的三种萝卜中重金属元素。结果显示,该地区萝卜中铅含量较高,镉和汞含量极微。     

离子色谱法测定农村饮用水中阴离子

采用离子色谱法测定农村饮用水中F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-和SO42-等6种阴离子的含量。水样经Ion Pac AG19保护柱及Ion Pac AS19分离柱分离,以20.00mmol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液为淋洗液,采用抑制电导器检测。F-、NO2-和Br-在4mg·L-1以内,Cl-、NO3-和SO42-在40mg·L-1以内呈线性关系,检出限(2S/N)在0.002～0.012mg·L-1之间。方法用于水样中6种阴离子的测定,加标回收率在98.0%～101.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.83%～2.7%之间。     

ICP-OES法与石墨炉原子吸收法测定饮用水中重金属元素比较

通过对比电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)与石墨炉原子吸收法(AAS)测定水中重金属的检出限、重复性、加标回收率等实验,验证两种方法的准确性,从而为饮用水中重金属的测定提供可靠的方法。结果表明,石墨炉原子吸收法测定饮用水中砷、镉、铬、铅、汞、硒检出限均低于ICP-OES法,但ICP-OES法测定线性范围宽,重复性和加标回收率均优于石墨炉原子吸收法,分析速度快,操作便捷,结果满意,是目前饮用水中重金属的测定非常可靠的方法。     

佛山市蔬菜中若干重金属元素含量调查与分析

对广东佛山市蔬菜中重金属含量进行了调查与分析。结果表明,蔬菜中重金属元素含量取决于蔬菜种类和土壤环境,佛山市蔬菜中重金属元素含量基本上是正常的,仅个别样点土壤受污染,蔬菜重金属元素含量异常。蔬菜中重金属元素含量由高到低顺序大体上是:叶菜类,瓜果类蔬菜,根菜类蔬菜。蔬菜必需元素锌、铜含量比汞、镉、铅、铬、镍等非必需元素含量高。     

土壤环境生态对重金属元素迁移影响分析

作物中重金属元素主要来自土壤，其含量与作物种类和土壤环境有关。土壤中重金属元素含量、土壤pH值、Eh值、土壤化学组成、土壤质地等环境因素都影响作物中重金属元素含量。土壤pH值和Eh值影响重金属元素的活动性。重金属元素的水溶态容易被作物吸收，而难溶态和被土壤胶体固定的重金属元素，不能被作物吸收。同种作物重金属元素含量的差异主要取决于土壤环境。     

重庆都市圈土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取重庆市表层土壤样品,采用Tessier A连续提取法研究了土壤中Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni等6种重金属元素进行形态分析。结果表明,在该区域表层土壤中Cd以离子交换态为主,其余的重金属元素均以残渣态为主,说明Cd较活泼,对环境有潜在的影响力,Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr相对比较稳定。     

Monitoring of Pollutants Content in Bottled and Tap Drinking Water in Italy

The concentration levels of thirteen organic pollutants and selected heavy metals were investigated in 40 plastics bottled and tap water samples. Some of the selected contaminants have an ascertained or suspected endocrine disrupting activity, such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs, and Bis 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which are used by industries as plasticizers. The most frequently detected pollutants were Bisphenol AF (BPAF) (detection frequency (DF) = 67.5%, mean 387.21 ng L⁻¹), DEHP (DF = 62.5%, mean 46.19 µg L⁻¹) and BPA (DF = 60.0%, mean 458.57 ng L⁻¹), with higher concentration levels found in tap waters. Furthermore, a possible level of exposure to thirteen pollutants via drinking water intake was calculated. Our findings show that, even though the occurrence of contaminants and heavy metals in drinking waters does not pose an immediate, acute health risk for the population, their levels should be constantly monitored and “hard-wired” into everyday practice. Indeed, the health impact to the continuous and simultaneous intake of a huge variety of xenobiotics from various sources by humans is complex and still not fully understood.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定饮用水中重金属元素的比较

通过对比电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(AAS)测定水中重金属的检出限、重复性、加标回收率等实验,验证两种方法的准确性,从而为饮用水中重金属的测定提供可靠的方法。结果表明,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定饮用水中砷、镉、铬、铅、汞、硒的检出限均低于ICP-OES法,但ICP-OES法测定线性范围宽,重复性和加标回收率均优于石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,分析速度快,操作便捷,结果满意,是目前饮用水中重金属测定非常可靠的方法。     

新乡市饮用水中氟化物含量的测定分析

对新乡市不同水质中氟化物含量进行了测定分析 ,结果表明 ,地层水和管网水中氟含量适中 ,山泉水和矿泉水中氟含量偏低 ,纯净水和矿物质水中未检出氟化物。并对氟与人体健康的关系进行了讨论 ,认为饮用水中应有适量的氟化物     

Identification of Heavy Metals and Organic Micropollutants in Drinking Water Sources in Typical Villages and Towns in Northeast China

This study identified and detected the existence of major pollutants in northeast China. As an alpine region and an agricultural base, this region has representative significance in pollution research. We selected 56 samples from drinking water sources of typical villages and towns, focusing on the analysis of heavy metals and organic micropollutants in northeast China. The analysis results showed that Fe and Mn were the main metal elements exceeding the standard. The exceeding rates were 17.9% and 19.6%. Experiments showed that there were 19 kinds of pesticides, 6 kinds of OPEs, 2 kinds of PAEs, 22 kinds of PPCPs. The detection rate of these 49 kinds of organic micro-pollutants were 1.79~82.14%. The characteristics of organic pollution were extensive and varied. Many underground water samples had high level of micropollutants. The water quality parameters of drinking water sources in villages and towns showed close relation to local geological conditions and agricultural activities. Actions must be taken to control these parameters from the source of pollution.     

Sequential Speciation Analysis of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Pipe Scales by Mass Spectrometry

An electrochemical mass spectrometry technique was developed based on a homemade analytical device for sequential analysis of the heavy metals with various speciations in the scales. Four speciations(e.g., water-soluble speciation, organic speciation, indissoluble speciation and elemental speciation) of heavy metals are sequentially extracted by H₂O, CH₃OH, EDTA-2Na and electrolysis for online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS) detection. The method takes significant advantages, such as requiring no tedious offline sample pretreatment, high speed of analysis(20 min), high throughput (multi-metals), good sensitivity(0.5 μg/L) and rich chemical information(four speciations). As a result, the rapid comprehensive characterization of four speciations of Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ba, Mn, Cr and Ca in water pipe scales has been qualitatively achieved. It demonstrated that the present method is a powerful tool for the effective assessment of potential hazards in drinking water, which provides a new analytical idea for evaluating water quality.     

山核桃叶中重金属的含量测定分析

采用紫外分光光度法测定了山核桃叶中重金属的含量,分析波长为299 nm。结果表明,山核桃叶中重金属含量为17.264μg/g,线性范围1～20μg,平均加样回收率为99.87%。为进一步开发利用浙江山核桃叶资源提供了科学依据。     

湘潭市土壤重金属地球化学特征的统计分析

运用相关性分析、聚类分析、因子分析及直方图分析对湘潭市土壤重金属地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明：（1）As、Cd、Cu、zn与pH值呈显著正相关;As与Cd、Cu、Ph、zn呈显著正相关;Cd与As、Cu、Pb呈显著正相关;Cu与As、Cd、Pb、Zn呈显著正相关;Pb与As、Cu、zn呈显著正相关;Zn与As、Cd、Cu、Pb呈显著正相关;Hg与其他重金属及pH值不具有显著相关关系。（2）本区重金属分为两类,即Cr、pH、As、Zn、Cu、Cd;Hg、Pb。（3）区内重金属存在3种主要元素组合即As—Cd—Cu—Pb—Zn—pH;Cr—Hg;Cd—pH;（4）区内重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn服从正态分布。（5）通过前人对湘潭市土壤重金属进行生态地球化学评价可知,区内Cd、Hg属重污染,从统计分析结果来看,Cd随着本区pH值变化而变化,并与As、Cu、Pb相关性显著;而Hg与pH值及其它重金属之间没有必然联系。     

紫外分光光度法测定地龙中重金属的含量

为地龙重金属限量标准提供依据,采用紫外分光光度法测定了地龙中重金属的含量,分析波长为273 nm.结果表明,赤子爱胜蚓的重金属含量为13.04 μg/g,线性范围0～50 μg,平均加样回收率为99.42%.该法简便、快速、重现性好,能在一次操作中测出中药中大部分重金属的含量.