Analytical model of longitudinal tire traction in snow

An analytical model to estimate longitudinal traction of a tire in snow was developed and verified to have good predictability in comparison with measurements. Snow traction of a tire is composed of four kinds of forces in this model: braking force attributable to snow compression, shear force of snow in void (space between tread blocks), frictional force, and digging force (edge effect generated by sipes and blocks). The mechanical characteristics of snow were considered in the prediction of braking force and shear force, but were not considered in the prediction of other forces. The contribution of shear force of snow in void and the frictional force was large in static traction (traction just before a tire slips). On the other hand, the contributions of digging force and frictional force were large in situations involving high slip ratios.     

Aerodynamic force and flow structures of two airfoils in flapping motions

Aerodynamic force and flow structures of two airfoils in a tandem configuration in flapping motions are studied, by solving the Navier-Stokes equations in moving overset grids. Three typical phase differences between the fore- and aftairfoil flapping cycles are considered. It is shown that: (1) in the case of no interaction (single airfoil), the time average of the vertical force coefficient over the downstroke is 2.74, which is about 3 times as large as the maximum steady-state lift coefficient of a dragonfly wing; the time average of the horizontal force coefficient is 1.97, which is also large. The reasons for the large force coefficients are the acceleration at the beginning of a stroke, the delayed stall and the “pitching-up” motion near the end of the stroke. (2) In the cases of two-airfoils, the time-variations of the force and moment coefficients on each airfoil are broadly similar to that of the single airfoil in that the vertical force is mainly produced in downstroke and the horizontal force in upstroke, but very large differences exist due to the interaction. (3) For in-phase stroking, the major differences caused by the interaction are that the vertical force on FA in downstroke is increased and the horizontal force on FA in upstroke decreased. As a result, the magnitude of the resultant force is almost unchanged but it inclines less forward. (4) For counter stroking, the major differences are that the vertical force on AA in downstroke and the horizontal force on FA in upstroke are decreased. As a result, the magnitude of the resultant force is decreased by about 20 percent but its direction is almost unchanged. (5) For 90°-phase-difference stroking, the major differences are that the vertical force on AA in downstroke and the horizontal force on FA in upstroke are decreased greatly and the horizontal force on AA in upstroke increased. As a result, the magnitude of the resultant force is decreased by about 28% and it inclines more forward. (6) Among the three cases of phase angles, inphase flapping produces the largest vertical force (also the largest resultant force); the 90°-phase-difference flapping results in the largest horizontal force, but the smallest resultant force.     

粘着行为中预压紧力和分离速度及相对湿度对分离力影响的实验研究

在改变粘着试验中接触副预压紧力、接触副分离速度以及环境相对湿度的条件下,利用表面力仪实时测量了新鲜解理云母接触副分离过程的分离力,并观察了接触后解理云母接触区的状态．结果表明：在保持弹性接触时,预压紧力对分离力影响不大,接触材料的表面能决定分离力的强度;当预压紧力超过临界值时,接触表面发生塑性变形,在一定范围内分离力随预压紧力的增加而增大;在干接触时分离速度与分离力无直接联系,但在存在大粘度中间层液体时,分离速度的增加可使分离力显著增大;分离力随相对湿度的增加而增大．     

滚动问题中摩擦力的判断

刚体滚动时摩擦力的判断是工程力学中极易引起学生困惑的问题. 在对摩擦力产生原因进行分析的基础上, 确定了刚体纯滚动时静摩擦力的计算公式和判定方法. 刚体作纯滚动时静摩擦力所作总功为零, 仅实现刚体平动动能和转动动能之间的相互转化, 其方向总是阻碍主动力引起的物体运动趋势并使其向另一种运动转化; 刚体作有滑滚动时滑动摩擦力所作总功为负, 其方向与刚体滑动方向相反, 并实现刚体平动动能和转动动能之间的相互转化.     

基于坐标变换的斜角切削力学研究

在直角切削模型的基础上,首先将在法平面坐标系中得到的切削力通过坐标变换得到主剖面坐标系中的切削力;再把主剖面坐标系中的切削力利用坐标变换得到切深-进给平面中的切削力理论公式。通过坐标变换得到的切削力理论公式更简洁,物理意义清晰,并能反映出切削偏角对切削力的影响。通过对数值计算与数值仿真两种方法模拟得到的切削力进行比较,得出两者的误差率在8.3%~15.7%,说明两者具有良好的一致性,从而证明了模型的正确性。斜角切削力的理论公式为实际切削加工中切削力的解析预测奠定了基础。     

Mechanism on lateral distribution of small bubbles in?vertical bubbly upflows

The void fraction profile and distributing mechanism of small bubbles were investigated in detail by using the Euler?CLagrange two-way model. The continuous phase is simulated by using direct numerical simulations in Euler frame of reference. Bubble trajectories are tracked by solving the Newton equations of motion with considering forces including gravity force (buoyant force), drag force, lift force, wall lift force, pressure gradient force, virtual mass force, and inertia force in Lagrange frame of reference. Results show that the void fraction profile of small bubbles exhibits double peak values, which is caused by different interphase forces dominating over bubble movements at different bubble places, and paths of bubbles are directly related to their injection places.     

基于欧拉摩擦的皮带内力分布及载荷变形关系

围绕圆轮的皮带在达到临界状态前外载增加或降低过程中,局部静摩擦力会发生大小 和方向的改变. 皮带任一点处内力变化可以沿指数曲线增加或减小,取决于加载历史. 皮带 本身是线弹性材料,但变形与力之间是非线性关系,且加载与卸载过程不同,形成滞回圈. 滞回圈内每一点都是皮带可能出现的载荷和变形状态.     

Automatic extraction method of force chain information and its application in the flow photoelastic experiment of granular matter

The force chain is the core of the multi-scale analysis of granular matter. Accurately extracting the force chain information among particles is of great significance to the study of particle mechanics and geological hazards caused by particle flow. However, in the photoelastic experiment, the precise identification of the branching points of force chains has not been effectively realized. Therefore, this study proposes an automatic extraction method of force chain key information. First, based on the Hough transform and the Euclidean distance, a particle geometric information identification model is established and geometric information such as particle circle center coordinates, radius, contact point location, and contact angle is extracted. Then, a particle contact force information identification model is established following the color gradient mean square method. The model realizes the rapid calibration and extraction of a large number of particle media contact force information. Next, combined with the force chain composition criterion and its quasilinear feature, an automatic extraction method of force chain information is established, which solves the problem of the accurate identification of the force chain branch points. Finally, in the photoelastic experiment of ore drawing from a single drawpoint, the automatic extraction method of force chain information is verified. The results show that the macroscopic distribution of force chains during ore drawing from a single drawpoint is left–right symmetrical. Strong force chains are mostly located on the two sides of the model but in small numbers and they mainly develop vertically. Additionally, the ends are mostly in a combination of Y and inverted Y shapes, while the middle is mostly quasilinear. Weak force chains are abundant and mostly distributed in the middle of the model, and develop in different directions. The proposed extraction method accurately extracts the force chain network from the photoelastic experiment images and dynamically characterizes the force chains of granular matter, which has significant advantages in particle geometry information extraction, force chain branch point discrimination, force chain retrieval, and force chain distribution and its azimuthal characterization. The results provide a scientific basis for studying the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical parameters of granular matter.     

混凝土框架结构内力测量传感器研制

研制了一种可用于混凝土结构试验中测量柱底截面轴向力、剪力和弯矩的内力测量传感器。该传感器主要由加载板、基座、4根竖向测力杆和2根水平测力杆组成。使用时,柱底截面的内力通过加载板传递给6根测力杆,根据6根测力杆的结果,通过力平衡方程可以计算实际加载的轴向力、剪力和弯矩的大小。对该传感器进行了4种工况下的标定试验。结果表明,传感器的测量误差满足框架结构内力测量精度要求。将该传感器应用到单层两跨的钢筋混凝土框架推覆试验中,获得了整个试验过程中构件的内力时程。     

单箱三室箱梁剪力滞效应的试验研究

为开展单箱三室箱梁剪力滞效应的试验研究,制作了有机玻璃简支箱梁模型,对试验模型进行了分级加载。对该试验箱梁进行集中加载,分别作用于跨中截面四腹板上方、两对称边腹板上方和两对称中腹板上方。采用DH3816应变采集仪测得跨中及四分之一跨截面各关键点应变值,用百分表测得箱梁各关键截面挠度值。测量得到的截面应力分布规律验证了箱梁截面剪力滞效应的存在。对该有机玻璃简支箱梁,利用有限元方法和模型试验方法,研究了3种集中力工况下截面的剪力滞分布规律。结果表明,集中力作用下单箱三室箱梁各翼板间存在明显的剪力滞效应,且荷载的横向作用位置对箱梁截面剪力滞效应影响较大。     

Entropic force between biomembranes

Undulation force, an entropic force, stems from thermally excited fluctuations, and plays a key role in the essential interactions between neighboring surfaces of objects. Although the characteristics of the undulation force have been widely studied theoretically and experimentally, the distance dependence of the force, which constitutes its most fundamental characteristic, remains poorly understood. In this paper, first, we obtain a novel expression for the undu-lation force by employing elasticity and statistical mechanics and prove it to be in good agreement with existing exper-imental results. Second, we clearly demonstrate that the two representative forms of the undulation force proposed by Helfrich and Freund were respectively the upper and lower bounds of the present expression when the separation between membranes is sufficiently small, which was intrinsi-cally different from the existing results where Helfrich’s and Freund’s forms of the undulation force were only suitable for the intermediate and small separations. The investigations show that only in a sufficiently small separation does Hel-frich’s result stand for the undulation force with a large wave number and Freund’s result express the force with a small wave number. Finally, a critical acting distance of the undu-lation force, beyond which the entropic force will rapidly decay approaching zero, is presented.     

变速运动颗粒所受非恒定作用力分析

本文利用典型函数试验法对变速运动颗粒所受非恒定作用力（Ｂａｓｓｅｔ力和附加质量力）进行了深入分析和比较，结果表明：Ｂａｓｓｅｔ力对重质颗粒运动的影响很大，不能忽略；对于轻质颗粒，则以附加质量力的作用为主，Ｂａｓｓｅｔ力可忽略不计．     

基于力封闭的虚拟手稳定抓持力生成方法

为解决虚拟训练中抓持力反馈生成的问题,研究了满足软指点接触模型的力封闭条件。基于力封闭求解中的操作力和内力的摩擦锥条件,通过非线性规划方程求解内力平衡和内力满足摩擦锥条件,并获取最稳定抓持的标准;提出需求压力和可提供压力的概念,建立了稳定静力抓持模型,实验实现了抓持力的生成。本文方法为虚拟手交互中的力觉生成提供了一种新方法。     

三方程线性弹性-阻尼DEM模型及碰撞参数确定

建立了一种考虑法向接触力、切向接触力(含静滑动摩擦力及动滑动摩擦力)和力矩(含由切向力产生的力矩及静滚动摩擦力矩和动滚动摩擦力矩)的三方程线性弹性-阻尼离散单元模型,并将该模型应用到颗粒物料的三维数值模拟中,讨论了模型中几个重要碰撞参数--刚性系数、阻尼系数及摩擦系数的选择及其对计算结果的影响,同时也探讨了时间步长等计算参数对模拟结果的影响.为了验证算法和参数选择的正确性,本文对几个有代表性的颗粒系统进行了数值试验研究,并对计算结果进行了细致的分析,验证了新模型和参数选择的正确性.     

离散元法铁粉末压制中粒径分布对力链演化机制的影响

为阐明粒径分布对铁粉压制中体系内部细观力学行为的影响, 基于离散元理论, 通过改变铁粉颗粒粒径分布建立压制模型, 结合力链提取方法, 通过对力链空间分布、力链数目、力链长度和力链方向性的分析, 探究粒径分布对力链演化的影响机理. 研究结果表明: 不同粒径分布的粉体压制时形成的力链空间分布具有差异, 粒径分布范围越小, 形成的力链分布越集中, 反之, 粒径分布范围越大, 形成的力链分布越松散且均匀; 在粉末压制时, 粒径分布对力链数目也有影响, 具体表现为随着粉体的粒径分布范围变大, 力链总数逐渐减少; 粉体的粒径分布对颗粒形成短力链的数目起着显著影响, 而对力链长度的影响较为有限; 随着粒径分布范围的增大, 力链的方向由均匀分布逐渐集中在特定角度方向, 表现出一定各向异性, 形成的交叉力链网络结构有利于提高粉体致密化程度. 本文为从粉体粒径分布影响层面拓展粉末压制细观力学理论提供基础, 亦为进一步结合粉体粒径分布及体系内力链演变过程改善粉末致密化行为提供指导.      

The influences of wall Lorentz force and field Lorentz force on the cylinder drag reduction

In this paper,the effects of Lorentz force on drag reduction for a circular cylinder have been studied experimentally and numerically.Based on its effects on drag reduction,the Lorentz force is found to be classified into two parts:one acts directly on the cylinder,named as the wall Lorentz force,and the other called the field Lorentz force acts on the fluid inside the boundary layer.The wall Lorentz force leads to the generation of a thrust,whereas the field Lorentz force results in drag increase.Since the former dominates the drag variation,the drag would reduce accordingly and even turn into negative (thrust) with the application of Lorentz force.     

Basset力研究进展与应用分析

Basset力为两相流中颗粒与流体存在相对加速度时所产生的一种非恒定气动力 ,以往对其进行了大量的实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟。本文通过对Basset力研究文献的综述 ,分析并归纳了各种不同两相流动问题中该力的影响情况 ,得到的结论是 :对于气泡在液体内的流动问题 ,当气泡运动的脉动频率很大或很小时可以忽略Basset力对其运动的影响 ;对于固体或液体颗粒在气体中的运动问题可以忽略Basset力的影响 ;而其它两相流动问题则需要根据具体问题的特点来决定是否考虑Basset力的影响 ,其中需要考察 :流体与颗粒密度差别 ,颗粒尺寸 ,流动特征时间和颗粒运动弛豫时间 ,相对加速度 (或减速度 )等因素。本文还探讨了Basset力研究的发展方向。     

Size prediction of κ-carrageenan droplets formed in co-flowing immiscible liquid

The formation of κ-carrageenan droplets in channel emulsification was experimentally investigated. The dispersed phase was vertically injected into co-flowing immiscible palm oil in the direction of gravity. This study focused on predicting κ-carrageenan drop size using force balance analysis. The force balance model considers the interfacial tension to be the solitary attaching force, while a combination of the drag force from the co-flowing palm oil and the body force of the extruding κ-carrageenan liquid act as the detaching forces. The conventional model gave poor predictions for droplet size, with an average relative deviation of 23%. This large deviation could be attributed to necking phenomena and an underestimation of the drag force generated on the shear-thinning κ-carrageenan solution. By incorporating correction factors, the average relative deviation of the force balance model dropped to 4%.     

动电学效应下微流动近壁面带电离子受力分析

应用离子分布的Boltzmann定律和Poisson方程研究了微流动中通道近壁面电势的分布,采用Derjaguin理论计算了动电学效应下带电离子受到的双电层作用力,应用Hamaker-De Boer 近似式得到了离子与壁面间的范德瓦尔力,同时也考虑到离子重力的影响,揭示了三种力对带电离子流动特性的影响.研究结果表明:无量纲间距d~*≤0.2时,离子重力的影响可以忽略,带电离子主要受范德瓦尔力和双电层作用力的作用,且二力均随d~*增大而减小,d~*≤0.02时,范德瓦尔力起主要作用,当0.020.2时,重力、范德瓦尔力及双电层作用力都趋于零,均可忽略.     

标准负阶跃力的实现及其测研究

本文介绍了新研制成功的用于对大力值(最大1200kN)、宽频带(最高分析频率50kHz)的力传感器动态特性校准的标准负阶跃力装置,该装置是基于帕斯卡原理和冲击卸荷方法来实现的.文中还详细介绍了力传感器输出电压和用激光测速仪测量负阶跃力跃变过程的高速数据同步采集技术.