煤燃烧过程中有害痕量元素形态分布的化学热力学平衡分析

采用化学热力学平衡分析方法,应用真实煤质数据预测了煤燃烧过程中国内六种具有代表性的煤种有害易挥发性痕量元素As和Se的化学形态分布。计算中考虑了痕量元素和卤素（如氯元素）的相互作用,也考虑了痕量元素与主量矿物元素之间的相互作用。研究结果表明,不同煤级、不同产地的煤中痕量元素As的化学形态分布有较大差异。As的热力学平衡计算中,数据库中是否忽略AsO形态对结果影响非常显著,忽略AsO形态的限制性模拟结果似乎更能反映真实煤燃烧过程中As的化学形态分布。煤级和煤的产地对Se的化学形态分布没有显著影响。     

煤中15种微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配

建立了燃煤中１５种向量元素在悄灰和底灰中含量分布的经验公式，该公式可以估算煤中微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配及传输通量。煤中非挥发性元素大部分存在于底灰和飞灰中，挥发性元素进入大气的量较高。     

因子分析法在煤中痕量元素分布特征研究中的应用

因子分析法在煤中痕量元素分布特征研究中的应用陆晓华，徐涛，刘汉珍，曾汉才（华中理工大学化学系４３００７４）（华中理工大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室）关键词煤，痕量元素，因子分析在化学或环境化学等学科研究中，经常涉及到对多变量大样本集的复杂数据的分析，以获得...     

青山烟煤中痕量元素的分布特性

青山烟煤中痕量元素的分布特性晏蓉，欧阳中华，曾汉才，吴育松，王秋华，陆晓华，徐涛（华中理工大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室，武汉４３００７４）（华中理工大学化学系，武汉４３００７４）关键词烟煤，痕量元素，分布特征煤中矿物质的存在对煤的使用有很大影响，最大影响...     

用固体核磁共振和电子能谱研究我国高硫煤的结构

用固体ＮＭＲ和ＸＰＳ技术研究了我国三种（广西合山煤、湖南辰溪煤、浙江长广煤）高硫煤的结构特征。由固体ＮＭＲ测试结果计算出煤的十二种结构参数和芳香簇团的大小，获得了三个样品的结构特征及变化规律，由ＸＰＳ测试结果得到了煤中各种不同形态硫、氮的结合能数值。根据前入所做的模型化合物的结果，得知三咱煤中硫元素主要以噻吩硫形态存在，氮元素主要以吡啶和中的形态存在。     

煤灰矿物质在炉内的迁徙分布规律及其对沾污结渣的影响

在0.25 MW试验炉上进行热态试验，对新汶矿务局黑液水煤浆和常规水煤浆进行对比燃烧试验，从炉膛不同部位的灰渣成分分析炉内的结渣机理。研究了煤中钠、钾、钙、铝、硅、铁等矿物质元素沿烟气行程的分布，着重研究了不同成分对结渣的形成及分布的影响。结果表明，沿火焰行程，煤中各矿物质的分布是不一样的，其中碱金属质量分数炉壁渣比空间颗粒明显减小，呈先减小后增大趋势，炉壁渣的铝质量分数明显超过空间颗粒物，呈先增大后减小趋势，硅则和铝恰恰相反，使得硅铝比先增大后减小，其它各元素的附着机理也有各自的规律，其矿物质元素分布与煤灰熔融性基本一致。     

义马煤中几种微量污染元素的赋存形态研究

微量元素在煤转化过程中的变迁行为和其向环境的释放能力主要取决于它们的原始赋存形态。由于微量元素赋存形态的多样性和煤本身的复杂性，煤中微量元素赋存形态的研究尚没有十分成熟的方法。采用密度分离、脱灰处理、逐级化学提取等间接方法研究了义马煤中As、Pb、Cd、Cr等几种微量污染元素的宏观赋存形态。研究表明，义马煤中As、Pb、Cd主要与矿物质伴生，Cr主要赋存在有机质当中。As主要与黄铁矿相伴生；Cd部分与黄铁矿类矿物质伴生，部分与其它难溶矿物质伴生；Pb在硫酸盐、硫化物、硅酸盐等矿物质中均有分布。     

铁催化剂对煤热解过程中氮元素迁移的影响

应用ＸＲＤ和ＥＸＡＦＳ技术表征了热解温度对煤中铁催化剂形态的影响，用ＸＰＳ表面分析方法研究了铁催化剂对煤热解过程中氮元素迁移的影响。结果表明：铁元素在低温制备煤焦中的主要物相是Ｆｅ２Ｏ３和Ｆｅ３Ｏ４，而在高温制备的煤焦中，还原态α－Ｆｅ和铁碳物种（Ｆｅ，Ｃ）是铁元素的主要存在形态。煤或焦中的氮元素以季胺盐、吡啶和吡咯等三种形态存在。铁能催化季胺盐在较低温度下分解。与吡咯类氮相比较而言，铁能优先催化     

两种煤在热解过程中汞的析出和形态分布实验研究

在程序升温热解反应系统上,研究了大同煤和宝日希勒煤在N2气氛下热解过程中汞析出及形态分布规律。实验结果表明,温度是影响煤热解过程中汞释放的主要因素。煤中汞释放率随着温度的升高而明显升高,当热解温度为600℃时,煤中汞已基本逸出,汞释放率在92%以上。元素汞(Hg0)是气态汞释放的主要形态,随着热解温度的升高,大同煤释放的元素汞在气态汞中的质量分数先增加后减小,而宝日希勒煤中元素汞的质量分数逐渐降低。随着停留时间的延长,煤中汞释放率和元素汞的质量分数都呈增加趋势,宝日希勒煤的增幅较大同煤更为显著。较高的加热速率促进了煤中汞的释放,同时也在一定程度上提高了氧化汞的质量分数,其中宝日希勒煤的氧化汞增幅明显大于大同煤,达19.5%。     

马家塔矿煤层中有害痕量元素的质量分数特性

应用仪器中子活化（INAA）、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP AES）和原子吸收光谱（AAS）对神华集团马家塔露天矿2-2#煤层中Hg、As、Se、Pb、Be、Cr、Cd、Ni、Th、U、Mn、Mo、Co、Sb和Br共15种有害痕量元素的质量分数进行测定。结果表明,绝大部分痕量元素的质量分数都明显低于中国煤中元素质量分数的平均值,只有Hg和Mn的质量分数偏高,其中Hg的质量分数异常高;通过分析痕量元素在煤层垂向剖面上的质量分数变化特性,揭示出痕量元素在煤层中分布的非均一性,分析了影响痕量元素分布与富集的因素;通过痕量元素之间以及与黄铁矿硫、Fe、Al、Ca、P的聚类分析,研究了痕量元素之间以及与煤中不同矿物组分之间的亲和特性。     

Determination of aromatic sulfonates in the river Elbe by on-line ion-pair extraction and ion-pair chromatography

An automated method based on ion-pair extraction and HPLC has been used to investigate the occurrence of aromatic sulfonates in the river Elbe. Twelve different naphthalene, anthraquinone and stilbene sulfonates have been found. The substances have been detected by UV detection at 220 nm and, if possible, by their fluorescence signal. The aromatic sulfonates have been identified by their retention time and by comparing their UV spectra with the respective spectra of reference substances. The occurrence of these substances in the river Elbe water is caused by a discharge of several waste water effluents. The results showed, that certain naphthalene sulfonates cannot be totally removed by biological treatment and adsorption on activated carbon.     

Occurrence patterns of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater environments

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites and transformation products in the environment is becoming a matter of concern, because these compounds, which may have adverse effects on living organisms, are extensively and increasingly used in human and veterinary medicine and are released continuously into the environment. A variety of pharmaceuticals have been detected in many environmental samples worldwide. Their occurrence has been reported in sewage-treatment-plant effluents, surface water, seawater, groundwater, soil, sediment and fish. This paper provides an overview of recent scientific research on the sources, occurrence, and fate of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater.     

Principles of oxidative-reductive transmetallation reactions

Conclusions Oxidative-reductive transmetallation reactions have been classified and it has been demonstrated that the probability of their occurrence as well as the ionic versus covalent nature of their mechanism is determined by the oxidation and reduction properties of the reacting metals, metalloids, or metal complexes, as well as by their phase states.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1852–1858, August, 1987.     

Sampling and analysis of pesticides in ambient air

Developments in the sampling and determination of pesticides in ambient air have been discussed and data on the occurrence of pesticides in atmosphere have been presented. Developments in active sampling methods were reviewed and the different materials used for trapping pesticides from gas and particulate phases were discussed. Likewise, the use and developments of passive air samplers were reviewed. This article pays special attention to the analysis of pesticides trapped from ambient air, and recapitulate the procedures for extraction, clean-up and determination of these substances. Improvements in sampling procedures, analytical methods and monitoring activities are necessary to advance the knowledge of occurrence of currently used pesticides in atmosphere and their impact over environment and humans.     

Heavy metals as indirect causative factors of capillaropathy

By applying systemic analysis to a set of random variables, representing blood or urine concentrations of certain enzymes, lipids and metals, three direct causative factors of capillaropathy, in its early stage, i.e. leucine amino peptidase, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and C(3)-complement, have been found. The interactions between the early stage of capillaropathy and these factors have been quantitatively described and a formula for prognosing the capillaropathy occurrence has been proposed. It has also been shown that the following heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Fe and Ca, through their direct or indirect interactions with C(3)-complement, exert an influence on the occurrence and intensity of capillaropathy. Since direct causative factors of a given pathology can serve as its markers, the completeness of the set of the capillaropathy markers, formed from the causative factors, and their contributions to this pathology have been evaluated. The results were obtained by examining a population of male residents chronically exposed to heavy metals (Pb, Cu) in the environment.     

Heavy metals as indirect causative factors of capillaropathy

By applying systemic analysis to a set of random variables, representing blood or urine concentrations of certain enzymes, lipids and metals, three direct causative factors of capillaropathy, in its early stage, i.e. leucine amino peptidase, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and C₃-complement, have been found. The interactions between the early stage of capillaropathy and these factors have been quantitatively described and a formula for prognosing the capillaropathy occurrence has been proposed. It has also been shown that the following heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Fe and Ca, through their direct or indirect interactions with C₃-complement, exert an influence on the occurrence and intensity of capillaropathy. Since direct causative factors of a given pathology can serve as its markers, the completeness of the set of the capillaropathy markers, formed from the causative factors, and their contributions to this pathology have been evaluated. The results were obtained by examining a population of male residents chronically exposed to heavy metals (Pb, Cu) in the environment.     

The determination of N-nitrosamines in foods and cosmetics

The discovery that N-nitrosamines are carcinogenic prompted a great deal of research activity in the measurement, occurrence and significance of N-nitroso compounds. As a result, an adequate methodology has been developed for their analysis, although some problems remain to be solved.     

Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Derivatives

In recent years, β-amino acids and their derivatives have attracted considerable attention due to their occurrence in biologically active natural products, such as dolastatins,cyclohexylnorstatine and Taxol. β-Amino acids also find application in the synthesis of β-lactams,piperidines, indolizidines. Moreover, the peptides consisting of β-amino acids, the so-called β-peptides, have been extensively studied recently. Consequently, considerable efforts have been directed to the synthesis of β-amino acids and their derivatives1. In particular, stereoselective synthesis of β-amino acids has been a challenging project, and there are only limited methods available. In this presentation, we report our efforts in this area.     

Bacterial volatiles: the smell of small organisms

This review describes volatiles released into the air by bacteria growing on defined media. Their occurrence, function, and biosynthesis are discussed, and a total of 308 references are cited. An effort has been made to organize the compounds according to their biosynthetic origin.     

Preparation and characterization of water-in-oil decane/AOT microemulsions containing silver and gold nanoparticles and large amounts of water

Stable microemulsions with water contents as high as 10 vol % have been obtained, including those additionally containing silver and gold nanoparticles. Especial attention has been focused on the influence of water and stabilizer contents on the structure of adsorption layers on nanoparticles. The properties of nanoparticles obtained via the traditional microemulsion synthesis have been compared with the properties of nanoparticles that have preliminarily been concentrated with the help of electrophoresis and dried. The electrophoretic concentration and drying of nanoparticles have been shown to improve the stability of their microemulsions. Microemulsions with the highest content of water have been studied to determine the occurrence of percolation and the influence of nanoparticles on their percolation temperature and electrical conductivity.